Descendants of Johann Bernard Wiechelmann
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How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia
— Early draft. Please do not quote, cite, or redistribute without written permission of the authors. — How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815∗ Thilo R. Huningy and Nikolaus Wolfz Abstract We analyze the formation oft he German Zollverein as an example how geography can shape institutional change. We show how the redrawing of the European map at the Congress of Vienna—notably Prussia’s control over the Rhineland and Westphalia—affected the incentives for policymakers to cooperate. The new borders were not endogenous. They were at odds with the strategy of Prussia, but followed from Britain’s intervention at Vienna regarding the Polish-Saxon question. For many small German states, the resulting borders changed the trade-off between the benefits from cooperation with Prussia and the costs of losing political control. Based on GIS data on Central Europe for 1818–1854 we estimate a simple model of the incentives to join an existing customs union. The model can explain the sequence of states joining the Prussian Zollverein extremely well. Moreover we run a counterfactual exercise: if Prussia would have succeeded with her strategy to gain the entire Kingdom of Saxony instead of the western provinces, the Zollverein would not have formed. We conclude that geography can shape institutional change. To put it different, as collateral damage to her intervention at Vienna,”’Britain unified Germany”’. JEL Codes: C31, F13, N73 ∗We would like to thank Robert C. Allen, Nicholas Crafts, Theresa Gutberlet, Theocharis N. Grigoriadis, Ulas Karakoc, Daniel Kreßner, Stelios Michalopoulos, Klaus Desmet, Florian Ploeckl, Kevin H. -
Endogenous Trade Costs and the Formation of a Customs Union
Endogenous Trade Costs and the Formation of a Customs Union Unpublished manuscript. Do not circulate, quote, or cite, without permission! How Geography Unified Germany: Endogenous Trade Costs and the Formation of a Customs Union∗ y z THILO R. HUNING AND NIKOLAUS WOLF Abstract We analyze the foundation of the German Zollverein as an example how geography can shape institutional change. We show how the redrawing of the European map at the Congress of Vienna 1815—notably Prussia’s control over the Rhineland and Westphalia—affected the incentives for policymakers to cooperate. Our argument comes in three steps. First, we show that the new borders were not endogenous to trade. They were at odds with the strategy of Prussia in 1815, but followed from Britain’s intervention at Vienna regarding the Polish-Saxon question. Second, we develop a theoretical framework, where state planners set tariffs on imports and transits to maximize revenue. We show that in a world with transit tariffs a revenue-maximizing state planner faces a trade-off between benefits from cooperation and the cost of loosing geographical advantage. In a third step we calibrate the model combining historical data on tariffs, freight rates, market sizes with GIS data on lowest costs routes under endogenous tariffs. We then run counterfactuals to show how borders affected incentives: if Prussia would have succeeded with her strategy to gain the entire Kingdom of Saxony instead of the western provinces, the Zollverein would not have formed. We conclude that geography can shape institutional change. To put it differently, as a collateral damage to her intervention at Vienna “Britain unified Germany”. -
The Kingdom of Wurttenmerg and the Making of Germany, 1815-1871
Te Kingdom of Württemberg and the Making of Germany, 1815-1871. Bodie Alexander Ashton School of History and Politics Discipline of History Te University of Adelaide Submitted for the postgraduate qualification of Doctor of Philosophy (History) May 2014 For Kevin and Ric; and for June, Malcolm and Kristian. Contents Abstract vii Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations xi Notes xiii Introduction 15 Chapter 1 35 States and Nation in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Chapter 2 67 Stuttgart and Vienna before 1848 Chapter 3 93 Te Kingdom of Württemberg and Early Kleindeutschland Chapter 4 123 Independence and South German Particularism, 1815-1848 Chapter 5 159 Te Years of Prophecy and Change, 1848-1849 Chapter 6 181 Counterrevolution, Reaction and Reappraisals, 1850-1859 Chapter 7 207 Six Years of Autumn: 1860-1866 Chapter 8 251 Te Unification of Germany, 1866-1871 Conclusion 295 Bibliography 305 ABSTRACT _ THE TRADITIONAL DISCOURSE of the German unification maintains that it was the German great powers - Austria and Prussia - that controlled German destiny, yet for much of this period Germany was divided into some thirty-eight states, each of which possessed their own institutions and traditions. In explaining the formation of Germany, the orthodox view holds that these so-called Mittel- and Kleinstaaten existed largely at the whim of either Vienna or Berlin, and their policies, in turn, were dictated or shaped by these two power centres. According to this reading of German history, a bipolar sociopolitical structure existed, whereby the Mittelstaaten would declare their allegiances to either the Habsburg or Hohenzollern crowns. Te present work rejects this model of German history, through the use of the case study of the southwestern Kingdom of Württemberg. -
Harbort Amelung
Harbort Amelung by Marcine Lohman Table of Contents NGS Quarterly Report of Harbort Amelung .............................................................2 Descendant Tree of Harbort Amelung....................................................................57 Index.............................................................................................................................143 1 Harbort Amelung Descendants of Harbort Amelung Generation No. 1 1. Harbort1 Amelung was born 1430 in Hameln, Germany1, and died 1492 in Germany1. He married Elisabeth N. 1455 in Germany1. She was born 1435 in Germany1, and died 1515 in Germany1. Notes for Harbort Amelung: This line being researched by Dirk Dumrese, e-mail: [email protected] and Agnes Weiske, e- mail: [email protected] Amelung, Amelang, Ameling, Ahmling u.ä.: Amelungen heißen in der Heldensage die Mannen Dietrichs von Bern, auch die Nachkommen der Gotenherrscher, der Amaler, in deren Geschlecht die Namen mit Amal- (»Tatkraft, Energie«) beliebt waren, Amala-ricus, Amala-frida, -berga, -swintha, Angehörige Theoderichs d. Gr.; auch Amelolt, Held Dietrichs, wird im mhd. Gedicht »Rosengarten« C Amelung genannt. Zur Endung -ung siehe Adelung! Um 1100/1300 in Süd u. Nord, bei Adel, Bürgern u. Bauern war Adelung beliebter Name. Noch um 1600 nennt der Kieler Bürgermster. Amelung von Lengerke s. Sohn gleichfalls Amelung! Siehe auch Amelrich, Amelbrecht. English Translation: Amelung, Amelang, Ameling, Ahmling u.ä.: Amelungen as called in the hero's legend Mannen Dietrich of Berne, also the descendants of the Goth rulers, the Amaler in whose gender the names with Amal-(" energy ") were popular, Amala-ricus, Amala-Frida,-berga,- swintha, members Theoderichs d. Gr.; also Amelolt, hero of Dietrich, is called in mhd. the poem " rose garden " C Amelung. For the ending ung see Adelung! , Adelung was a popular name around 1100/1300 in the north and south, with nobility, castles and farmers. -
Infant Mortality in Germany in the 19Th Century
Comparative Population Studies – Zeitschrift für Bevölkerungswissenschaft Vol. 36, 4 (2011): 839-868 (Date of release: 01.11.2012) Infant Mortality in Germany in the 19th Century Rolf Gehrmann* Abstract: Developments in infant mortality in Germany have previously only been documented in a fragmentary fashion for the 19th century as a whole, and only on a small scale for the period prior to 1871. For the fi rst time, this paper lays a solid statistical foundation by reprocessing the fi gures assembled by the German states of that time. The reconstructed national statistical series (from 1826 onwards) re- veals a comparatively high infant mortality, with minor deviations until the turn of the 20th century. The impact of urbanisation and industrialisation is not denied, but an evaluation of the different regional patterns and trends leads to a new weighting. The living and working conditions in the countryside were thus highly determin- ing. The relationship between fertility and infant mortality is assessed differently for the era of the sustained reduction in fertility than for the preceding period. All in all, the prevalent customs and attitudes are regarded as being vital to infants’ survival chances. We therefore need to look at attitudes among the educated public and the authorities. Efforts on the part of these groups to bring about change were particularly observed in the South West, where an awareness of the dramatic prob- lem arose comparatively early. Further historic research at the regional level will be needed in order to achieve a fi nal evaluation of these processes. Keywords: Infant mortality · Germany · 19th century · Female labour · Urbanisation · Public intervention * In collaboration with Rembrandt Scholz (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Ros- tock), it is thanks to his initiative that this paper was drafted.