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Towards Building Peace Infrastructures at the Local

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Towards Building Peace Infrastructures at the Local TOWARDS BUILDING PEACE INFRASTRUCTURES AT THE LOCAL LEVEL IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA: ACTORS, THEIR POTENTIALS AND LIMITS Yacob Cheka Hidoto A Dissertation Submitted to the Institute for Peace and Security Studies Presented in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and Security Studies Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia March 2020 TOWARDS BUILDING PEACE INFRASTRUCTURES AT THE LOCAL LEVEL IN SOUTHERN ETHIOPIA: ACTORS, THEIR POTENTIALS AND LIMITS Yacob Cheka Hidoto Supervisor: Dr. Taddesse Berisso (Assoc. Professor) A Dissertation Submitted to the Institute for Peace and Security Studies Presented in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and Security Studies Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia March 2020 Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the dissertation prepared by Yacob Cheka Hidoto, entitled: Towards Building Peace Infrastructures at the Local Level in Southern Ethiopia: Actors, Their Potentials and Limits and submitted to the Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University, in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Peace and Security Studies complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee: Internal Examiner______________________Signature_______________ Date____________ External Examiner____________________ Signature_________________ Date __________ Supervisor ___________________________Signature _________________ Date __________ Director of the Institute/Graduate Program Coordinator Signiture________________________________Date______________________ Abstract This dissertation investigates the contributions and limitations of local peace infrastructures in communal conflict transformation in southern Ethiopia. The research is conceived and justified against the backdrop of the growing contemporary emphasis on the need to proactively rely on local peace infrastructures to mitigate and transform violent communal conflicts that ravage a plethora of grassroots communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Further justifications of the instrumental power of local peace infrastructures are based on the recognition that grassroots- based communal conflicts are essentially driven by local contents and actors, and therefore the most effective sustainable remedies for these conflicts would be achieved by having relevant local actors as key drivers of any conflict mediation, resolution and peacebuilding initiatives. Over the past 20 – 30 years, local peace infrastructures have proved quite effective in resolving varying levels of violent conflicts and building peace in many African countries. Some of the most outstanding success stories have been recorded by the Local Peace Committees (LPCs) known as ‘Local Peace Council’ in Ghana, and ‘Village Peace and Development Committees’ in Kenya. Many regional and international civil society organisations have mounted strong advocacy campaigns aimed at replicating the success stories of Ghana and Kenya elsewhere in Sub-Saharan Africa where violent communal conflicts are rife. The fieldwork data collection was carried out in the profoundly multi-ethnic and heterogenous Ethiopia’s southern region (Southern Nations, Nationalities' and Peoples' Regional State – SNNPRS) which has seen series of violent communal conflicts in the past two decades and where leading initiatives have been taken to establish local peace infrastructures to prevent and resolve recurrent communal violence. The study was specifically initiated with a motivation to bridge the gaps between constructive potential of local peace infrastructures and risk of their manipulation by those who monopolize power. Hence, the familiar local peace infrastructures, namely, state initiated local peace committees and customary elders as well as their respective rival or critical local peace infrastructures were selected and empirically analyzed. The study employed a mix of qualititative methods using a comparative case study strategy as a research design especially to facilitate collection of necessary data and conduct analyses. Relevant data therefore were collected from both primary and secondary sources using data collection methods such as interviews, focus groups discussion, observations and informal consultations. Over 95 participants (key informants and FGDs members) comprising local authorities, elders, women, young people, members of various local peace actors offered information in face-to-face interviews and dialogues. The study found that local peace infrastructures that were co-owned by the primary conflict parties delivered essential contributions to communal conflict transformation while at the same time indicating a potential for further impact if some of their limits were addressed. The councils of elders and state initiated peace committees specifically in the frontier areas between the Sidama and Oromo have been serving as essential platform for local peace-building even though they have limited potentials to deal with conflicts arising in the asymmetric contexts. In the asymmetric contexts where women and social and community groups have been exposed to violent attacks and discriminations by those who monopolize power, the use of critical engagement by the victims offered a better platform for non-violent change as evident in Wondo Genet and Konso. The study generally found that the prevailing violence, power asymmetry between conflict parties and ineffective organizational characteristics of local peace actors limit their peace potentials. Based on the findings and analyses thereof, the study suggests a necessity to adapt context-specific mechanisms, invest adequate time and financial resources and offer legal supports to enrich potentials of local peace actors to deal with actual and potentially violent communal conflicts. Acknowledgements I am always grateful to God for His mercy and blessing in my life and family! I am indebted to my supervisor Dr. Taddesse Berisso for his continuous and thoughtful guidance, patience, coaching and encouragement throughout the preparation of this dissertation. I owe a lot to conflict prevention and resolution expertise in Council of Nationalities and Peace and Security Bureau of the southern region for sharing valuable information which enhanced this research. I greatly value the contributions of the research participants in Hawassa, Wondo, Wondo Genet, Hula (Hager Selam), Hanqo-Baya, Bore, Konso, Ale, Dore Bafano, Segen, Jinka and Gidole. I greatly appreciate all of them for their sincere support by sharing valuable experiences and opinions for this study. I am also indebted to the councils of the elders of Sidama and Guji Oromo who are always willing and happy to share their experiences and views. My heartfelt thanks also go to my field assistants, especially Mr. Peter (in Hager Selem) and Mr. Kalisemo (in Konso) for valuable role during the fieldwork. I am also grateful to my colleagues in Dilla University and Hawassa University, specifically Dr. Ongaye Oda, Mr. Redae Hailu, Mr. Yigalem Bekele, Dr. Asebe Regassa, Mr. Mintesinot Meaza and Mr. Alito Ligamo for being willing to give some time to validatate cultural and historical facts, especially on empirical chapters of this thesis. The financial assistances provided by Addis Ababa University and Dilla University during the fieldwork for my research deserves praise and recognition. I extend my sincere thanks to many members of our family, relatives and friends in Wolaita, Woliso and Hawassa for their prompt response whenever I came up with repeated requests of various sorts. My appreciation goes to family members and friends, especially, Mrs. Aregash Legesse, Mr. Bealu Belete, Mrs. Meseret Hailemariam, Mr. Abera Elias, Mrs. Esayas Mena, Mr. Daniel Tafesse and their family members who always stood by me as good friends and brothers whenever I needed their supports. My gratitude is also due to a prayer team such as Mrs. Wongelawit Tesfaye, Mrs. Aster Buna, Mrs. Desta Bogale and Evangelist Afework as well as Pastor Asfaw, Pastor Demisse and Evangelist Genet and elders and fellow members in the Hawassa Diaspora Area Kale Hiwot Church, all who encouraged me by extending moral and financial supports in the course of completing my study. I am also grateful to my friend Mr. Getaneh Mentu for his role during data collection and moral and financial support. My deepest gratitude goes to my caring, loving, and supportive wife, Mrs. Rahel Tafesse. Your help in those difficult times is highly cherished and duly noted. It was a great relief and joy to have you and see your commitment in managing our household and taking care of our lovely sons, Bereket, Biniam and Olena, and our little sister Chaltu, while I struggled with my field works and writing in challenging and difficult times. I know how much painful it was to you and me when our beloved mother Mrs. Buzinesh Sarbessa asleep in Christ during this time. But, thanks God, your patience and support enabled me to cross this period. Thank you all for making this research possible! Table of Contents page List of Figures and Tables…………………………………….……………………….….….…..i Acronyms……………………………………………………………………………..………....ii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION...…….…………………….............................…....…...1 1.1 Statement of Research Problem………………………………………………………….......1 1.2 Situating the Problem in Context of Ethiopia……………………………………………......5
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