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Beginning of Archaeology in Malakand-Swat (1926-1956) Protagonists, Fieldwork and the Legal Framework

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Beginning of Archaeology in Malakand-Swat (1926-1956) Protagonists, Fieldwork and the Legal Framework Beginning of Archaeology in Malakand-Swat (1926-1956) Protagonists, Fieldwork and the Legal Framework By SARFARAZ KHAN TAXILA INSTITUTE OF ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD 2015 i CERTIFICATE This thesis by Sarfraz Khan is accepted in its present form by the Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, as satisfying the thesis requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Studies. Dr. Ghani-ur-Rahman Supervisor _________________ Dr. Luca Maria Olivieri Co-Supervisor __________________ External __________________ Director (TIAC) Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Khan __________________ Dated: __________________ ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis in its present form is the result of my individual research and it has not been submitted concurrently to any other university for any other degree. _______________ Sarfraz Khan iii TAXILA INSTITUTE OF ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS QUAID-I-AZAM UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD We hereby recommend that the Dissertation prepared under our supervision by Mr. Sarfraz Khan, entitled Beginning of Archaeology in Malakand-Swat (1926-1956): Protagonists, Fieldwork and Legal Framework be accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Studies. _________________ _____________________ Dr. Ghani-ur-Rahman Dr. Luca Maria Olivieri Supervisor Co-Supervisor iv To: 1. XuánZàng, the Protagonists’ Pausanias 2. My Parents 3. My Brother Raidullah Khan, the Ever Futurist And Moving Spirit behind Education in My Family v Contents Pages Contents v Acknowledgement vi-x Introduction 1-13 Malakand-Swat: A Geographical, Ethnological and Historical Introduction 14-82 The Management of Indian Cultural Heritage: The Legal Aspect 83-114 Archaeology of Malakand-Swat and its Protagonists 115-154 An Outline of the Archaeological landscape of Malakand-Swat (1926-1956) 155-210 Archaeology in Context: Culture, Politics and Science 211-260 Conclusion 261-272 Bibliography 273-313 Figures 315-348 vi Acknowledgement The completion of my dissertation has been a long journey spanning on four years period. It is true that “Life is what happens” when you are completing your dissertation. The writing of this research thesis has been one of the most significant academic challenges I have ever had to face. Without the support, patience and guidance of the following people, this study would not have been completed. It is to them that I owe my deepest gratitude. This thesis is a culmination of a perfect working relationship with my teachers; Prof. Dr. M. Ashraf Khan (Director, TIAC), my Supervisor, Dr. Ghani-ur-Rahman and Co- Supervisor, Dr. Luca Maria Olivieri, Co-Director, Italian Archaeological Mission to Pakistan, to whom I am eternally grateful. This feat was possible only because of the unconditional support provided by Dr. Ghani and Dr. Luca with an amicable and positive disposition. They always made themselves available despite their busy schedules. All these provided unreserved support during my research and generously paved the way for my development as a researcher. Perhaps most importantly, I thank them for being my companions on our quest to discover what lies in the shadow of the statue. I appreciate all their contributions of time, ideas, and sharing materials. A number of teachers and mentors played an important role in my academic career which proved a foundation for the present work. The first name in this regard is Professor Dr. Syed Wiqar Ali Shah (Allama Iqbal Professor, South Asia Institute, University of Heidelberg, Germany) to whom I will forever be thankful for supervising my M. Phil thesis. He has been helpful in providing guidance many times during my research. He was and remains my best role model for a researcher, mentor, and teacher and due to him I decided to pursue my research. Professor Dr. Ghulam Hyder Sindhi (former Director National Institute of Pakistan Studies, QAU, Islamabad), had also played such a great role vii that it will be an academic dishonesty to ignore him. Prof. Dr. Razia Sultana (Vice- Chancellor, Benazir Women University, Peshawar and former Chairperson, Dept. of History, QAU) enlightened me with research methods by teaching our class “Research Methodology” during PhD course work. Her pedagogical talent is mostly responsible for my love of research. Thanks are also due to Prof. Dr. Sultan-i-Rome who provided materials especially his own articles and suggested valuable advices in the field of references and bibliography. My heartfelt gratitude goes to K. Paddayya for sharing the contents of Sir Leonard Woolley’s report “A Report on the Work of the Archaeological Survey of India dated1939”. I will always be indebted to him for sharing such a primary source for this research. Writing this thesis was not the lonely experience it could have been because of cherished friends who provided enthusiasm and empathy in just the right doses. In this regard, it would not be fair not to mention Dr. Rafiullah Khan, Lecturer, TIAC and my friend since my Master in Quaid-i-Azam University, I am also grateful to him for his scientific guidance and knowledge and many insightful discussions and suggestions. He proved a valuable source of guidance and a permanent focal person in the university while I was away, first in Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat and then in University of Swat in connection of my job. He was generous enough to share his data and other references with me. I am grateful to Miss. Ifqut Shaheen, (Ph.D scholar, TIAC) for her academic and moral support during this study. I am thankful to my friends Irfanullah Khan of Gogdara, Swat, (PhD scholar, National Institute of Pakistan Studie, QAU) and Ikram Qayum (M. Phil scholar, TIAC) for facilitating me in the fieldwork. I am also thankful to Ikram Qayum’s father, Qayum Balala, for sharing his two books on Swat. My heartiest gratitude goes to Mr. Farman Ali of Deolai, Lecturer in Pakistan Studies, proved himself a stakeholder in this research by the providing viii conveyance facilities for the fieldwork of such far flung sites as Gumbat (Manglawar), Guratai, Banjaot and Divan Bat. My thanks are due to Mr. Ilayas Khan, Mr. Sharafat Khan and Mr. Shehryar Wazir for their interest in my research. In nutshell, I am also thankful to all my friends (too many to be listed here but they know who they are!) for providing much needed support to me. I am also indebted to my colleagues, Dr. Abdullah, Dr. Syed Rashid Ali and Mr. Imran Naz who were instrumental behind an academic environment throughout my stay at Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat. They always encouraged and supported me for early completion of this research work. My thanks are due to Mr. Shahid Khan (Assistant Controller, Exams Section, University of Swat) for his computer related skills and support. I am also indebted to Amir Faraz (Superintendent Exams Section, University of Swat), Mr. M. Ajmal (J/C Exams Section, University of Swat) and Mr. Salman Khan (Central Library, University of Swat) for their services in hostel. The administrative staff of TIAC including Sardar Ali (popukarly known as Sardar Lala) (UDC), Qaim Ali Shah (Lab. Assistant), Fateh Haider Jafari (Librarian), M. Nasim (Naib Qasid), Basharat (Naib Qasid), Tayyiba Mussarat (Naib Qasid) and Javaid Masih (TIAC) have been kind enough to extend their help at various phases of this research, whenever I approached them, and I do hereby acknowledge all of them. No research is possible without the library, the repertoire of learning resources. I express my heartfelt gratitude to all the library staff (Central Library, QAU and TIAC Library) for their valuable services. This research would not have come to a successful completion, without the help received from M. Ibrahim for locating various sites through Google map (QAU) and Afzal Khan (University of Swat) with regard to computer-related issues. Together with them is to be remembered the widely known, among Quaidians, Guddu for serving special tea during ix my course work and whenever I was at campus especially tea prepared in fresh milk instead of milk pack. This thesis would not have come to a successful completion, without the help received from Inamullah Khan and Ihsan Khan (Ser, Swat), Ayub Khan & Yaqub Khan (Gumbat [Manglawar], Swat), Mushtaq Ahmad (Banjot), police constable Farid (Banjot), Rasul Khan (Charbagh), Shah Wazir Khan Khaki (Aman-kot), Azim (Barikot, Swat), Sharif Kaka (Dir Museum), Muhammad Israr (Top-dara, Buner), and M. Shoaib Khan (Aman-kot, Swat), Hakim Amir Zarin (Banr, Mingawara). Being residents of the locale of the study, these noble souls guided and assisted me during my arduous fieldwork. I am indebted to them for their co-operation and contributions to the archaeology of the area. Words cannot express how grateful I am to my parents for all of the sacrifices that they have made on my behalf and their prayer for me was what sustained me thus far. They always wished and prayed for my success. Their love, support and constant patience have taught me so much about sacrifice, discipline and compromise. My brothers, late Raidullah Khan, Andaz Khan, Qais Khan, Bashir Gul and Almas Khan, without whom this effort would have been worth nothing. Two other family members I must mention my nephews, Nural Islam and Shah Jan, who anxiously waited for the completion of my dissertation and constantly asked me “have you done yet?” Of course no acknowledgements would be complete without giving thanks to such innocent souls as Sidra, Islam Hasan, Imam Hasan, Gulalai, Bakhtnama, Hamza Hasan, Spogmai, Amna, Farishta, Manahil, Irfan Khan, Aimal Khan, Zarak Khan and Bacha Khan (my nephews and nieces), who knew nothing about dissertation but contributed in the form of their love and funny/innocent questions about Ph.D. They cared for my materials a lot for which I am indebted to them all, however, some of them proved really naughty especially Manahil and Nangyal Khan troubling me during my study through muddling the materials.
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