Universidad De Los Andes Facultad De Ciencias Departamento De Ciencias Biológicas

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Universidad De Los Andes Facultad De Ciencias Departamento De Ciencias Biológicas UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESTUDIOS FILOGENETICOS MOLECULARES DEL GÉNERO CARYODAPHNOPSIS (LAURACEAE) Y SINOPSIS DE LAS ESPECIES COLOMBIANAS CATALINA OLANO MARIN BOGOTÁ D.C, 2007 UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS ESTUDIOS FILOGENETICOS MOLECULARES DEL GÉNERO CARYODAPHNOPSIS (LAURACEAE) Y SINOPSIS DE LAS ESPECIES COLOMBIANAS CATALINA OLANO MARÍN Tesis de pregrado para optar al título de biólogo DIRECTOR: SANTIAGO MADRIÑÁN RESTREPO CO-DIRECTORES: ALFREDO NAVAS CUERVO ÁLVARO COGOLLO BOGOTÁ D.C, 2007 ii TABLA DE CONTENIDO Tabla de Contenido............................................................................................................iii Agradecimientos ................................................................................................................ iv Resumen.............................................................................................................................. v Introducción ........................................................................................................................ 1 La familia Lauraceae....................................................................................................... 1 El género Caryodaphnopsis Airy-Shaw.......................................................................... 2 Distribución................................................................................................................. 2 Descripción ................................................................................................................. 2 Historia taxonómica.................................................................................................... 3 Posición sistemática de Caryodaphnopsis ...................................................................... 5 Justificación ........................................................................................................................ 9 Objetivos........................................................................................................................... 11 General.......................................................................................................................... 11 Específicos .................................................................................................................... 11 Materiales y Métodos........................................................................................................ 12 Análisis filogenéticos de Caryodaphnopsis con evidencia molecular .......................... 12 Muestreo taxonómico................................................................................................ 12 Extracción de ADN................................................................................................... 12 Amplificación ........................................................................................................... 12 Secuenciación ........................................................................................................... 13 Alineamiento y edición............................................................................................. 13 Análisis filogenéticos................................................................................................ 14 Descripción morfológica de las especies colombianas de Caryodaphnopsis ............... 14 Análisis de Resultados ...................................................................................................... 15 Estudios filogenéticos de Caryodaphnopsis con evidencia molecular......................... 15 psbA-trnH ................................................................................................................. 15 matK.......................................................................................................................... 17 trnT-trnL ................................................................................................................... 18 rpl16 .......................................................................................................................... 20 ITS............................................................................................................................. 22 26S ............................................................................................................................ 24 Descripción morfológica de las especies colombianas de Caryodaphnopsis ............... 26 Discusión........................................................................................................................... 27 Conclusiones..................................................................................................................... 30 Bibliografía ....................................................................................................................... 31 Tablas y figuras Apéndice iii AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a Santiago Madriñán, director de esta tesis, por facilitarme material indispensable para los análisis, por su continuo interés en la realización del trabajo, por sus valiosos comentarios, consejos, compañía y ayuda en el momento oportuno y sobretodo por su paciencia cuando el camino no estaba claro. A Alfredo Navas, co-director de esta tesis, por su constante interés y por transmitirme la claridad que a veces brillaba por su ausencia. A Álvaro Cogollo, segundo co-director por su amabilidad y valiosos aportes al trabajo. Agradezco a NYBG, JAUM, COL, COAH, MEDEL y MOBOT por su colaboración indispensable para la realización de este trabajo. Al LANFU por la facilitación de equipos A Juan Guillermo Garcés por su amabilidad y ayuda prestada para la colección de material en la reserva “El Refugio” en Río Claro, Antioquia. A Juan Carlos Penagos por su ayuda, comentarios invaluables y por su motivación contagiosa. A Álvaro Duque por su amabilidad. A mis compañeros del Laboratorio de Botánica & Sistemática: Juliana y Oscar por entrenarme, enseñarme y encaminarme, a María Camila, Nelsy, Camilo, Camila, Mauricio, Simón, Ricardo (asistente de campo), Carlos y Libardo por su ayuda, ánimo, compañía y paciencia. A todos mis amigos por acompañarme durante toda la carrera y apoyarme. Por último, agradezco especialmente a mis papás por hacer que todo sea posible, por su apoyo y amor incondicional, a mi hermana por estar siempre ahí y por sus comentarios siempre brillantes, a mis tías y primas por su cariño y soporte. Dedico este trabajo a ellos y a los que ya no están. iv RESUMEN La familia Lauraceae cuenta con aproximadamente 50 géneros y entre 2500 y 3500 especies. Es una de las familias más importantes presentes en el neotrópico tanto ecológica como económicamente. Comparada con otras familias de plantas, la taxonomía de Lauraceae es poco conocida debido a su gran diversidad, dificultad de identificación, reducido trabajo taxonómico y poca información molecular entre otras razones. El género Caryodaphnopsis se encuentra dentro de esta familia y características como su distribución geográfica, morfología, anatomía de madera y posición sistemática dentro de Lauraceae, hacen de éste un género enigmático. Previas hipótesis sobre la filogenia de Lauraceae y la posición de Caryodaphnopsis realizadas por Rohwer (2000) y Chanderbali et al. (2001) fueron contempladas para inferir las relaciones de este género con los otros géneros de la familia. Se realizaron análisis con los marcadores psbA-trnH, matK, trnT-trnL, rpl16, 26S e ITS , con el fin de evaluar las hipótesis iniciales sobre la posición sistemática del género y su monofilia, al igual que la separación del clado asiático con respecto al clado americano, y las relaciones existentes entre de las especies de Caryodaphnopsis. Se encontró que la presencia de Caryodaphnopsis como un grupo monofilético es un elemento común a las filogenias generadas con los diferentes genes, situación que se ve soportada con la evidencia morfológica existente. El clado americano se diferencia con respecto al clado asiático y se pueden vislumbrar relaciones dentro del grupo americano, congruentes con tendencias morfológicas reportadas por van der Werff (1988). ITS fue un marcador efectivo como diagnóstico molecular para identificación a nivel de especie, por v esta razón puede ser propuesto para la inclusión en el proyecto de Códigos de Barra de la Vida. Con respecto a la posición sistemática de Caryodaphnopsis dentro de la filogenia de Lauraceae, se presentaron bajos soportes y politomías, lo que impedía hacer inferencias sobre este punto de la investigación. Solo el marcador matK ofreció buenos soportes y ausencia de politomías, lo que sugiere que este marcador es efectivo para la construcción de filogenias a nivel de clados profundos en Lauraceae. vi INTRODUCCIÓN LA FAMILIA LAURACEAE La familia Lauraceae pertenece al orden de las Laurales, con aproximadamente 50 géneros y entre 2500 a 3500 especies. Es una familia pantropical con algunas especies distribuidas en zonas temperadas (Rohwer, 1994). Los centros principales de diversidad de Lauraceae son la región Indomalaya, América Central y Sur América, mientras que Africa tropical es pobre en especies (Rohwer, 1994). Lauraceae se considera como una de las familias de plantas más importantes presentes en el trópico (Gentry, 1988). En los trópicos Americanos, las Lauraceae representan los componentes prominentes de bosques de tierras bajas y son frecuentemente elementos dominantes en la vegetación montana (Chanderbali et al. 2001).
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