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Bottled Lightning Creating the Electrical Grid

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Bottled Lightning Creating the Electrical Grid Draft September 2005 Bottled Lightning Creating the Electrical Grid by Phillip F. Schewe Introduction Text yet to be written Electrical Book by Phillip F. Schewe Detailed Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE---THE GRIDNESS OF THE GRID Best way to see the grid: nighttime airplane view of New York City/Blackouts as sociological experiments/Much of modernity is electrical/Stuck in an elevator--the New York blackout of 1959/the grid in antiquity/Faraday's flicker of recognition/the meaning of air conditioning CHAPTER TWO---GRID GENESIS (1880-1896) Sarah Bernhardt visits Thomas Edison after midnight/Edison's early career/his invasion of New York/Pearl Street--first grid in America, 1882/Tesla's epiphany/mystery of electricity explained/ Westinghouse--first AC grid in America/AC vs DC--the Chicago Exposition/Niagara Falls CHAPTER THREE---MOST ELECTRIFIED CITY (1892-1934) Cutthroat competition in the 1890s and 1990s/Samuel Insull gobbles up Chicago/electricity still too expensive/The ad revolution---How long should a wife live?/The birth of electronics: the radio revolution/Insull's empire/Stock Crash of 1929/Insull is pursued abroad and arrested CHAPTER FOUR---IMPERIAL GRID (1920-1965) Electricity conquers all other forms of energy/British grid--The Lake District doesn't like power/Parliament finally comes around/Soviet grid--Lenin gets his way/Fuel for Red October/Trotsky under a cloud/Tennessee Valley Authority grid--David Lilienthal and democratic electricity/WW II's deepest secret--energy for Oak Ridge/Con Edison Day at the World's Fair/Big Allis--world’s largest steam-electric plant CHAPTER FIVE---WORST DAY IN GRID HISTORY (November 9, 1965) The grid is like an internal sea of energy/A TV program from the electron's point of view/the avalanche begins--Rochester loses its grid, then Syracuse/A hurricane in the grid/Hamlet-like drama unfolds at Con Ed's control center/Big Allis tries to save the day/Everything crashes CHAPTER SIX---THIRTY MILLION POWERLESS (November 9, 1965) Biggest blackout ever/Pentagon is on alert/Darkness everywhere--elevators, hospitals, subways, Broadway, airport/LBJ launches a probe/At the zoo, Macy's, and Bonwit Teller/New York Times prepares the story by candle light/Big Allis is mortally wounded/The smoking gun: where the blackout began/Turning New York back on/letters to the editor/Stock Exchange reopens--utility are down CHAPTER SEVEN---OVERHAULING THE GRID (1965-2001) Too little grid--brownouts in New York/Middle East war, oil crisis, power industry nosedive/Too much grid--nuclear reactors cancelled/Con Ed becomes the company you love to hate/Stop wasting energy/Restructuring the power business from top to bottom/Con Ed divest, Enron goes bankrupt, the California grid crash lands CHAPTER EIGHT---ENERGIZING THE GRID (now) Electricity comes to Bolivian mountaintops/A visit to Big Allis/Advanced carbon--converted jet engines/A visit to a smart home--electricity from the sun and from corn/A visit to the Indian Point Nuclear Reactor/A Hiroshima's worth of electricity CHAPTER NINE---TOUCHING THE GRID (now) A top-to-bottom look at a single grid--Idaho Power Corporation/How electricity comes into your home/How current flows through your rooms/Check the oil for carcinogens/Holding 7200 volts in your hand/A visit to a hydroelectric plant/The woman who runs the grid/Looking ten years ahead/The Nez Perce get their share CHAPTER TEN---GRID ON THE MOON Minimum Electricity--the haves and have-nots/Scraping by in Uganda/Out of touch in Ohio--the great blackout of 2003/In India the rates are too low/Biggest blackout in history/China will come in first/Three Gorges Dam--18 GW of power in one place/Bringing electricity to the Moon-- Apollo 11 mission/The grid inside your head TIMELINE GLOSSARY ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ENDNOTES THE AUTHOR INDEX 28 September 2005 5 Electrical Book by Phillip F. Schewe Chapter One The Gridness of the Grid The airborne view of New York City surely is a picture fit for the gods. Strapped into your plane seat, with no escape, you might be a bit nervous, but what you see out the window diverts your attention. There it is, a habitat for twenty million souls, all seeable from a window seat. It looks like one of the natural wonders of the world, but consider that much of what you see is deliberately built. Even the largest contours one makes out by the light of day---Manhattan's fabled waterfrontage, the inside curve of Coney Island, the bushy green of Central Park---are due in part to purposeful digging up or filling in. Other objects in your visual field are more obviously manmade: the tall buildings, oil refineries, and of course the roadway grid. The railroad grid is harder to spot; you need to look for one of those telltale fan shaped railyards and then trace the radiant lines outward from there. At night the view is even more splendid because that's when the electricity grid stands out. Buried in the earth and hidden from view while the sun's up, the grid manifests itself after dark in brilliant fluorescently lit rectilinear streets and diagonal boulevards, all geometrical proxies for the electric current running beneath. This luminous quilt is continuous around the horizon with the exception of the watery parts---the rivers, the bay, the sound---where electricity may not go. However, even there, with the help of numerous bridges and causeways, the electrical grid runs irrepressibly onwards. The Visible Grid This book is a biography of that grid. We began with this overhead shot of the Big Apple since, besides being one of the most arresting sights in the world, it illustrates more directly than any view from the ground the ubiquitous physical presence of the power grid. Also we started with New York because that's where the grid in America got started and where more electricity is 6 used by more people than in any other single place. All these people need stuff. New York City is a hungry beast. It has plenty of factories for making things, milelong avenues of stores and showrooms for selling, and fat phonebooks of agencies for providing services. A majority of the raw materials needed for sustaining this gargantuan metropolitan metabolism, however, must come in from outside. As one of the largest cities in the world, New York consumes vast amounts of food, fuel, water, and finished goods arriving day after day by plane, ship, train, truck, pipe, and wire. One of the most precious of New York's necessary commodities, electricity, hardly figured in the life of cities before the end of the 19th century. Electricity played no role in the administration of Imperial Kyoto or the meteoric rise of Islamic Cairo. Electricity came too late to inspire the artists of Renaissance Florence or contribute to the glory of Paris in the time of Napoleon. Once it arrived, however, it became a big factor---some would say too big a factor--- in the rhythm of urban existence. The advent of electric power and its catalog of follow-on products---incandescent bulbs, radio, x rays, and time-saving domestic appliances---radically changed the way things were done. For example, the architecture of buildings (which no longer had to be configured to maximize the sunlight pouring in at windows), the sprawl of suburbs (cheap electric trolleys allowed employees to live farther away from work), the methods for storing and preparing food (perishables could be maintained for days, frozen goods for months), the operation of factories (which didn't have to be situated next to a river and could be kept open for a night shift), and the lighting and heating of homes were all altered by the introduction of voltage. How did these modifications to city life come about and how much of what we call modernity is fundamentally electrical in nature? One way of addressing these questions is to seek out a position slightly exterior to the grid. After all, what does a fish know of water? Therefore, like sightseers getting a better view of the plain by climbing up a mountain slope, we'll begin this tour of our electrified culture by first reaching a vantage point somewhat outside electricity, at least for a short while. This is possible only during electrical failures, those disruptors of normal routine when the grid is drained of power. Most people view blackouts as highly inconvenient, bad for business, and potentially dangerous to life and limb. Nevertheless, for the purpose of this book they are a godsend, for it is precisely from within these brief but dramatic black holes that one can get a visceral feeling for the octopus overgrowth of high- voltage technology. 7 Let's go back up into the sky for a ringside seat at one of these events. Imagine that you have just flown up the eastern coast of the U.S. In the past half hour alone the captain will have invited you to gander to the left and to the right, where you saw in succession the lights of Washington, DC, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. And then along comes the jewel in this crown of cities, Gotham itself, the most illuminated place on the planet. Here is what happens in that airspace on the evening of November 9, 1965. The airline captain steers his craft into its designated landing approach. As he does so, he informs you with great relish of the immensity being displayed below: half the state of New Jersey can be seen to the left, Manhattan and its colossal buildings lie directly ahead, and the endless neighborhoods of Queens and Brooklyn are coming into view on the right.
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