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Takla Lake First Nation Climate Change Vulnerability & Risk Assessment

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Takla Lake First Nation Climate Change Vulnerability & Risk Assessment JUNE 2016 Takla Lake First Nation Climate Change Vulnerability & Risk Assessment Prepared by: Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the Takla Lake First Nation and CPAWS-BC. First, we would like to thank the people of Takla Lake First Nation who participated in this project. Thank you also to community member Margo French for conducting the community survey interviews for this project. A special thanks to the Takla Lake First Nation Chief and Council for their support and the Takla Lake community for their assistance and support throughout this project. We would also like to acknowledge Michelle Sinclair (Lochhead), project lead for Takla Lake First Nation, Gregory Kehm (Principal, Gregory Kehm & Associates) and Elyse Curley (CPAWS-BC) for their dedication to this project. Further acknowl- edgements go to Dr. Jim Pojar (co-creator of Projected Degree of Ecological Up- heaval data), Trevor Murdock (Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium, University of Victoria) for assistance with climate models, and to Peter Wood (CPAWS-BC) for guiding us to the finish line. The funding for this project was provided by AANDC through the Climate Change Adaptation Program. CPAWS-BC’s participation was supported by the Real Estate Foundation of B.C. and the Wilburforce Foundation. 2 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction and Project Background 1.1 Project Significance 1.2 Project Summary and Purpose 1.3 Best Practices Research 1.4 Our Approach 2.0 Summary of Community Information 2.1 Existing Socio-Economic, Health, and Community Infrastructure Information 2.2 Existing Cultural Information and Research 2.3 New Cultural Research 3.0 Climate Mapping 3.1 Results for 2020s 3.2 Climate BC Models: Summarized Outcomes 3.3 Climate Matrix and Projected Degree of Ecological Upheaval 3.4 Summary and Interpretation of the Degree of Ecological Upheaval Layer by Physiographic Province 4.0 Bridging Cultural Research and Climate Science 4.1 Climate Change Induced Community Vulnerabilities and Risks 5.0 Conclusion and Next Steps: New Questions, Needs and Opportunities Appendices Appendix A: Maggie Low report Appendix B: Sarah Ravensberger report Appendix C: Community Pamphlet Appendix D: Interview Questions - Keyoh Appendix E: List of Keyoh Interviews Appendix F: Community Survey Questionnaire Appendix G: Community Survey Results Chart Appendix H: Projected Upheaval Matrix Appendix I: Vulnerabilities Table Figures 1. Map of Takla Lake First Nation Traditional Territorial Lands 2. Mean Annual Temperature 3. Growing Degree Days 4. Mean Annual Precipitation 5. Physiographic Regions 6. Projected Degree of Ecological Upheaval 7. Overlay: Hunting, Gathering & Trapping and Projected Degree of Ecological Upheaval 8. Overlay: Habitation Sites and Projected Degree of Ecological Upheaval 3 List of acronyms AANDC Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada BAFA Boreal Altai Fescue Alpine BEC Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification BWBS Boreal White Birch Black Spruce CCAP Climate Change Adaptation Program CCCMA Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis CPAWS-BC Canadian Parks & Wilderness Society – BC Chapter ESSF Engelmann Spruce—Subalpine Fir GDD Growing Degree Days ICH Interior Cedar—Hemlock IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MAP Mean Annual Precipitation MAT Mean Annual Temperature SBS Sub-Boreal Spruce SWB Spruce-Willow-Birch TUS Traditional Use Study TKUS Traditional Knowledge and Use Study TLFN Takla Lake First Nation 4 1.0 Introduction & Project Background The traditional lands of the Takla Lake First Nation by climatic changes, increasing competition for these (TLFN) are located in the northern interior of Brit- foods from outside sources is also severely affecting ish Columbia. The territory lies within three major the community. watersheds (Fraser, Peace, and the Skeena water- sheds), and encompasses over 34,000 sq. km. The The TLFN people are at increasing risk to losing main community of Takla Landing is considered their ways of life and inherent knowledge as stew- to be remote, located 375 km north-west of Prince ards of the land. Climate change poses yet another George. The nearest service centre is Fort St. James, a challenge to the health of the traditional territory town of approximately 2,000 people situated 170 km that the community must face. Even though the to the south. Prior to completion of a logging road health of their lands is diminishing, the Takla Lake between Fort St. James and Takla Landing, goods people are maintaining their traditional values and were brought into the community on the rail line cultural practices. They continue to rely on the land, (which is no longer operational) or by plane. Nearly the water and the natural resources within their one-third of the approximately 800 registered Band territory, as these resources play an essential role in members reside full or part-time at Takla Landing the physical and spiritual well-being, and cultural or on smaller satellite reserves within the traditional values of the people. territory. In the last 50 years, the TLFN have experienced ma- jor environmental changes and stresses that have af- fected the health of their traditional territory. In the 1970s, logging roads began to open up outside access to the community and other areas in the territory to industrial and recreational uses including logging, mining, transportation (rail and roads), hunting, and trapping. Today there are new challenges facing the com- munity. Extreme weather events are occurring with increased frequency in the region and this, coupled with the industrial activities in the territory, have left areas vulnerable to erosion and flooding. Vast stretches of dead pine, resulting from warmer winters and the devastating pine beetle outbreak not only poses a wildfire risk but is causing run-off problems; both situations being a major concern to the TLFN people. These factors add to the already vulnerable situation the community faces to contin- ue to access and utilize their ancestral lands and the resources and to maintain their traditional practices. The TLFN community has already identified food security as a serious concern, as consuming a tra- ditional diet is an important part of maintaining health for the Nation. In response to this concern, the Nation undertook a major human environmen- tal health study (Healthy Lands, Healthy Future) to examine environmental contaminants in the territory and their relationship to health and food security. Figure 1. Takla Lake First Nation Traditional While risks to access of traditional food are impacted Territorial Lands 5 1.1 Project Significance to the community and to families living on satellite reserves is the risk of wildfire. As a response to the environmental threats named above, the TLFN leadership and community are be- We need to understand climate change and assess ing proactive with their planning for the future. The TLFN’s vulnerability and resilience. This knowl- potential risks associated with these environmental edge will give the community the power to be better threats need to be understood in order to adapt and prepared for risk reduction and adaptation to these continue to enjoy a healthy environment for future challenges. generations. 1.2 Project Summary and Purpose While the community continues to practice a tra- ditional way of life, it is being put in jeopardy as a This Vulnerability and Risk Assessment report result of a rapidly changing climate. This Vulner- presents the results of the first phase of a proposed ability and Risk Assessment focuses on three specific three-part, long-term research project. Phase 1 areas that are linked to a changing climate and that identifies indicators of climate change and how to threaten the health and well-being of TLFN: food assess the indicators that are relevant for Takla Lake security, extreme weather events, and emergency First Nation (TLFN) in relation to climate change. management. Phase 2 is to develop an adaptation plan that incorporates what was learned While climate change and from the vulnerability and risk its resultant effects pose assessment (Phase 1) and significant challenges come up with solutions to TLFN, the nature to these vulnerabilities. of these challenges Phase 3 of the project and effective ways will be to develop of dealing with a toolkit that can them are not well be used by other understood by First Nations the community. communities Through ongo- across Canada ing meetings to assist in the with indi- development of viduals and climate change Keyah (family) plans for their groups as part own territories. of TLFN’s land The second and use planning third phases are process, many funding-depen- changes to the dent. landscape are be- ing recorded. Areas The vulnerability that members have and risk assessment hunted or trapped in project drew upon the for several decades no use of locally-developed longer provide wildlife or indicators to monitor berries, and streams that once and understand the impacts provided harvestable fish are no of climate change, in order to longer glacier fed and are too warm. ensure that community members are able to readily identify changes at the local New figures from BC Hydro indicate that the level and are able to use indicators that are relevant number of power outages in Takla Landing have to their landscape and territory. This is in contrast increased by 150% over the past four years. The to using generic non-local indicators which may not limited economic opportunities available are be- have relevance or significance to local communities. ing challenged by the devastation to the forests by the pine beetle. A resulting and escalating concern Photo (above): Cutting fish. 6 Local TLFN experts developed the indicators to be excellent background baseline to begin the vulner- used in partnership with CPAWS-BC. This collabo- ability assessment for Takla Lake First Nation. ration between local and scientific experts created a strong set of parameters for analysis and suc- Sarah Ravensbergen, another project volunteer, was cess, and ensured that the community is part of the able to complete an online media scan of the vari- project.
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