DOCSLIB.ORG

Lignans from Bursera Fagaroides: Chemistry, Pharmacological Effects and Molecular Mechanism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lignans from Bursera Fagaroides: Chemistry, Pharmacological Effects and Molecular Mechanism life Review Lignans from Bursera fagaroides: Chemistry, Pharmacological Effects and Molecular Mechanism. A Current Review Mayra Antúnez-Mojica 1 , Antonio Romero-Estrada 2, Israel Hurtado-Díaz 2 , Alfonso Miranda-Molina 3 and Laura Alvarez 4,* 1 CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Departamento de Madera, Celulosa y Papel, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km 15.5 Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales, Col. Las Agujas, Zapopan 45100, Jalisco, Mexico; [email protected] (A.R.-E.); [email protected] (I.H.-D.) 3 LANEM-Centro de Investigaciones Químicas IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico; [email protected] 4 Centro de Investigaciones Químicas IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Bursera fagaroides is a medicinal tree endemic to México, it belongs to the Burseraceae family and has proven antitumor activity. Modern research, performed principally with the bark extracts, have indicated that lignans are the main active constituents of B. fagaroides, with a high content of Citation: Antúnez-Mojica, M.; aryltetralin, aryldihydronaphtalene, dibenzylbutirolactone, and dibenzylbutane-type lignans as the Romero-Estrada, A.; Hurtado-Díaz, I.; constituents of the active extracts. In general, lignans from B. fagaroides exhibited potent anti-cancer ac- Miranda-Molina, A.; Alvarez, L. tivity, although antitumor, anti-bacterial, anti-protozoal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral properties Lignans from Bursera fagaroides: have also been described. This review covers literature-reported lignans from B. fagaroides, chemical Chemistry, Pharmacological Effects structures, nomenclature, chromatographic techniques of isolation, characterization strategies, and and Molecular Mechanism. A highlights the anti-cancer molecular mechanisms of lignans. Evaluation of the anticancer function of Current Review. Life 2021, 11, 685. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11070685 lignans has been extensively investigated since the cytotoxic in vitro results and in vivo assays in mice and zebrafish models to the tubulin molecular recognition by NMR. Also, we discuss the future Academic Editors: Raffaele Capasso, direction for studying this important plant species and its lignan metabolites. Md. Moshfekus Saleh-E-In and Md. Adnan Keywords: Bursera fagaroides; lignans; tubulin; cytotoxicity Received: 29 June 2021 Accepted: 10 July 2021 Published: 13 July 2021 1. Introduction Cancer is well known as one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral worldwide, its effects in both more and less economically developed countries, and its with regard to jurisdictional claims in likelihood to rank as the leading cause of death in the 21st century. It is estimated that published maps and institutional affil- this public health problem caused 9.6 million deaths worldwide in 2018 [1,2]. Currently, iations. there are various types of therapies for cancer treatment, but chemotherapy is one of the most widely used. However, because of the severe side effects exhibited by commercially available drugs to treat cancer, as well as the drug resistance in tumor cells, it remains a challenge for medicinal chemistry to develop novel agents and treatment strategies to Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. attack this public health problem [3,4]. According to the Food and Drug Administration Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. (FDA), 246 anti-cancer drugs were approved between 1940 and 2014 and around 38% of This article is an open access article them are natural products (or derived from them) [5]. In this context, one of the most distributed under the terms and important sources of anti-cancer secondary metabolites is the Bursera genus because it conditions of the Creative Commons has been reported that these plants are effective against different types of cancer [6]. The Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// genus Bursera Jacq. ex L. (Burseraceae) consists of about 105 shrubs and trees with a creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ geographical distribution extending from the Southern U.S. to Peru and the Caribbean. 4.0/). Life 2021, 11, 685. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11070685 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/life Life 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 14 Life 2021, 11, 685 2 of 13 Bursera species grow principally in the tropical dry forests, where about 92 species have been described and most of them (~85%) are endemic [7,8]. Bursera has been divided into twoIn Mexico, subgenera the (subg.),Bursera speciesor sections: grow B. principally subg. Bursera in the and tropical B. subg. dry Elaphrium forests, where (previously about known92 species as Bullockia have been) [8]; described the bark, and among most of other them traits, (~85%) mainly are endemic differentiates [7,8]. Bursera betweenhas beenthem. Thedivided species into of two section subgenera Bursera (subg.), have colorful or sections: trunksB. andsubg. peelingBursera bark,and whileB. subg. speciesElaphrium of Ela- phrium(previously have knownrough and as Bullockia non-peeling)[8]; thebark bark, [9]. Several among otherBursera traits, species mainly are recognized differentiates be- causebetween of their them. characteristic The species production of section ofBursera an aromatichave colorful resin (exuded) trunks and known peeling as “copal” bark, thatwhile provides species a of chemicalElaphrium defensehave rough against and specialized non-peeling herbivores bark [9]. [10]. Several SinceBursera ancientspecies times, copalare recognized resin has been because commonly of their characteristicused in México production and Central of an America aromatic as resinincense (exuded) in reli- giousknown activities as “copal” [11,12]. that The provides chemical a chemical profile defenseof the species against of specializedBursera includes herbivores flavonoids [10]. [13,14],Since ancient triterpenes times, [15,16], copal resin sesquiterpenes has been commonly [16,17], usedditerpenes in México [18], and and Central lignans America [19,20]. as incense in religious activities [11,12]. The chemical profile of the species of Bursera Most of the Bursera species that produce lignans are widely used in México as traditional, includes flavonoids [13,14], triterpenes [15,16], sesquiterpenes [16,17], diterpenes [18], natural medicine due to their pharmacological properties, including analgesic, anti-in- and lignans [19,20]. Most of the Bursera species that produce lignans are widely used in flammatory, and antitumoral properties. Also, they can help treat different illnesses, such México as traditional, natural medicine due to their pharmacological properties, including as colds, polyps, and venereal diseases [6,21]. In general, lignans from the Bursera genus analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumoral properties. Also, they can help treat different areillnesses, secondary such metabolites, as colds, polyps, known and for venereal their diseasesantioxidant, [6,21 apoptotic,]. In general, anti lignans-cancer, from anti the-in- flammatory,Bursera genus anti are-bacterial, secondary anti metabolites,-viral, anti known-fungal, for and their a antioxidant,nti-protozoal apoptotic, properties. anti-cancer, In partic- ular,anti-inflammatory, lignans from B. anti-bacterial, fagaroides have anti-viral, been reported anti-fungal, to have and an anti-protozoal important anti properties.-cancer effect In [6].particular, This review lignans aims from to B.summarize fagaroides haveliterature been findings reported on to havethe Mexican an important B. fagaroides anti-cancer, such aseffect uses [ 6in]. Thismedicinal review folk, aims pharmacologi to summarizecal literature effects of findings its extracts on the and Mexican chemistry,B. fagaroides and the, biologicalsuch as uses activities in medicinal of its lignans. folk, pharmacological This review focuses effects ofon its the extracts biosynthesis, and chemistry, chemical and as- pects,the biological anti-cancer activities effects, of and its lignans.molecular This mechanisms review focuses of lignans on the from biosynthesis, B. fagaroides. chemical The in- formationaspects, anti-cancer reported in effects, this andwork molecular results from mechanisms a search of in lignans ScienceDirect, from B. fagaroides. PubMed,The and Scifinderinformation databases. reported in this work results from a search in ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scifinder databases. 2. Bursera fagaroides: Description, Distribution, and Uses in the Mexican Traditional Medicine2. Bursera fagaroides: Description, Distribution, and Uses in the Mexican Traditional Medicine Bursera fagaroides (B. subg. Bursera) (Figure 1), also identified as Elaphrium fagaroides, Bursera fagaroides (B. subg. Bursera) (Figure1), also identified as Elaphrium fagaroides, AmyrisAmyris fagaroides fagaroides, ,and and TerebinthusTerebinthus fagaroidesfagaroides,, isis aa MexicanMexican medicinal medicinal plant plant locally locally known known asas “copalillo”, “copalillo”, “aceitillo”, “aceitillo”, “copal”, “sarzafr“sarzafrás”ás” “xixote”,“xixote”, “cuajiote“cuajiote amarillo” amarillo” “jiote”, “jiote”, “palo “palo deldel diablo”, diablo”, “papelillo”, “papelillo”, and and “xicote” [[17,2217,22––2424].]. It isis anan aromaticaromatic bush bush or or tree tree of of about about 0.50.5–8–8 m m high, high, distributed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cites Cites Listings of Tropical Tree Species
    Issue Number 2-9 May 2015 ITTO - PROGRAM FOR IMPLEMENTING CITES CITES LISTINGS OF TROPICAL TREE SPECIES Newsletter This Newsletter reports on activities under the second phase of the ITTO-CITES Program for Implementing CITES Listings of Tropical Tree Species. Following up on the successful first phase In this of the Program (2007-2011), this second phase is continuing work during 2012-2016 on the most important CITES-listed tropical tree species in trade. The Program is majority-funded through a grant from the European Union (via the European Commission), which also provides for part of the Issue available funds to be devoted to activities relevant to both the ITTO-CITES Program and the ITTO Thematic Program on Trade and Market Transparency (TMT). The Newsletter is published on a EDITORIAL ............................. 1 quarterly basis, in English, French and Spanish, and is made available to all Program stakeholders ITTO-CITES PROGRAM ........... 2 and other individuals interested in the progress of the ITTO–CITES Program. This issue covers a PROGRAM FUNDING ............ 2 summary of the Program activities up to April 2015. ACTIVITY PROGRESS Suggestions and contributions from Program stakeholders are essential to make future issues of REPORTS ................................. 2 this Newsletter as informative and interesting as possible. Please send any correspondence to the RELEVANT EVENTS/ relevant contact(s) listed on the last page. INITIATIVES ......................... 13 ARTICLE OF INTEREST .......... 14 UPCOMING EVENTS ...........
    [Show full text]
  • Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies
    INSECTICIDES - DEVELOPMENT OF SAFER AND MORE EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Stanislav Trdan Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3356 Edited by Stanislav Trdan Contributors Mahdi Banaee, Philip Koehler, Alexa Alexander, Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Juliana Cristina Dos Santos, Ronald Zanetti Bonetti Filho, Denilson Ferrreira De Oliveira, Giovanna Gajo, Dejane Santos Alves, Stuart Reitz, Yulin Gao, Zhongren Lei, Christopher Fettig, Donald Grosman, A. Steven Munson, Nabil El-Wakeil, Nawal Gaafar, Ahmed Ahmed Sallam, Christa Volkmar, Elias Papadopoulos, Mauro Prato, Giuliana Giribaldi, Manuela Polimeni, Žiga Laznik, Stanislav Trdan, Shehata E. M. Shalaby, Gehan Abdou, Andreia Almeida, Francisco Amaral Villela, João Carlos Nunes, Geri Eduardo Meneghello, Adilson Jauer, Moacir Rossi Forim, Bruno Perlatti, Patrícia Luísa Bergo, Maria Fátima Da Silva, João Fernandes, Christian Nansen, Solange Maria De França, Mariana Breda, César Badji, José Vargas Oliveira, Gleberson Guillen Piccinin, Alan Augusto Donel, Alessandro Braccini, Gabriel Loli Bazo, Keila Regina Hossa Regina Hossa, Fernanda Brunetta Godinho Brunetta Godinho, Lilian Gomes De Moraes Dan, Maria Lourdes Aldana Madrid, Maria Isabel Silveira, Fabiola-Gabriela Zuno-Floriano, Guillermo Rodríguez-Olibarría, Patrick Kareru, Zachaeus Kipkorir Rotich, Esther Wamaitha Maina, Taema Imo Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work.
    [Show full text]
  • Bursera Simaruba Seeds Subjected to Various Scarification Treatments Michael Morgan and Thomas W
    Germination Rates of Bursera simaruba Seeds Subjected to Various Scarification Treatments Michael Morgan and Thomas W. Zimmerman Agroforestry Research Specialist II, University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingshill, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands; Research Associate Professor, Biotechnology and Agroforestry, University of the Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingshill, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands Abstract Tainos, also called Arawaks, were the people Columbus encountered on the Caribbean islands when he claimed the Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. seed were subjected to five scari- Americas for Spain in 1492. fication treatments to determine their efficacy on subsequent germination. Seeds that were scarified with sandpaper had the Distribution and Characteristics highest mean germination, although it was not statistically different than the untreated control. Those treated with hot Bursera simaruba is native to northern South America and water had significantly lower germination than the control, the Caribbean Basin (Gibney 2004, Jones 1995, Kirk 2009, suggesting that temperatures may have been too hot. These Little and Wadsworth 1964). The species is abundant in results indicate that mechanical scarification may improve the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. It has also become germination of this species but that further research is needed naturalized in south Florida, but some discussion remains to refine treatments. regarding whether B. simaruba is an introduced species to Florida (Navarrete-Tindall and Orellana-Nuñez 2002, Introduction Nelson 1994). B. simaruba is very tolerant of salt, wind, and drought, making it well adapted to the semiarid Virgin Islands Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg., known as turpentine tree or environment. It is found close to the sea and on hilltops, and gumbo-limbo, is easily recognized by its reddish, papery it is native to limestone-derived soils (Kirk 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case Studies from the Drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C
    Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C. Newton and N. Tejedor About IUCN IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature, helps the world find pragmatic solutions to our most pressing environment and development challenges. IUCN works on biodiversity, climate change, energy, human livelihoods and greening the world economy by supporting scientific research, managing field projects all over the world, and bringing governments, NGOs, the UN and companies together to develop policy, laws and best practice. IUCN is the world’s oldest and largest global environmental organization, with more than 1,000 government and NGO members and almost 11,000 volunteer experts in some 160 countries. IUCN’s work is supported by over 1,000 staff in 60 offices and hundreds of partners in public, NGO and private sectors around the world. www.iucn.org Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Principles and Practice of Forest Landscape Restoration Case studies from the drylands of Latin America Edited by A.C. Newton and N. Tejedor This book is dedicated to the memory of Margarito Sánchez Carrada, a student who worked on the research project described in these pages. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or the European Commission concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • An Expanded Nuclear Phylogenomic PCR Toolkit for Sapindales1
    Applications in Plant Sciences 2016 4(12): 1600078 Applications in Plant Sciences PRIMER NOTE AN EXPANDED NUCLEAR PHYLOGENOMIC PCR TOOLKIT FOR SAPINDALES1 ELIZABETH S. COLLIns2,4, MORGAN R. GOSTEL3, AND ANDREA WEEKS2 2George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MSN 3E1, Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444 USA; and 3Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 166, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 USA • Premise of the study: We tested PCR amplification of 91 low-copy nuclear gene loci in taxa from Sapindales using primers developed for Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae). • Methods and Results: Cross-amplification of these markers among 10 taxa tested was related to their phylogenetic distance from B. simaruba. On average, each Sapindalean taxon yielded product for 53 gene regions (range: 16–90). Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicales), by contrast, yielded product for two. Single representatives of Anacardiaceae and Rutacaeae yielded 34 and 26 products, respectively. Twenty-six primer pairs worked for all Burseraceae species tested if highly divergent Aucoumea klaineana is excluded, and eight of these amplified product in every Sapindalean taxon. • Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that customized primers for Bursera can amplify product in a range of Sapindalean taxa. This collection of primer pairs, therefore, is a valuable addition to the toolkit for nuclear phylogenomic analyses of Sapindales and warrants further investigation. Key words: Anacardiaceae; Burseraceae; low-copy nuclear genes; microfluidic PCR; Rutaceae. Low-copy nuclear gene regions offer increased phyloge- PCR-based target enrichment, a method that allows simultane- netic utility for species- and population-level studies of plants ous and cost-effective amplification of multiple loci (Blow, as compared to chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal markers 2009; Uribe-Convers et al., 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • Hinokinin, an Emerging Bioactive Lignan
    Molecules 2014, 19, 14862-14878; doi:10.3390/molecules190914862 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Review Hinokinin, an Emerging Bioactive Lignan Maria Carla Marcotullio *, Azzurra Pelosi and Massimo Curini Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (M.C.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-075-585-5100; Fax: +39-075-585-5116. Received: 24 June 2014; in revised form: 10 September 2014 / Accepted: 10 September 2014 / Published: 17 September 2014 Abstract: Hinokinin is a lignan isolated from several plant species that has been recently investigated in order to establish its biological activities. So far, its cytotoxicity, its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities have been studied. Particularly interesting is its notable anti-trypanosomal activity. Keywords: cubebinolide; cytotoxicity; Trypanosoma; Chagas disease; antigenotoxic activity 1. Introduction Lignans are important components of foods and medicines biosynthetically deriving from the radical coupling of two molecules of coniferyl alcohol at C-8/C-8′ positions (Figure 1). They are classified in different groups—dibenzylfuran, dihydroxybenzylbutane, dibenzylbutyrolactol, dibenzylbutyrolactone, aryltetraline lactone and arylnaphtalene derivatives—on the basis of the skeleton oxidation [1] and of the way in which oxygen is incorporated into the skeleton [2] (Figure 1). Podophyllotoxin and deoxypodophyllotoxin are, perhaps, the most important biologically active lignans, and their properties have been broadly reviewed [3,4]. In these last years, the biological activities of several lignans have been studied in depth [5–7] and among them hinokinin (1) is emerging as a new interesting compound.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Review on Phyllanthus Derived Natural Products As Potential Chemotherapeutic and Immunomodulators for a Wide Range of T Human Diseases
    Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 17 (2019) 529–537 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bab A comprehensive review on Phyllanthus derived natural products as potential chemotherapeutic and immunomodulators for a wide range of T human diseases Mohamed Ali Seyed Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Treatment options for most cancers are still insufficient, despite developments and technology advancements. It Cancer has been postulated that the immune response to progressive tumors is insufficient due to a deficiency in afferent Phyllanthus amarus/niruri mechanisms responsible for the development of tumor-reactive T cells. Many patients treated for cancer will Phyllanthin have their cancer recurrence, often after a long remission period. This suggests that there are a small number of Hypophyllanthin tumor cells that remain alive after standard treatment(s) – alone or in combination and have been less effective Chemotherapeutic in combating metastasis that represents the most elaborate hurdle to overcome in the cure of the disease. Immunomodulation Therefore, any new effective and safe therapeutic agents will be highly demanded. To circumvent many plant extracts have attributed for their chemoprotective potentials and their influence on the human immune system. It is now well recognized that immunomodulation of immune response could provide an alternative or addition to conventional chemotherapy for a variety of disease conditions. However, many hurdles still exist. In recent years, there has been a tremendous interest either in harnessing the immune system or towards plant-derived immunomodulators as anticancer agents for their efficacy, safety and their targeted drug action and drug de- livery mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Cactus Chronicle Mission Statement
    Volume 87, Issue 10 October 2018 The Los Angeles Cactus & Succulent Society Newsletter lacactus.com CACTUS CHRONICLE MISSION STATEMENT The Los Angeles Cactus and Succulent Society (LACSS) cultivates the study & enjoyment of cacti & succulent plants through educational programs & activities that promote the hobby within a community of fellow enthusiasts & among the greater public. Monthly Meeting Program : October I am very pleased to have convinced Ms. Petra Crist to speak at our Meeting. She is a well-known and respected enthusiast within our hobby. Petra is sensitive about her noticeable German accent, and expressed a little concern that our members will have difficulty understanding her. I find it endearing when I have spoken with her. Her presentation subject will be “How to Develop and Build a Nursery”. Petra operates a remarkable one, and her story of how it came to be will be the subject of her presentation. I believe this will be a nice complement to last month’s program, presented by Mr. Keith Taylor on Staging - A unique approach. Ron Behar V.P. Programs ReminderReminder REFRESHMENTS FOR OCTOBER! LAST NAMES STARTING WITH: E-H LOS ANGELES CACTUS & SUCCULENT SOCIETY ISSUE 10 PAGE 2 PETRA CRIST IN EARLY 1994, I came from Germany to California. Back in Germany I already had a few Cacti and Succulents which I was growing on my window sills. I, of course, had no idea about the dif- ference between the two of them at the time. I was a dressage rider and heavily involved in dressage circles in Germany and beyond. That, besides my job as a lab tech in Pathology, kept me quite busy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Monophyly of Bursera and Its Impact for Divergence Times of Burseraceae
    TAXON 61 (2) • April 2012: 333–343 Becerra & al. • Monophyly of Bursera The monophyly of Bursera and its impact for divergence times of Burseraceae Judith X. Becerra,1 Kogi Noge,2 Sarai Olivier1 & D. Lawrence Venable3 1 Department of Biosphere 2, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A. 2 Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita 010-0195, Japan 3 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, U.S.A. Author for correspondence: Judith X. Becerra, [email protected] Abstract Bursera is one of the most diverse and abundant groups of trees and shrubs of the Mexican tropical dry forests. Its interaction with its specialist herbivores in the chrysomelid genus Blepharida, is one of the best-studied coevolutionary systems. Prior studies based on molecular phylogenies concluded that Bursera is a monophyletic genus. Recently, however, other molecular analyses have suggested that the genus might be paraphyletic, with the closely related Commiphora, nested within Bursera. If this is correct, then interpretations of coevolution results would have to be revised. Whether Bursera is or is not monophyletic also has implications for the age of Burseraceae, since previous dates were based on calibrations using Bursera fossils assuming that Bursera was paraphyletic. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of 76 species and varieties of Bursera, 51 species of Commiphora, and 13 outgroups using nuclear DNA data. We also reconstructed a phylogeny of the Burseraceae using 59 members of the family, 9 outgroups and nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. These analyses strongly confirm previous conclusions that this genus is monophyletic.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Submitted to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Marathon, Florida
    FLORISTIC SURVEY AND RARE SPECIES ASSESSMENT OF FIVE PROPERTIES IN THE FLORIDA KEYS WILDLIFE & ENVIRONMENTAL AREA THE INSTITUTE FOR REGIONAL CONSERVATION 22601 S.W. 152 AVE. MIAMI, FLORIDA 33170 KEITH A. BRADLEY AND STEVEN W. WOODMANSEE, AND GEORGE D. GANN Report submitted to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Marathon, Florida June 13, 2001 Table of Contents Introduction 2 Study Design 2 Results 2 Citations 3 Tables: Table 1: The Vascular Plants of Big Torch Key parcels 884 & 885 4 Table 2: The Vascular Plants of Key Largo Ansama Parcel 8 Table 3: The Vascular Plants of Key Largo Brown Parcel 11 Table 4: The Vascular Plants of Little Knockemdown Key Franklin & Zuchero parcels 15 Table 5: The Vascular Plants of Little Knockemdown Key parcels 1844, 1845 & 1867 19 Table 6: Rare Plants of Big Torch Key parcels 884 & 885 22 Table 7: Rare Plants of Key Largo Ansama Parcel 23 Table 8: Rare Plants of Key Largo Brown Parcel 24 Table 9: Rare Plants of Little Knockemdown Key Franklin & Zuchero parcels 25 Table 10: Rare Plants of Little Knockemdown Key parcels 1844, 1845 & 1867 26 Table 33: Floristic Summary of five properties in the FL Keys Wildlife & Environmental Area 27 Table 34: Comprehensive Plant List of five properties in the FL Keys Wildlife & Environmental Area 28 Table 35: Rare Plants of the FL Keys Wildlife & Environmental Area 33 1 Introduction: The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (“Commission”) has acquired over 21 properties from Key Largo to Sugarloaf Key in Monroe County, Florida. The Commission possessed very little floristic data on any of these properties, including floristic inventories, lists of rare plant species, status of rare plants and lists of exotic species.
    [Show full text]
  • John Day Fossil Beds NM: Geology and Paleoenvironments of the Clarno Unit
    John Day Fossil Beds NM: Geology and Paleoenvironments of the Clarno Unit JOHN DAY FOSSIL BEDS Geology and Paleoenvironments of the Clarno Unit John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon GEOLOGY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTS OF THE CLARNO UNIT John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon By Erick A. Bestland, PhD Erick Bestland and Associates, 1010 Monroe St., Eugene, OR 97402 Gregory J. Retallack, PhD Department of Geological Sciences University of Oregon Eugene, OR 7403-1272 June 28, 1994 Final Report NPS Contract CX-9000-1-10009 TABLE OF CONTENTS joda/bestland-retallack1/index.htm Last Updated: 21-Aug-2007 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/joda/bestland-retallack1/index.htm[4/18/2014 12:20:25 PM] John Day Fossil Beds NM: Geology and Paleoenvironments of the Clarno Unit (Table of Contents) JOHN DAY FOSSIL BEDS Geology and Paleoenvironments of the Clarno Unit John Day Fossil Beds National Monument, Oregon TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION AND REGIONAL GEOLOGY INTRODUCTION PREVIOUS WORK AND REGIONAL GEOLOGY Basement rocks Clarno Formation John Day Formation CHAPTER II: GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK INTRODUCTION Stratigraphic nomenclature Radiometric age determinations CLARNO FORMATION LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS Lower Clarno Formation units Main section JOHN DAY FORMATION LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS Lower Big Basin Member Middle and upper Big Basin Member Turtle Cove Member GEOCHEMISTRY OF LAVA FLOW AND TUFF UNITS Basaltic lava flows Geochemistry of andesitic units Geochemistry of tuffs STRUCTURE OF CLARNO
    [Show full text]
  • List of Approved Plants
    APPENDIX "X" – PLANT LISTS Appendix "X" Contains Three (3) Plant Lists: X.1. List of Approved Indigenous Plants Allowed in any Landscape Zone. X.2. List of Approved Non-Indigenous Plants Allowed ONLY in the Private Zone or Semi-Private Zone. X.3. List of Prohibited Plants Prohibited for any location on a residential Lot. X.1. LIST OF APPROVED INDIGENOUS PLANTS. Approved Indigenous Plants may be used in any of the Landscape Zones on a residential lot. ONLY approved indigenous plants may be used in the Native Zone and the Revegetation Zone for those landscape areas located beyond the perimeter footprint of the home and site walls. The density, ratios, and mix of any added indigenous plant material should approximate those found in the general area of the native undisturbed desert. Refer to Section 8.4 and 8.5 of the Design Guidelines for an explanation and illustration of the Native Zone and the Revegetation Zone. For clarity, Approved Indigenous Plants are considered those plant species that are specifically indigenous and native to Desert Mountain. While there may be several other plants that are native to the upper Sonoran Desert, this list is specific to indigenous and native plants within Desert Mountain. X.1.1. Indigenous Trees: COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Blue Palo Verde Parkinsonia florida Crucifixion Thorn Canotia holacantha Desert Hackberry Celtis pallida Desert Willow / Desert Catalpa Chilopsis linearis Foothills Palo Verde Parkinsonia microphylla Net Leaf Hackberry Celtis reticulata One-Seed Juniper Juniperus monosperma Velvet Mesquite / Native Mesquite Prosopis velutina (juliflora) X.1.2. Indigenous Shrubs: COMMON NAME BOTANICAL NAME Anderson Thornbush Lycium andersonii Barberry Berberis haematocarpa Bear Grass Nolina microcarpa Brittle Bush Encelia farinosa Page X - 1 Approved - February 24, 2020 Appendix X Landscape Guidelines Bursage + Ambrosia deltoidea + Canyon Ragweed Ambrosia ambrosioides Catclaw Acacia / Wait-a-Minute Bush Acacia greggii / Senegalia greggii Catclaw Mimosa Mimosa aculeaticarpa var.
    [Show full text]