French 046-071-1 Sample Text
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THE OLD SHANGHAI A–Z THE OLD SHANGHAI A–Z ROAD NAMES AS HISTORY AND POLITICS he foreign-controlled settlements of Shanghai came into existence Additionally there following the 1842 Treaty of Nanking in the wake of the First Opium was an extension of the War—the first of a series of commercial treaties, often referred to as the International Settlement “Unequal Treaties” in China. The Nanking Treaty was followed swiftly by the which happened in an almost Anglo-Chinese Treaty of the Bogue in 1844, which granted foreigners de facto manner—the so- immunity from Chinese law in the concessions (the concept of called External Roads Area, most of which was to be found in the Western extraterritoriality, commonly known as “extrality”) and the Sino-American Roads Settlement, or huxi in Chinese, which came to include the infamous Treaty of Wangxia (named after a village in northern Macao) signed in 1844. entertainment and nightlife district of the “Badlands”. There were also some The French gained their concession rights through the Treaty of Whampoa, roads that extended out of the Hongkew and Chapei (Zhabei) district to the also in 1844. Shanghai had become a multi-national treaty port. north that became extra-Settlement roads. Simultaneously the eastern bank In 1854 the Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC) was created in order of the Whangpoo River across from The Bund in Pootung (Pudong) was also to manage the foreign settlements and, in 1863, the British Settlement developing and though it didn’t lay out an extensive road grid such as that (bordered to the south by the Soochow (Suzhou) Creek; to the north by the found in the International Settlement and Frenchtown the area did have Yangjing Creek and; naturally bounded by the Whangpoo (Huangpu) River) various roads, named locations and parks. and the American Settlement, to the north of the Creek (Hongkew or The situation remained largely unchanged despite some, often Hongkou district) and extending to Yangtszepoo (Yangpu), joined in order to fiercely contested, boundary changes, until the Second Sino-Japanese War of form the International Settlement, which in total represented 14 powers with the late Thirties. When hostilities between Japan and China broke out in treaty rights. The French opted out of the International Settlement and Shanghai on August 14, 1937—Black Saturday—bombs fell in the maintained their own French Concession (or commonly Frenchtown), International Settlement launching the Second Sino-Japanese War. located to the south and west forming a Conseil Municipal in 1862 to govern However, the fighting raged around the concessions, mostly in Chapei, their affairs. Slightly later, in 1895, the Sino-Japanese War concluded with Hongkew and across the river in Pootung. Therefore, after August 1937, few the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which saw Japan emerge as an additional foreign bombs fell on either the central areas of the International Settlement or the power (though not a full treaty power but with permission to establish French Concession and so, unlike other heavily bombed cities in Europe, or factories in the treaty port of Shanghai). in Japan during the War, the basic road structure of the foreign concessions remained virtually intact and does so today despite the extensive construction and urban planning of the last 15 years in Shanghai. 46 47 SH_AZ_P044_071.indd 46-47 9/29/10 7:15:11 AM THE OLD SHANGHAI A–Z THE OLD SHANGHAI A–Z THE BOUNDARIES THE INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENT he International Settlement was the name of the combined British and American concessions whose governing body was the Shanghai Municipal found it difficult to control the large Chinese population influx during the Council (SMC), established in 1854. It was effectively the waterways of Taiping Rebellion (1850-64). The Hongkew Municipal Committee was Shanghai that decided the initial boundaries—obviously the Whangpoo duly obliged to come to an arrangement by which the Hongkew Police River but also the Soochow Creek (formerly known as the Woosung River (consisting of a body of just six men) were amalgamated with the police of prior to the creation of the Settlements) to the north and the Yangjing the British Settlement to try and improve things—the Shanghai Municipal Creek to the south. Soochow Creek was effectively a tributary of the Police. A movement for one municipal government for both Settlements Whangpoo; the Yangjing, Siccawei (Zikawei) and other creeks were little was put forward by Edward Cunningham of the American opium traders more than ditches, or, following the Hindi term for a creek adopted by the Russell and Company and George F. Seward, the American Consul (both of British, “nullahs”, though the Yangjing Creek and others did initially have whom later had roads named after them). In September 1863, the union small bridges over them to allow for crossing. was effected, and the International Settlement came into existence. The Americans originally had their own settlement in Hongkew, The original boundaries of the newly formed International north of Soochow Creek. However, it was poorly organized and governed— Settlement were agreed between Seward and the Taotai (the circuit criminals flocked there due to its general lawlessness and the authorities attendant representing the Qing Dynasty in Shanghai): along the lines of the former American Settlement starting from a point opposite Defence Creek (a point roughly in line with the edge of today’s People’s Square) and extending down the Soochow Creek and the Whangpoo River to three miles up the Yangtszepoo Creek and then in a straight line back to the point facing Defence Creek. n 1888-89 the Settlement was extended. It had become obvious to the SMC that the area they governed needed to be expanded due largely to an influx of Chinese living within the Settlement’s existing boundaries and the steadily growing number of mills, silk filatures and other industrial premises. Negotiations began in 1896 between the various national consuls in Shanghai and the Chinese authorities. Foreigners had already begun expanding out of the Settlement’s boundaries anyway—people and companies had begun to purchase large tracts of land from private owners to 48 49 SH_AZ_P044_071.indd 48-49 9/29/10 7:15:23 AM THE OLD SHANGHAI A–Z THE OLD SHANGHAI A–Z erect mills and factories around Jessfield Road to the west, in Paoshan (Baoshan) to the north of Soochow Creek and in Pootung. The most vociferous objections to the expansion of the Settlement actually came from the French Concession authorities and the French Minister in China, who had also been eyeing land for expansion. The Chinese objected too, but were in a generally weak position, having just lost a war with Japan (the Sino-Japanese War of 1895). Ultimately the Settlement expanded in the following ways: NORTH: From the Hsiao Sha Ferry on Soochow Creek (picture opposite) to a point about 70 yards west into Defence Creek as well as to the Shanghai- Paoshan boundary. The new border followed the Shanghai-Paoshan boundary to the point where it meets Hongkew Creek and thence in an easterly direction to the mouth of the Kukapang. EAST: Along the Whangpoo River from the mouth of the Kukapang to the mouth of the Yangjing Creek (which was eventually covered over to form Avenue Edward VII in 1917 and is now renamed Yanan Road East). SOUTH: From the mouth of the Yangjing Creek to the entrance into Defence Creek, thence in a westerly direction following the line of the northern branch of the Great Western Road, and thereafter along that road to the Temple of Agriculture at the rear of the Bubbling Well Village. 50 51 SH_AZ_P044_071.indd 50-51 9/29/10 7:15:45 AM THE OLD SHANGHAI A–Z T HE BO u NDAr IES WEST: From the Temple of Agriculture behind Bubbling Well Village in a However, most contentious, was the French plan to put a road northerly direction to the Hsiao Sha Ferry on Soochow Creek. through the Ningpo (Ningbo) Cemetery. Eventually, despite resisting this Crucially Paoshan remained outside the Settlement, which greatly plan since the 1870s, the Taotai ordered the compulsory surrender of the relieved the Chinese authorities as it was heavily populated and a useful tax cemetery after the French Consul-General offered to pay the owners of the revenue generator. land its duly assessed value. This didn’t please many ordinary Chinese who had relatives buried there. In July 1898 the walls of the cemetery were Additionally, the SMC did create administrative districts within the demolished resulting in a riot that ended in twelve fatal casualties. In Settlement—the Central District from The Bund as far west as Thibet response French troops were landed from a man-of-war anchored on the Road, south of Soochow Creek; the Western District from Thibet Road to Whangpoo. The French got their road through the cemetery and an the junction of Bubbling Well Road and the Great Western Road, south of extension of the Concession towards Siccawei but not the land in Pootung Soochow Creek; the Northern District encompassing everything in the they had wanted. Settlment north of Soochow Creek between Thibet Road (North) to Sawgin Creek—effectively all of Hongkew and the Eastern District covering the THE EXTERNAL ROADS AREA remaining spread of the Settlement eastwards along the northern bank of the Whangpoo—i.e. Yangtszepoo. he “External Roads”, sometimes referred to as the “Extra Concessional Roads”, were those streets that extended out of foreign control into the THE FRENCH CONCESSION Chinese-controlled portions of the city or surroundings. The majority were to the west of the International Settlement and known as the “Western Roads he French also initially defined their concession by creeks with the Area”, where the SMC, in the absence of any Chinese municipal authority Yangjing Creek to the north and the Siccawei Creek to the south.