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How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia
— Early draft. Please do not quote, cite, or redistribute without written permission of the authors. — How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815∗ Thilo R. Huningy and Nikolaus Wolfz Abstract We analyze the formation oft he German Zollverein as an example how geography can shape institutional change. We show how the redrawing of the European map at the Congress of Vienna—notably Prussia’s control over the Rhineland and Westphalia—affected the incentives for policymakers to cooperate. The new borders were not endogenous. They were at odds with the strategy of Prussia, but followed from Britain’s intervention at Vienna regarding the Polish-Saxon question. For many small German states, the resulting borders changed the trade-off between the benefits from cooperation with Prussia and the costs of losing political control. Based on GIS data on Central Europe for 1818–1854 we estimate a simple model of the incentives to join an existing customs union. The model can explain the sequence of states joining the Prussian Zollverein extremely well. Moreover we run a counterfactual exercise: if Prussia would have succeeded with her strategy to gain the entire Kingdom of Saxony instead of the western provinces, the Zollverein would not have formed. We conclude that geography can shape institutional change. To put it different, as collateral damage to her intervention at Vienna,”’Britain unified Germany”’. JEL Codes: C31, F13, N73 ∗We would like to thank Robert C. Allen, Nicholas Crafts, Theresa Gutberlet, Theocharis N. Grigoriadis, Ulas Karakoc, Daniel Kreßner, Stelios Michalopoulos, Klaus Desmet, Florian Ploeckl, Kevin H. -
Riedel-Schreiter Family History
Riedel-Schreiter Family History Anna van Raaphorst-Johnson Third Edition (3.0) - November 2014 Riedel-Schreiter Family History | TOC | 3 Contents List of Figures...................................................................................................................5 Chapter 1: Introduction..............................................................................13 Chapter 2: Ancestors.................................................................................15 The Riedel-Schreiter Families............................................................................................................15 The Thumb of Michigan......................................................................................................................19 Why and How Did They Migrate?.......................................................................................................23 Anna's comments about migration..........................................................................................25 Life in Forestville.................................................................................................................................29 Al's comments about Forestville..............................................................................................35 Joan's comments about Forestville.........................................................................................36 Letters Home......................................................................................................................................37 -
Descendants of Johann Bernard Wiechelmann
Descendants of Johann Bernard Wiechelmann Generation 1 1. JOHANN BERNARD1 WIECHELMANN was born on 16 Jan 1767 in Lohne, Oldenburg, Germany. He died on 24 Jan 1838 in Lohne, Oldenburg, Germany. He married Maria Elizabeth Stukenborg on 08 Nov 1796 in Oldenburg, Germany. She was born on 06 Feb 1776 in Lohne, Oldenburg, Germany. She died on 27 Feb 1852 in Lohne, Oldenburg, Germany. Johann Bernard Wiechelmann and Maria Elizabeth Stukenborg had the following children: 1.1. BERNARD HEINRICH2 WIECHELMAN (son of Johann Bernard Wiechelmann and Maria Elizabeth Stukenborg) was born on 08 Jul 1797 in Lohne, Oldenburg, Germany. He died on 05 Oct 1873 in Padua, Washington Twp., Mercer Co., OH. More About Bernard Heinrich Wiechelman: 1834 Immigration: 30 Jun 1834 in Arrived at the Port of Baltimore; B.H. Mutchelman 36, Johann 28, Catherine 26, Maria Anne 21, Joh. Clemmens 17. (Last name should be Wiechelman). Burial: St. Anthony Catholic Cemetery, Padua, Mercer Co., OH 1.2. MARY ANNA WIECHELMAN (daughter of Johann Bernard Wiechelmann and Maria Elizabeth Stukenborg) was born on 08 Sep 1799 in Lohne, Oldenburg, Germany. She died on 09 Oct 1873 in Padua, Washington Twp., Mercer Co., OH. More About Mary Anna Wiechelman: 1852 Immigration: 27 Oct 1852 in Bremen Bark Aelous arrived at New Orleans on 26 October 1852, Marianne Wiegelmann 53, with Ludwig Wiegelmann 42, Anna Marie 25, Elizabeth 5, all from Lohne. 1870 Census: Mercer Co., OH, Washington Twp: Anna Wickelman 71 b: Attenberg (infirm) residing with Lewis Wickelman 61 b: Attenberg, farmer and his family. Burial: St. Anthony Catholic Cemetery, Padua, Mercer Co., OH 1.3. -
Transcription of Church of St. Nicholas Catholic Cemetery New Market, Minnesota Scott County
Transcription of Church of St. Nicholas Catholic Cemetery New Market, Minnesota Scott County Compiled by Ronald J. Zweber & Patrick J. Mahowald March 31, 2005 Cover Photo: Aerial photograph of St. Nicholas Church, the School, and the “Old Cemetery” as of 1960. The Church of St. Nicholas was built upon one of the tallest hills in New Market, Minnesota. Table of Contents AN EARLY HISTORY......................................................................................................... 3 Burials Prior to the Church Records.............................................................................................................. 3 Oldest Pioneers Buried at St. Nicholas.......................................................................................................... 4 Immigrant Burials.......................................................................................................................................... 4 Civil War Veterans ........................................................................................................................................ 4 Small Pox Epidemic of 1882 ......................................................................................................................... 4 Diphtheria Epidemic of 1895......................................................................................................................... 4 Most Recent Burials ..................................................................................................................................... -
Endogenous Trade Costs and the Formation of a Customs Union
Endogenous Trade Costs and the Formation of a Customs Union Unpublished manuscript. Do not circulate, quote, or cite, without permission! How Geography Unified Germany: Endogenous Trade Costs and the Formation of a Customs Union∗ y z THILO R. HUNING AND NIKOLAUS WOLF Abstract We analyze the foundation of the German Zollverein as an example how geography can shape institutional change. We show how the redrawing of the European map at the Congress of Vienna 1815—notably Prussia’s control over the Rhineland and Westphalia—affected the incentives for policymakers to cooperate. Our argument comes in three steps. First, we show that the new borders were not endogenous to trade. They were at odds with the strategy of Prussia in 1815, but followed from Britain’s intervention at Vienna regarding the Polish-Saxon question. Second, we develop a theoretical framework, where state planners set tariffs on imports and transits to maximize revenue. We show that in a world with transit tariffs a revenue-maximizing state planner faces a trade-off between benefits from cooperation and the cost of loosing geographical advantage. In a third step we calibrate the model combining historical data on tariffs, freight rates, market sizes with GIS data on lowest costs routes under endogenous tariffs. We then run counterfactuals to show how borders affected incentives: if Prussia would have succeeded with her strategy to gain the entire Kingdom of Saxony instead of the western provinces, the Zollverein would not have formed. We conclude that geography can shape institutional change. To put it differently, as a collateral damage to her intervention at Vienna “Britain unified Germany”. -
The German Catholic Settlers of Waterloo County
THE GERMAN-FRENCH CATHOLIC SETTLERS OF WATERLOO COUNTY, ONTARIO Robert Wideen : 2020 Soufflenheim Genealogy Research and History www.soufflenheimgenealogy.com The German-French Catholic Settlers of Waterloo County, Ontario, Canada and Surrounding Counties - The Beginnings: 1824-1850’s. Compiled by Chris Bowman, 1991-2018 Most of the individuals in this work are from Alsace, mentioned 281 times, Baden, 245, and Bavaria, 62 times. Bas-Rhin is mentioned 165 times, Haut-Rhin 32. Soufflenheim, 92 times, and the nearby villages of Schirrhein 6 and Rountzenheim 20. New Germany in Ontario, the destination of a large number of emigrants from Soufflenheim, is found 388 times. 1883 Map of Waterloo County, Ontario. New Germany center right. CONTENTS The German-French Catholic Settlers Of Waterloo County, Ontario ........................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 2 Index of Names ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Biographies ................................................................................................................................................ 5 A - D ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 E - H ........................................................................................................................................................ -
The Kingdom of Wurttenmerg and the Making of Germany, 1815-1871
Te Kingdom of Württemberg and the Making of Germany, 1815-1871. Bodie Alexander Ashton School of History and Politics Discipline of History Te University of Adelaide Submitted for the postgraduate qualification of Doctor of Philosophy (History) May 2014 For Kevin and Ric; and for June, Malcolm and Kristian. Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations xi Notes xiii Introduction 15 Chapter 1 35 States and Nation in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Chapter 2 67 Stuttgart and Vienna before 1848 Chapter 3 93 Te Kingdom of Württemberg and Early Kleindeutschland Chapter 4 123 Independence and South German Particularism, 1815-1848 Chapter 5 159 Te Years of Prophecy and Change, 1848-1849 Chapter 6 181 Counterrevolution, Reaction and Reappraisals, 1850-1859 Chapter 7 207 Six Years of Autumn: 1860-1866 Chapter 8 251 Te Unification of Germany, 1866-1871 Conclusion 295 Bibliography 305 ABSTRACT _ THE TRADITIONAL DISCOURSE of the German unification maintains that it was the German great powers - Austria and Prussia - that controlled German destiny, yet for much of this period Germany was divided into some thirty-eight states, each of which possessed their own institutions and traditions. In explaining the formation of Germany, the orthodox view holds that these so-called Mittel- and Kleinstaaten existed largely at the whim of either Vienna or Berlin, and their policies, in turn, were dictated or shaped by these two power centres. According to this reading of German history, a bipolar sociopolitical structure existed, whereby the Mittelstaaten would declare their allegiances to either the Habsburg or Hohenzollern crowns. Te present work rejects this model of German history, through the use of the case study of the southwestern Kingdom of Württemberg. -
Biographical Sketches of Settlers in the 1880'S
Compiled from 1880 MN federal census (Cass Co) and 1885 MN state census, and Park Rapids Enterprize articles through 1883, with some additions from secondary sources, by Peter Wilson, 8 East 25 St, Minneapolis MN 55404. Ph 612-871-4807. E-mail at [email protected]î A hard copy of the 1989 history, with bibliography, and notes on state and natural history, is in Park Rapids public library. Please send additions and corrections to Hubbard Co. Genealogical Society, to update this record. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF SETTLERS IN THE 1880'S A. H. Abbott was born in 1859 in Illinois. His wife, Lilly, was born in 1864 in Illinois. Children: Irene was born in 1889 in Minnesota; Vianna (sp?) was born in 1892 in Minnesota; Ina was born in 1893 in Minnesota. Mr. Abbott was a farmer who moved directly to Todd Township in the spring of 1886. On June 18, 1895, B. F. Wright enumerated the Abbotts 39th in Todd Township. Cornelius A. Abbott was born in 1834 in Indiana. He was a carpenter and moved to Minnesota in February, 1885, and to the Hubbard Enumeration District in May 1895. On June 5, 1895, E. R. Hinds enumerated Corneluis 27th in Hubbard. George Abbot was born in 1817 in Tennessee. His wife, Abigail, was born in 1837 in Canada. The 1885 state census lists him as a Union veteran, distinguishing him from many of his Tennessee relations. Children: Moses was born in 1860 in Minnesota; Angelina was born in 1872 in Minnesota; George was born in 1877 in Minnesota; and Margaret was born in 1881 in Minnesota. -
A Study of Vocal Demands in Selected Early German Romantic Operas / By
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Descendants of Charles HASS
Descendants of Charles HASS Generation 1 1. CHARLES1 HASS was born about 1798 in Venzlaffshagen, Germany. He married AMELIA HASS. She was born about 1798 in Pomerania, Prussia. Charles HASS and Amelia Hass had the following children: 2. i. FREDERICK2 HASS was born on 15 Sep 1819 in Germany. He died on 07 Sep 1907 in St Jacobs, Ontario, Canada. He married Maria BARZ before 1845 in Germany. She was born on 31 Mar 1819 in Pommen, Germany. She died on 10 Aug 1909 in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. 3. ii. WILHELMINA HASS was born in 1821 in Prussia. She married Gothell ZINKIE in Germany (two sons). 4. iii. AUGUST HASS was born in 1823 in Prussia. He died on 10 Dec 1900 in Renfrew, Ontario, Canada. He married (1) MARY HENRIETTA DEIMER about 1850 in Prussia (seven children). She died between 1867-1875 in Ontario, Canada (around the time 7th child was born). He married (2) WILHELMINA HACK on 19 May 1876 (he 51, she 38 years old, three children). She was born about 1838. 5. iv. HEINRICH HASS SR was born on 27 May 1825 in Germany. He died on 19 Sep 1913 in Berlin, Ontario, Canada ((Kitchener) exhaustion caused by fractured arm and ribs). He married Pauline MUELLER before 1855 (eight children). She was born on 25 May 1834 in Germany. She died on 27 Sep 1920 in Kitchener, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (Senile Debility-Heart Failure). 6. v. CHARLES HASS was born on 02 Sep 1828 in Prussia. He married Carolina (one son). She was born in Germany. -
Infant Mortality in Germany in the 19Th Century
Comparative Population Studies – Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft Vol. 36, 4 (2011): 839-868 (Date of release: 01.11.2012) Infant Mortality in Germany in the 19th Century Rolf Gehrmann* Abstract: Developments in infant mortality in Germany have previously only been documented in a fragmentary fashion for the 19th century as a whole, and only on a small scale for the period prior to 1871. For the fi rst time, this paper lays a solid statistical foundation by reprocessing the fi gures assembled by the German states of that time. The reconstructed national statistical series (from 1826 onwards) re- veals a comparatively high infant mortality, with minor deviations until the turn of the 20th century. The impact of urbanisation and industrialisation is not denied, but an evaluation of the different regional patterns and trends leads to a new weighting. The living and working conditions in the countryside were thus highly determin- ing. The relationship between fertility and infant mortality is assessed differently for the era of the sustained reduction in fertility than for the preceding period. All in all, the prevalent customs and attitudes are regarded as being vital to infants’ survival chances. We therefore need to look at attitudes among the educated public and the authorities. Efforts on the part of these groups to bring about change were particularly observed in the South West, where an awareness of the dramatic prob- lem arose comparatively early. Further historic research at the regional level will be needed in order to achieve a fi nal evaluation of these processes. Keywords: Infant mortality · Germany · 19th century · Female labour · Urbanisation · Public intervention * In collaboration with Rembrandt Scholz (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Ros- tock), it is thanks to his initiative that this paper was drafted.