Economic Botany of an Endemic Palm Species (Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi) in Southern Brazil Leonardo Kumagai & Natalia Hanazaki
Research
Abstract
Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi is an endemic palm forests up to 15 m tall (Falkenberg 1999). This vegetation that occurs on sandy soils in coastal areas of southern is distributed over sandy soil mosaics, gradients of coast- Brazil, where its fruit are used as food. The objective of al to inland zones, and is rich in shrubs and tree species this study is to analyze the production chain aspects of from the families Myrtaceae (Eugenia, Myrcia, Marliera), B. catarinensis and to identify different stakeholders in- Fabaceae (Andira), Euphorbiaceae (Croton), and Malpi- volved in its production in order to better understand the ghiaceae (Byrsonima) (Falkenberg 1999). relationship between local people and this palm. The fo- cus of this research is the Areais da Ribanceira, a com- Different authors have described the use of plant resources mon area where local residents harvest B. catarinensis from restinga areas. Fonseca-Kruel and Peixoto (2004), fruit. The fruit are used on a domestic scale to produce B. and Miranda and Hanazaki (2008) studied useful species catarinensis rum, and at an industrial scale to produce ice associated with local knowledge and local traditions of cream and popsicles, which are commercialized locally fishers from Arraial do Cabo and Ilha do Cardoso, respec- and in nearby municipalities. These products also reach tively. Silva and Peixoto (2009) studied two medicinal spe- the capital of Santa Catarina State, 80km from the har- cies commercialized in a public market in Rio de Janeiro vesting area. The practice of this low impact activity can with potential problems of mistaken collection, which can provide environmental, economic and social sustainability result in difficulties related to environmental monitoring for the local community. of restinga resources. Plant resources from restingas can be harvested for different purposes, such as artisanal fishing traps, without resulting in a decrease in diversity Introduction when based on traditional practices (Oliveira & Hanazaki 2011). The central idea behind socio-biodiversity products Urban and industrial expansion in coastal areas poses is based on the assumptions that these products protect several threats to local peoples’ livelihoods, as well as, to the ecosystems that they depend upon (Gregory & Mat- tingly 2009, Hanazaki 2003, Nelson et al. 2010). The de- pendence on forest remnants as a way to increase the Correspondence family income, or even as a main source of income, is a Leonardo Kumagai, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, reality for several local communities in the world (Diegues PPG Biologia Vegetal, Caixa Postal 476, Campus Universitário, 1988, Ticktin 2004), and these resources can be trans- Trindade, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, BRA- formed into ‘socio-biodiversity products’. On the Brazilian ZIL,
The restinga is a type of sand dune vegetation that var- Ethnobotany Research & Applications 11:143-152 (2013) ies from a shrub-dominated vegetation to tree-dominated Published: August 12, 2013 www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-143.pdf 144 Ethnobotany Research & Applications and respect cultures and traditional knowledge, which is adays, the registered uses for B. catarinensis include jel- essential for the conservation of global biodiversity (Agar- lies, jams, liqueurs and as a flavoring agent for rum (But- wal & Narain 1992, Belcher 2003). tow et al. 2009 , Kumagai & Hanazaki 2013, Rosa et al. 1998). However, other uses have become popular, such Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi is a short palm about as using the pulp for manufacturing ice cream (Buttow et 2 m high when adult, whose ovoid fruit range from 1.4 to al. 2009). According to Buttow et al. (2009), there is a con- 2.6 cm in length and grows on sandy soils (paleodunes) siderable potential to expand the uses of the B. catarinen- in altitudes from 3 to 30 m a.s.l. (Lorenzi et al. 2010). Usu- sis plant, mainly for culinary purposes, such as the pro- ally the species grows in dense clusters amid the rest- duction of sweets, juice and liquor. inga mosaic (Figure 1) (Kumagai & Hanazaki 2013, Reitz 1974, Rosa et al. 1998), also described by Saint-Hilaire in The objective of this study was to analyze aspects of B. 1820 (Saint-Hilaire 1978). catarinensis production chain, with focus on harvesters from Areais da Ribanceira, a rural area in the Imbituba The versatility of species from the Arecaceae family is municipality (Santa Catarina State), in order to identify the widely reported in ethnobotany studies (Araújo & Lopes different stakeholders involved in its production and bet- 2012, Macía 2004). Macía et al. (2011) emphasized that ter understand the relationship between local people and this versatility in use is due to the palm’s characteristic this palm. of meeting basic subsistence needs and its great impor- tance in traditional indigenous cultures, as well as for Study site small rural farmers. According to Coradin et al. (2011), B. catarinensis is one of the Brazilian native plant species of This study was located in the area of Areais da Ribancei- economic value, due to its potential as a food and fiber ra, in the municipality of Imbituba (28° 12’ 12’’ S - 48° 40’ source. However, the importance of B. catarinensis is un- 40” W), central-south Santa Catarina coast, in southern derestimated and can be improved both through an in-situ Brazil. Areais da Ribanceira comprises an area of about conservation and ex-situ cultivation perspective. The con- 2000 hectares with restinga as the predominant vegeta- servation status of this species is of concern since much tion, as well as areas of farming and sand dunes with no of its original occurrence area has been lost due to high- vegetation cover. Restinga vegetation is defined as floris- ways, urban growth and forestry (Bourscheid 2011). Now- tically and physiognomically distinct communities, located
Brazil
0 750
kilometers
= areas of distribution of Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi
Figure 1. Distribution of the Brazilian endemic palm, Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi.
www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-143.pdf Kumagai & Hanazaki - Economic Botany of an Endemic Palm Species (Butia 145 catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi) in Southern Brazil in sandy terrains of marine, fluvial, or windy origin (or a tured interviews on management practices, amounts of fruit combination of all three), dating from the Quaternary pe- collected, buyers and sellers, fruit productivity, pulp produc- riod, usually with less developed soils (Falkenberg 1999). tivity, ice cream productivity (Appendix B). For these inter- According to Falkenberg (1999), this type of ecosystem is views different stakeholders in the production chain were found from the southern to northern Brazilian coast, with sampled using the snowball method (Albuquerque et al. large extensions in Santa Catarina State. The farmers and 2010, Alexiades 1996). Two main sources of entries were harvesters who use the region are from nearby neighbor- utilized, one being the main harvesters and the second be- hoods, and commonly use and manage the area. B. ca- ing ice cream factories from Imbituba, Garopaba and Flo- tarinensis is harvested from the entire area, and farm- rianópolis, who offer products made from B. catarinensis. ing occurs in the lowlands within the restinga mosaic, where they also harvest other resources such as medici- The currency information (in Brazilian reais (BRR)) was nal plants (Zank & Hanazaki 2012). Climate is subtropical, converted to United States dollars (USD) using the ex- with no dry season (annual precipitation varies from 1500 change rates for December 2012 (1 USD = 2.059 BRR). to 1700mm), and average temperatures varying between Three voucher specimens of B. catarinensis were collected 19o and 20o C (Pandolfo et al. 2002). and deposited at the herbarium of the Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (FLOR). Local people who live there rely on plant resources for their livelihoods, a reality similar to the communities living Results close to restinga areas along the coast of southern San- ta Catarina State. This is an area of high economic and A total of 32 harvesters and two middlemen were inter- conservation interest. From one perspective, it is located viewed, and five ice cream or popsicle factories were vis- close to an urban area and a large port, on the other hand ited. The five factories are identified by capital letters from it is a fragile area of restinga with priority for conservation A to E. Two are located in Imbituba (C and D), two in Flori- due to its natural and cultural attributes. Among these at- anopolis (A and B) and one in Garopaba (E) (Table 1). tributes are small-scale agriculture with high agrobiodiver- sity and the harvesting of B. catarinensis fruit (Kumagai & Current uses of B. catarinensis are focused on its fruit, Hanazaki 2013). which are used for the production of juice, pulp, ice cream, popsicles, and to steep in rum. Popsicles and ice cream are Methods the main products made from B. catarinensis in the Areais da Ribanceira region. The market for B. catarinensis pop- Data collection occurred between 2009 and 2010, after sicles reaches the neighboring municipalities, including the establishing the research goals and obtaining prior in- city of Florianópolis, about 80 km north. For this purpose, formed consent from the community. The prior informed during the season each harvester collected from 5-15 kg consent was obtained individually from interviewees in- of B. catarinensis fruit daily. Fruit are harvested from the volved with other steps of the production chain. Data was Areais da Ribanceira region by local residents (Figure 2), collected through participant observation, participatory re- which are mainly middle-aged men and young school-aged search tools and semi-structured interviews (Albuquerque people. Gathering occurs daily during the high season (De- et al. 2010, Alexiades 1996) with open questions regard- cember-March), shortly after the work/school day. Fruit are ing the local knowledge on harvesting, uses and commer- sanitized in basins with water, wrapped in plastic bags in cialization of B. catarinensis (Appendix A). Parts of these portions of 3 kg and finally marketed directly to ice cream data were discussed in other publications (Hanazaki et factories in Imbituba (C and D). al. 2012, Kumagai & Hanazaki 2013). The following were the criteria used for the inclusion of interviewees in this One of the harvesters also acted as a middleman, receiving study: those farmers who plant crops in restinga areas the already cleaned and packed fruit from other collectors, or harvest B. catarinensis from Areais da Ribanceira Table 1. Ice cream and popsicle factories that produce Butia catarinensis Noblick & area; and live in one of the Lorenzi products. five villages surrounding the Areais, which includes Divi- Factory Municipality Person Interviewed Location of B. Product néia, Ribanceira de Baixo, catarinensis Distribution Barranceira, Aguada and purchase Range Nova Brasília villages. Two A Florianópolis Nutritionist in charge Florianópolis (5 km) 30 km harvesters also act as mid- dlemen. B Florianópolis Owner Laguna (120 km) 30 km C Imbituba Owner Imbituba (2 km) 80 km Other information about the D Imbituba Buyer Imbituba (1 km) 80 km production chain was ob- tained through semi-struc- E Garopaba Manager Imbituba (30 km) 15 km
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ally bring fruit from the city of Laguna (45 km away). The owner of E, who claims himself as the sole holder of their recipe, makes homemade ice cream. In the 2010 season they produced and commercialized about 1,000 liters of ice cream. In this interview the store manager did not report on income and on the cost/benefit of makingB. catari- nensis ice cream.
The ice cream factories in Imbituba (C and D) bought the fruit from local collectors. The produc- tion of popsicles began in 2004 for both facto- ries. They bought bags with 1 kg of fruit for about USD 1.50, and produced popsicles that were sold to final consumers for USD 0.75. In 2009, the ice cream factory D purchased 1,000 kg of fruit, which yielded 500 kg of pulp and produced 15,000 pop- sicles. In the same year factory C produced 1,000 liters of ice cream per month in the 2010 season. It is important to note that the summer season (with greater movement of tourist in the region) happens before the fruiting season, and only factory C had frozen fruit from the previous season for the pro- duction of popsicles in the summer.
For factory B, 3 kg of pulp yielded 8 kg of ice cream. For factory A, 12 kg of pulp yielded 100 liters of ice cream. Factory B used to sell its ice cream in their own shop for USD 11.50 per kg, while factory A sold a pack with 2 liters of ice cream for USD 6.60, and an ice cream scoop for USD 3.00. Consider- Photo by E.A. Moura ing the four factories (A to D), each kilogram of fruit Figure 2. Fruit of Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi being pulp yielded an average of 3.6 kg (± 0.822 kg) of harvested, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. ice cream, and each dollar invested in fruit yielded an average of USD 8.42 (± $ 2.33, Table 2). These and stored the fruit in a freezer to be marketed. He sells calculations are only illustrative, since this analysis does these fruit to an ice cream factory (E) in the neighboring not consider the cost of other raw materials used in the municipality (Garopaba, 30 km away) (Figure 2). The ice manufacturing of ice cream or popsicles, nor other costs cream factories in Florianópolis (A and B), the largest city associated with its production, such as those related to in the region and also the capital of Santa Catarina, buy labor, energy and marketing. their fruit primarily from a farmer in the same municipal- ity, but factory B also buys fruit from producers in the La- Other than those main uses, the palm leaves can be used guna municipality, about 34 km south of Imbituba. The ice for handcrafts and the whole plant can be used in garden- cream factories from Imbituba (C and D) market their prod- ing and landscaping. The production of B. catarinensis ucts from Imbituba to Florianópolis, and factory D has over rum (cachaça de butiá) occurs on a small scale, main- 200 shops. The factories in Florianópolis only sell locally, ly for household consumption. The rum from sugarcane, within their own shops (Table 1 and Figure 3). usually from a local distillery, costs USD 1.50 per liter. After the immersion of B. catarinensis fruit, a liter can be For all factories the yield of fruit to pulp weight was 50%. In sold for about USD 5.00. Annual production of B. catari- order to remove B. catarinensis’s pulp mechanically, pulp- nensis rum averages 10 liters per harvester, among 23 ing has been adapted to more resistant blades in industrial interviewees who reported this practice. Most of this pro- mixers. After pulping, the nuts are discarded. duction is used for personal consumption, as an apéritif, or as a gift to relatives. Fifteen interviewees reported the The ice cream factory in the city of Garopaba (E) is the production of B. catarinensis rum to bargain for fish in the oldest and has been producing B. catarinensis ice cream local harbor. Usually this product is commercialized under for over 25 years. Most of its raw material comes from a the name of uísque de bolinha (‘small balls’ whiskey), preserved area on a private farm, but they still prefer to and the species B. catarinensis is preferred over other purchase the fruit from two known harvesters, who usu-
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B
A Florianópolis
BRAZIL
Atlantic E Ocean Garopaba
C D Imbituba
0 25 Laguna kilometers
Figure 3. Ice cream and popsicles factories (A, B, C, D and E) in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, using fruits of Butia ca- tarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi. Gray strip at right inset corresponds to Areais da Ribanceira; star indicates the factory that buys fruit from Florianópolis; triangle indicates the factory that buys fruit from Laguna; diamonds indicate the factories that buy fruits from Imbituba; circles indicate major urban centers.
Table 2. Yield of ice cream per kg of fruit pulp harvesters of B. catarinensis fruit (Kumagai & Hanazaki at factories in coastal Santa Catarina State, 2013), which are sold mainly to local ice cream and pop- Brazil, and income per U.S. dollar invested sicles factories, directly from the harvester or through few in Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi (not middlemen. For the harvesters the income obtained with considering other production costs). B. catarinensis is a supplement to their monthly wages. The fruit collected in the area of Areais da Ribanceira, af- Factory A B C D ter processed as ice cream or popsicles, are sold in a ra- Yield (kg) 4.70 2.70 3.50 3.60 dius of about 80 km from their place of extraction. Income (US$) 7.24 5.73 10.00 10.70 The purposes of use of B. catarinensis are similar to what Buttow et al. (2009) and Buttow et al. (2010) registered Butia species due to the smaller size of the fruit, which are among Butia spp. users in the state of Rio Grande do Sul best suitable to be put through the bottle’s mouth (Figure 4). and Minas Gerais (Table 3).
Discussion B. catarinensis has a great potential to supplement the income of small-scale farmers in the region. Beyond the This is the first registration of the local production chain use of raw Butia fruit or pulp for the ice cream and pop- sicle industry, there are other potential uses for the leaves of B. catarinensis. Farmers who use the area of Areais da in handicrafts, the nut for oil, and the entire plant as or- Ribanceira and people who live in its vicinity are the main
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namental. The use of the juice could be broadened local- ly, similar to what occurs in northern Minas Gerais (Faria et al. 2008a) where Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. juice is a supplement to the school lunch. Thus, the fruit of B. capi- tata are used as a source of fibers, vitamin A, vitamin C and potassium (Faria et al. 2008a). Genovese et al. (2008) showed that Butia spp. fruit have a significant amount of
Table 3. Uses registered for Butia spp. in Brazil.
Butia spp. Uses Author Butia Jelly, jam, ice Buttow et al. odorata cream, candies and 2009, 2010 (Barb. desserts. Leaves Rodr.) for handicrafts. Noblick B. odorata Biodiesel potential Sganzerla et al. 2009 Butia Juice Farias et al. 2008a capitata (Mart.) Becc. B. capitata Juice Genovese et al. 2008
vitamin C (43 mg/100 gf.w.), and this perception was also present in the local knowledge of the interviewees from the Areais da Ribanceira. The nut oil from Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick can be used for biodiesel production (Sgan- zerla et al. 2009). These uses point out other potentials of the species’ nut, which can be locally exploited, especially when considering that the ice cream factories discard the nuts (Table 3). For other species of this genus, Faria et al. (2008b) presented the high energetic value in the B. capita- ta nut, which contains lauric acid (C12:0) potentially exploit- able for soap, plastics and rubber production, also highlight- ing its bactericidal activity and use to enrich animal fodder.
Adding value to the first steps of the production chain is also an interesting way to enhance the process, through the standardization of collection practices and pulping and freezing within the community. Even more important is the incentive for management of remaining B. catarinensis clusters and to foment the restoration of the areas within the natural occurrence range of this species, since this is an endemic species highly threatened by urban expansion.
For a species that has lost much of its range in Santa Ca- tarina State to highways, urban growth and forestry (Bour- scheid 2011), it is urgent to direct efforts to conserve this species. Our main argument is that this is a sociobiodiver- sity product, already identified as an undervalued resource (Coradin et al. 2011), which can be conserved through its controlled use and management. Fruit harvesting for ice Figure 4. Bottle of Butia catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi cream factories should be considered with caution, since rum (cachaça de butiá or uísque de bolinha). it represents the most intense collection and can occur in
www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-143.pdf Kumagai & Hanazaki - Economic Botany of an Endemic Palm Species (Butia 149 catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi) in Southern Brazil higher amounts with an expansion of the market. In a re- Bernal, R., C. Torres, N.E. García, C. Isaza, J. Navarro, cent review on the management of palms in South Amer- M.I. Vallejo, G. Galeano & H. Balslev. 2011. Palm man- ica, Bernal et al. (2011) pointed out that managed spe- agement in South America. Botanical Review 77(4):607- cies are remarkably fewer than used species, suggesting 646. that harvesters often disregard the fate of the species they use. These authors suggested that future research should Bourscheid, K. 2011. Butia catarinensis, butiá-da-praia. address the production evaluation in response to man- Pp. 151-155 in Espécies Nativas da Flora Brasileira de agement practices, combined with actions directed to all Valor Econômico Atual ou Potencial: Plantas para o Fu- stakeholders involved in the human/palm system. Thus, turo - Região Sul. Organized by L.A. Coradin, A. Siminski the comprehension of the production chain is even more & A. Reis. Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Brasília. relevant for sociobiodiversity products, as well as, to fully comprehend bottlenecks for in-situ management and cul- Buttow, M.V., R.L. Barbieri, R.S. Neitzke & G. Heiden. tivation. For example, cultivation might be a future prob- 2009. Conhecimento tradicional associado ao uso de lem for this plant, in an ex-situ experiment with controlled butiás (Butia spp., Arecaceae) no sul do Brasil. Revista water and temperature it took more than 12 months for Brasileira de Fruticultura 31(4):1069-1075. seeds to begin germinating with a low percentage of suc- cess (7.5%) (Sampaio et al. 2012). Buttow, M.V., C.M. Castro, E. Schwartz, A. Tonietto & R.L. Barbieri. 2010. Caracterização molecular de populações This study also revealed that the longevity of the local de Butia capitata (Arecaceae) do Sul do Brasil através community could contribute to restinga conservation. If de marcadores AFLP. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura not threatened by a market expansion, the practice of a 32(1):230-239. low impact activity such as the harvesting of B. catarinen- sis fruit can have both socio-economic and environmental Coradin, L., A. Siminski & A. Reis. 2011. Espécies Nati- sustainability for the local community, when in conjunction vas da Flora Brasileira de Valor Econômico Atual ou Po- with the goals of environmental conservation of fragile but tencial: Plantas para o Futuro - Região Sul. Ministério do highly threatened ecosystems, such as the restinga. Meio Ambiente, Brasília.
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www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-143.pdf Kumagai & Hanazaki - Economic Botany of an Endemic Palm Species (Butia 151 catarinensis Noblick & Lorenzi) in Southern Brazil
Appendix A. Questions asked during the semi-structured Appendix B. Questions asked of harvesters, middlemen interviews with harvesters of Butia catarinensis Noblick & and buyers regarding the production chain of Butia catari- Lorenzi, in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Interviews con- nensis Noblick & Lorenzi, in Santa Catarina State, Brazil. sisted of open questions regarding the local knowledge These questions were asked as part of semi-structured on harvesting, uses and commercialization of B. catari- interviews on management practices, amounts of fruit col- nensis. lected, buyers and sellers, fruit productivity, pulp produc- tivity, and ice cream productivity. 1. Where does the name butia come from? 2. Is butia the palm or the fruit? 1. How do you harvest butia fruit? 3. For what is it used? 2. Do you harvest only mature/ripe bunches? 4. Are there different types of butia? 3. How many bunches do you collect per plant? 5. What is the most useful part of the butia? 4. How much time/distance does it take to reach the har- 6. In what months of the year does butia flower? vesting area? 7. In what months of the year does butia bear fruit? 5. How much time do you spend collecting fruit? * Esti- 8. How long does it take to flower again? mate cost/benefit of this activity 9. How many bunches are produced per year for each 6. How many kilograms do you collect per day? plant? 7. To whom do you sell the butia? 10. How many bunches ripen at a time for each plant? 8. Do you take care of the butia plant? 11. What animals/bugs/insects/birds visit the flowers? 9. How much do you harvest per week? 12. What animals/bugs/insects/birds eat the fruit still on 10. Where do you keep/store the fruit? the bunch? 11. For how long? 13. What animals/bugs/insects/birds eat the fruit on the 12. Do you sell it in bunches? ground? 13. How do you sell the bunch? 14. What animals/bugs/insects/birds eat the nut? 14. Do you sell only the fruit? 15. What do you think happens to the fruit after they eat? 15. How do you sell the bag/Kilo? 16. Have you ever seen a butia sapling? 16. To where/whom do you sell? 17. Is there any plant that always grows near the butia? 18. What is the soil like where butia grows? 19. Is there a difference in the type of fruit depending on Questions for Middlemen 1. Who buys the fruit? where the butia is harvested? 20. Where is the butia more abundant? 2. How are the fruit bought? 21. Were there formerly more butia than today? How 3. To whom do you sell the fruit pulp? much and where? 4. Do you store the fruit/pulp in some way? 22. Do you know people who collect butia to sell? 5. For how long? 23. What is the amount used for mattresses? (asked only 6. Do you sell the fruit in bunches? when it applies) 7. How do you sell these bunches? 24. What is the amount used for hats? (asked only when 8. Do you only sell fruit? it applies) 9. How do you sell the bag/Kilo? 25. Have you ever used the butia palm? (asked only when it applies) Questions for Ice Cream Factories 26. How long ago did you stop using butia? (asked only 1. Is the ice cream available seasonally or year-round? when it applies) 2. How much butia is required for a kilogram of pulp? 27. Why do you not use it anymore? (asked only when it 3. From whom do you buy the butia? applies) 4. How do buy the butia? 5. How do you sell the ice cream? 6. What is the amount of ice cream/popsicles produced per month? 7. What is the amount of ice cream/popsicles sold per month? 8. Where do you sell the processed product (ice cream)?
www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-143.pdf 152 Ethnobotany Research & Applications
www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-143.pdf