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Elizabeth Kee : a Clarion Voice of and for the People of Southern West Virginia 1951-1964 Shari A

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Elizabeth Kee : a Clarion Voice of and for the People of Southern West Virginia 1951-1964 Shari A Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 1-1-2006 Elizabeth Kee : A Clarion Voice of and for the People of Southern West Virginia 1951-1964 Shari A. Heywood [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Political History Commons, United States History Commons, Women's History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Heywood, Shari A., "Elizabeth Kee : A Clarion Voice of and for the People of Southern West Virginia 1951-1964" (2006). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 133. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Elizabeth Kee: A Clarion Voice of and for the People of Southern West Virginia 1951-1964 Thesis submitted to The Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts History By Shari A. Heywood Dr. Robert Sawrey, Committee Chairperson Dr. Montserrat Miller Dr. David Duke Marshall University April 2006 ii At signing of the Area Redevelopment Bill on May 1, 1961. Elizabeth Kee is between Jennings Randolph and President Kennedy. Source: White House Official Photo Elizabeth Kee (far left) joins the other women of the 88 th Congress at the signing of the Equal Pay Act of 1963 on June 10, 1963. Source: John F. Kennedy Library Elizabeth Kee with West Virginia Congressional Delegation. Source: Jennings Randolph Collection, West Virginia State Archives iii ABSTRACT Elizabeth Kee: A Clarion Voice of and for the People of Southern West Virginia 1951-1964 By: Shari A. Heywood Elizabeth Kee served as the first woman to represent West Virginia in the House of Representatives from 1951-1964. Newly available sources: taped interviews with her son, Jim Kee, from 1978 and 1980; a complete copy of Elizabeth Kee’s entries into the Congressional Record ; copies of many of her “Keenotes” columns from the late 1950s and early 1960s; and correspondence between Elizabeth Kee and veterans from West Virginia from 1961-1963 allow a more complete picture of Kee to emerge. Elizabeth Kee was not only a hardworking politician, who laid the groundwork for future programs like the War on Poverty, she was also a religious and moral person, who shared her values with members of the House in an effort to raise the standards and behavior within that institution. Finally, Kee was a talented writer whose weekly columns illustrate a woman ahead of her time in terms of her ability to remain connected to her constituents. iv DEDICATION This project is dedicated to all the women, from Jeannette Rankin to the women of the 109 th Congress, who have served in the House of Representatives. Their desire to serve and their dedication to making our country better and stronger have inspired me. Also, to my husband, Greg, and my three children: Austin, Alex, and Sam, who inspired me to finish. Always remember—“You must do the thing you think you cannot do.” –Eleanor Roosevelt v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First, I want to thank Jenny for making Thursday my favorite day of the week and for helping our family so much. I could never have done this project without you. Thank you to my helpful and very patient thesis committee: Dr. Robert Sawrey, Dr. Montserrat Miller, and Dr. David Duke. Thank you for all you did for me to get me through this project and thank you, too, for teaching me so much in your classrooms. A special thanks goes to the Doris C. Miller Scholarship committee and to the Miller family. Your generosity allowed me to travel to Morgantown and Bluefield to gather research for this project. I also want to thank William Hardin for his kindness and willingness to share his previous research on the Kee family with me. I could not have completed this project without the cooperation of the staff at the West Virginia State Archives. Special thanks to Fred Armstrong for allowing me to complete an internship there, Joe Geiger for his help on the website, Dick Fauss for his assistance with the cassette tapes, Debra Basham for her assistance with the Kee collection, Mary Johnson for answering questions regarding Congressional Record research, Cathy Miller for allowing me to take over her desk every Thursday, and to Sharon and Nancy for their kindness and friendly smiles. A heartfelt posthumous thank you to Pat Pleska for introducing me to Fred and helping me to feel at home at the archives. Thank you to Dan Holbrook who oversaw my internship and taught me so much about public history and thanks to Ken Hechler for agreeing to an interview about Elizabeth Kee. Thanks, too, goes to Eva McGuire and Stuart McGhehee at the Eastern Regional Coal Archives for your assistance and for staying open for me on a snowy Saturday morning. Also, thanks to the staff at WVU’s West Virginia and Regional History Collection. Lastly, thank you to my friends and family who kept me sane through this whole project: my Marshall friends: Kim, Michael, Tony, and Kelli (I’ll never forget our dinners at Mycroft’s) Teresa, my best friend since 5 th grade, my book club buddies: Cat, Tim, Carla, and Lola, Gail, Sara (thanks for the help with excel and your printer!) Mom and Dad, thank you for your love and support and thanks for coming to my graduation. It means so much. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Photos of Elizabeth Kee ii Abstract iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi Introduction 1 Chapter One: Passionate Populist 17 Chapter Two: Ecumenical Adherent 50 Chapter Three: Accomplished Journalist 67 Conclusion 109 Appendix A 118 Appendix B 137 Appendix C 163 Works Cited 164 Works Consulted 172 1 Introduction Commenting on the history of women’s rights in America, women’s historian, Dale Spender said, “While men proceed on their developmental way, building on inherited traditions, women are confined to cycles of lost and found.” 1 Spender’s quote seems particularly pertinent when examining women’s participation in national politics in the United States. For while men have been building a culture and tradition within Congress since 1789, women entered this all male institution just eighty-nine years ago. Since that time, according to author Hope Chamberlin, women’s “election cadence has been one step forward, one step back.” 2 Before World War II, women in Congress seemed to be aberrations more than anything else. One author recently pointed out that over two-thirds of the women who served in Congress during the war years were widows of congressmen or had been appointed temporary seats by the governor of their state. 3 In the 1950s, participation by women was relatively low. Then, in the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, women’s voices grew in national politics spurred on by the feminist movement. The 1980s saw a lull in women’s service in Congress while 1992 was hailed as the “Year of the Woman.” These cycles of lost and found have at times impeded scholars attempting to study women involved in politics at the national level. In spring 2000, scholars meeting at the first-ever national research conference focusing exclusively on women and the U.S. Congress, upon assessing the state of 1 Quoted in Susan Faludi, Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women (New York: Crown, 1991), 46. 2 Hope Chamberlin, A Minority of Members: Women in the U.S. Congress (New York: Praeger, 1973), 64. 3 Clara Bingham, Women on the Hill: Challenging the Culture of Congress (New York: Random House, 1997), 12. 2 research on women and Congress, agreed that in years prior, because of the limited numbers of women involved in national politics, researchers had focused more on the states than on the U.S. Congress as a venue of quantitative study. Another observation made was that because of the many widows serving before the late 1960s, scholars had not generally focused on women serving in Congress during this time because many assumed these women were “controlled by their husband’s advisers and lacked a legislative agenda of their own.” 4 Reviewing the scholarship of the last forty years dealing with widows in Congress, their assessment proves correct. Martin Gruberg said of these women, “The widow of a deceased officeholder is often endorsed [by her party] in order to capitalize on the good will generated by her husband, to gain the sympathy vote, or to forestall a general contest of the office.” 5 Bullock and Heys compared widows with “regularly elected congresswomen” and said of the non-widows that they “tended not to be housewives and were somewhat better educated . The regularly elected more often had backgrounds similar to congressmen than did widows.” 6 Diane Kincaid did attempt to debunk the idea that reluctant widows were easily placed as temporary stand-ins in Congress and diffidently served out their terms, disinterested in reelection. 7 But even she 4 Cindy Simon Rosenthal, ed. Women Transforming Congress (Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 2000), 10. 5 Martin Gruberg, Women in Politics (Oshkosh: Academia Press, 1968), 121. 6 Charles S. Bullock III and Patricia Lee Findley Heys, “Recruitment of Women for Congress: A Research Note,” Western Political Quarterly, 25 ; 423. 7 Diane D. Kincaid, “Over His Dead Body: A Positive Perspective on Widows in the U.S. Congress,” Western Political Quarterly , 31 no. 1: (March 1978), 96-104. 3 stated, “In general, a negative and passive impression of these women still prevails.” 8 Irwin Gertzog examined factors such as seniority of the husband, his leadership position, and the age of the widow as to whether party leaders would even nominate a widow to replace her husband.
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