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Pioneras De La Programación: Fin a Su Anonimato

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Pioneras De La Programación: Fin a Su Anonimato 62 > HOMENAJE Pioneras de la programación: fin a su anonimato Durante la II Guerra Mundial, seis matemáticas programaron el primer Computador e Integrador Numérico Electrónico (Eniac) en Estados Unidos. Sus aportes solo fueron reconocidos a partir de la década de los ochenta. os grandes avances científicos y tecnológicos y el inicio de los computadores de cuyos benefi- cios disfruta la humanidad tu- vieron como motor y origen las Linvestigaciones con propósitos bélicos. Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en 1942, el ejército de Estados Unidos enco- mendó al capitán Paul Gillon el Proyecto desconocido autor [Public domain], US Gov-Military-Army Foto: PX, una máquina que estableciera rápi- Las programadoras de eniac hicieron grandes aportes a la computación moderna. damente el recorrido de los proyectiles. Esta fue Eniac —el primer Computador e cuando Kathyn Kleiman, en Harvard, in- lar la trayectoria de un misil en 30 segun- Integrador Numérico Electrónico— desa- vestigó sobre la mujer en la computación. dos, una operación que tomaba 20 horas rrollado por John Mauchly, John Presper En 1997 fueron reconocidas por su papel con una calculadora de escritorio. A partir Eckert y un equipo de ingenieros, en el en el desarrollo tecnológico por el IEEE del Eniac surgieron las ideas que conduje- Laboratorio de Investigación Balística, en (Institute of Electrical and Electronics ron al desarrollo de la estructura lógica de la Universidad de Pensilvania. Su progra- Engineers) y su nombre fue incorporado los computadores actuales. mación estuvo a cargo de seis mujeres: al Salón de la Fama del WITI (Women in Por tratarse de un proyecto secreto, Kathleen Antonelli, Jean Bartik, Betty Hol- Technology International). las mujeres seleccionadas solo fueron berton, Marlyn Meltzer, Frances Spence y El 15 de febrero de 1946 salió a la luz admitidas en la sala de Eniac cuando les Ruth Teitelbaum. pública el primer computador electrónico otorgaron los permisos de seguridad. Las seis jóvenes matemáticas fueron de propósito general. Era la máquina más Programaban sobre el papel y luego apli- seleccionadas dentro de un grupo de grande del mundo, pesaba 27 toneladas, caban el diseño al aparato por medio de computer scientists de 80 mujeres en la sus módulos ocupaban 80 metros de largo interruptores, cables y soldaduras. No Universidad de Pensilvania dedicado a en la parte delantera, medía 167 metros contaban con instrucciones sino con los calcular manualmente ecuaciones dife- cuadrados, estaba compuesta por 17.468 diagramas lógicos para hacer que el com- renciales complejas con el fin de determi- tubos de vacío y costó 6.000.000 de dóla- putador funcionara, lo cual las hizo inno- nar las trayectorias de las bombas en la res actuales. Debía procesar cálculos com- vadoras y llegaron a crear rutinas con el guerra. A pesar de sus grandes aportes, plejos a gran velocidad y realizaba 5000 manejo de más de 3000 interruptores y estuvieron en el anonimato hasta 1986 sumas por segundo. También podía calcu- centenares de cables. FOROSisis >> NÚMERO 3 HomenaJe >> 63 Las programadoras Frances Spence, 1922. Estudió Mate- Marlyn Meltzer, 1923-2002. Se graduó máticas con orientación a la Física, en el en Matemáticas en la Temple University Chestnut Hill College de Pensilvania. Con Para trabajar de Filadelfia. Fue contratada por el Moore Kathleen Antonelli, fue asignada para ope- con el Eniac, School of Engineering de la Universidad de rar el analizador diferencial, una enorme Pensilvania para hacer cálculos meteoro- máquina análoga. las seis jóvenes lógicos. Luego ingresó al grupo de progra- Jean Bartik, 1924-2011. Estudió Mate- matemáticas madoras de Eniac. máticas en el Northwest Missouri State Tea- Ruth Teitelbaum, 1924-1986. Se gra- chers College de Misuri. Trabajó en Eniac, fueron duó en Matemáticas en el Hunter College y luego con Binac (Binary Automatic Com- seleccionadas de Nueva York. Trabajó en el proyecto de putery) y Univac I. Fue editora de temas de trayectorias balísticas del Moore School of alta tecnología de la información. Junto con dentro de Engineering y en la programación de Eniac. Betty Holberton era responsable del “pro- un grupo de Después de la guerra se trasladó a Aber- gramador maestro”, que administra todas deen (Maryland), con Eniac, e instruyó a las las actividades y secuencias en Eniac. computer nuevas generaciones en este campo. Contribuyó a que Eniac fuera más rá- scientists de 80 Kathleen Antonelli, 1921-2006. Nació en pido, fácil de programar y manejara pro- Irlanda durante la Guerra de Independencia blemas más complejos. Escribió informes mujeres en la y su familia emigró a los Estados Unidos. Es- para las empresas sobre los nuevos com- Universidad de tudió Matemáticas en Chestnut Hill College putadores y trabajó para simplificar aún para mujeres de Filadelfia. Tenía grandes más su uso. Pensilvania”. aptitudes para el cálculo, especialmente Betty Holberton, 1917-2001. Empezó para las ecuaciones diferenciales. Des- Matemáticas en la Universidad de Pen- pués de la guerra se trasladó al Aberdeen silvania, pero las abandonó desmotivada facilitó y agilizó la tarea de los progra- Proving Ground Ballistics Research Lab y por el machismo y estudió Periodismo. madores. Perfiló su consola de control y continuó trabajando con Eniac. Se relacio- Sin embargo, se vinculó como progra- sus teclados de computadora y numérico. nó con los grandes matemáticos y se casó madora a la compañía creada por Eckert Fue miembro del comité de Cobol para con John Mauchly, uno de los inventores y Mauchly y trabajó en las primeras com- diseñar el primer lenguaje de negocios a de Eniac y Univac (Universal Automatic putadoras comerciales. Redactó el códi- través de plataformas informáticas, escri- Computer I). go de instrucción C-10 para Univac I, que bió normas para Fortran, señala la página web del Salón de la Fama del Women in Technology International. En 1997 recibió el premio Ada Lovelace, un alto reconoci- miento en el campo de la programación. Estas mujeres fueron clave en el de- sarrollo de la computación desde sus inicios. Pero, injustamente solo en las úl- timas décadas se han destacado sus apor- tes a esta ciencia. Bibliografía http://www.witi.com/center/witimuseum/ halloffame/298369/ENIAC-Programmers-Kathleen- McNulty,-Mauchly-Antonelli,-Jean-Jennings-Bartik,- Frances-Synder-Holber-Marlyn-Wescoff-Meltzer,- Frances-Bilas-Spence-and-Ruth-Lichterman- Teitelbaum/ http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/ eniac.html http://ada-online.org/frada/spip.php?article102 http://www.teknoplof.com/2012/04/25/las-seis- programadoras-de-eniac/ Foto: US Gov-Military-Army [Public domain], autor desconocido autor [Public domain], US Gov-Military-Army Foto: http://www.seas.upenn.edu/about-seas/eniac/ La gente creía que las jóvenes programadoras que aparecían frente a los paneles de eniac eran modelos. operation.php FOROSisis >> NÚMERO 3.
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