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Revista Fractal FRACTAL REVISTA CUATRIMESTRAL NÚMERO 86 En el tiempo de una obra, es la vida cotidiana la que se pone en escena. Achille Mbembe Director Ilán Semo Consejo Editorial Elsa Cross, Claudio Lomnitz, Lorenzo Meyer, Carlos Monsiváis†, Carlos Montemayor†, Ricardo Pozas Horcasitas, Tomás Segovia†, Enrique Semo Consejo de Redacción Fausto Alzati Fernández, José Luis Barrios, Jorge Fernández Granados, Antonio García de León, Carlos López Beltrán, Benjamín Mayer Foulkes, Pedro Serrano, Mauricio Tenorio, Francisco Valdés Ugalde Diseño María José Farías Edición Alan Cruz, Alejandra Labastida, Andrés Luna, Frida Robles, Dante A. Saucedo, Ilya Semo FRACTAL NÚMERO 86 Sumario EXPEDIENTE NOCTURNO AFRICANO Presentación 11 Francisco Berzunza Historiografía del arte, desde África 17 Fragmentos para una cantera de traducciones de los discursos africanos sobre el arte Kantuta Quirós y Aliocha Imhoff Modernismo africano 37 Más allá del discurso de las modernidades alternativas Salah M. Hassan Error categórico 71 Anthea Buys La vitalidad de la materia 79 Notas sobre las formas primigenias, las superficies, la intimidad y lo social Sarah Nuttall Caída y elevación: 93 en la estela de Cecil John Rhodes Tamar Garb La fotografía de Santu Mofokeng: 113 «la violencia está en el saber» Patricia Hayes «Un género dentro del género»: 145 imágenes del ser y del devenir trans de Zanele Muholi Gabeba Baderoon La fábrica como campo de batalla 175 Helena Chávez Mac Gregor Los recuerdos de Europa 197 en el arte del Sur global Andreas Huyssen De westerns, mujeres y guerra: 215 el cine y la nación en Angola Marissa Moorman Reflexiones sobre ser escritor africano 255 Sean O’Toole La muerte del autor 265 Marlene Dumas Éxodo de perros 269 Okwui Enwezor El pasto es siempre más verde del otro lado 289 Kemang Wa Lehulere LA X Y LA Y Poemas sueltos 295 Iván Palacios Ocaña LÍNEAS BREVES Michel Serres, un zurdo cojo 303 Jorge Andrés Gordillo López Portada: Kemang Wa Lehulere, One is too many, a thousand will never be enough, 2016. El expediente "Nocturno africano" fue coordinado por Francisco Berzunza Fractal es una publicación cuatrimestral editada por la Fundación Fractal. Número 86. Septiembre-diciembre de 2018. Año XXI. Volumen XXII. Dis- tribuidora: Tinta Roja, Truenitos #21, Col. Villa de Coyoacán, México, D.F. ISSN: 1405-3436. Los artículos firmados son responsabilidad de los autores. La Redacción no se hace responsable de los originales no solicitados con anterio- ridad. Dirección: Campeche 351-101, colonia Hipódromo-Condesa, delegación Cuauhtémoc, C.P. 06100, México, Ciudad de México. Teléfono y fax: 5523 3744. © Los autores. www.mxfractal.org [email protected] EXPEDIENTE NOCTURNO AFRICANO PRESENTACIÓN Los textos que reúne este expediente tratan de una experiencia radical: la íntima relación entre el mundo del arte contem- poráneo y la abrupta historia de la modernidad en África. En principio, parten de una premisa central: el arte cifra un campo de sentido en el cual los objetos que lo conforman sólo adquieren sentido en el seno de ese campo. Es decir, el despliegue del arte se encuentra en la compleja historia en la que inscribe y fabrica el sentido del mundo que cobra presencia en él. No se trata de lecturas del mundo a través del arte; se trata de la forma en que el arte define ciertas signaturas del tiempo y de los cuerpos, del espacio y de las nomenklaturas del otro, de las percep- ciones codificadas que figuran y subvierten las identidades. Un mundo cuya existencia supone las miradas y los códigos de las sensaciones, los preceptos y las sensibilidades inscritas en las imágenes que lo habilitan. Son textos que ensayan un ejercicio de deconstrucción: la pregunta por el arte es cómo hace sensible el tiempo de la memoria y de los cuerpos, el de los espacios del destello y de la falta, el de los bloques de sensaciones y figuraciones que descodifican y desnudan a la experiencia. El arte conserva, pero nada de lo que conserva resulta evidente. Acaso lo que preserva es la secreta inmanencia de los preceptos que FRACTAL 86 11 arroja sin que nadie se interrogue por ello. He aquí la pregunta en- tonces. Una travesía —o un mapa— que se inscribe en una metáfora doble: Nocturno africano. Una metáfora de lo que la luz del día hace inasible y que encierra las tramas de una compleja geohistoria, la del arte contemporáneo en África y, en particular, en Sudáfrica. Más que de una historia del tiempo presente, se trata de una multitud de infrahistorias en las que el arte africano se revela como una gramá- tica oculta de una condición inasible desde cualquier perspectiva que no sea la de su devenir la cartografía de una experiencia íntima: la de volver visible —o, mejor dicho: sensible— los hiatos que entrecruzan a las antípodas de la modernidad en África. Ahí donde la modernidad deviene la fastuosidad delirante de sus ciudades y sus expectativas, la mirada del artista presiente la supresión sistemática de las existencias que resguardan los sentidos de las formas de vida. El modernismo en la pintura africana adquiere su estatus pleno hacia principios de la década de 1950 en la obra de Ernest Mancoba y el grupo CoBrA. Salah M. Hassan describe con detalle, en «Modernismo africano», los giros que acarrearía la explosividad del encuentro entre la pintura abstracta y la definición de «lo africano». Una inflexión que subvertiría el concepto mismo de arte africano para instalarlo en la coproducción de sensibilidades globales. La pintura abstracta de Mancoba cifra un territorio que desterritorializa los entramados de todo exotismo. En principio, es un exorcismo del exotismo. En la década de 1990, David Koloane figuró otra desterritorialización, ahora interna, íntima. Desde la década de 1960, la pintura de los townships se desple- garía como una suerte de género en el arte sudafricano. Township fue el nombre que recibieron las ciudades perdidas que se acumularon en torno a las megalópolis del país. Lugares sitiados por la precariedad de 12 FRANCISCO BERZUNZA la vida, emblemas de una historia exenta de códigos, no-lugares donde lo masivo devenía residual, cuerpos en fuga permanente. Koloane, una figura esencial en la resistencia contra el apartheid, hizo de este género, como lo registra Anthe Buys en «Error categórico», la cartografía de una estética de la inmersión. Una visión radicalmente distinta a la que habían ofrecido sus predecesores inscrita en los destellos de lo relumbrante, los colores del sol, casi de la celebración de sus cuerpos. Koloane desterró la luz, el township devino sus figuras furtivas, sus planos incrustados, sus semblantes anónimos. Una estética del apilamiento y la oscuridad. Un territorio de rostros sin nombre, sin historia. La figura como una lejana señal que nunca estuvo en el aquí del todo, como una llana exterioridad. Hay una travesía tenaz en la pintura de Penny Siopis, aunque su destino sea la insinuación. Un «pleito con la forma», escribe Sara Nutall en «La vitalidad de la materia», una rebelión contra ella. Aquí la pintura es un material de la intervención sobre/contra sí misma. Todo en ella es potencia: fugas y flujos que alteran la posibilidad de la forma, lo que torna a la visión en un espectro de intensidades. El clivaje de las manchas: la grieta como señal insigna. La imposibilidad de la quietud. La pintura abstracta quiso encontrar la forma más ele- mental de la forma: el punto, la línea, el vacío, el último isomorfismo. La obra de Siopis se mueve en dirección opuesta: el momento en que el movimiento destituye la forma y abate su sentido. Donde lo único que queda del movimiento es el movimiento en sí. Un ateología cromática. No se ha reflexionado aún en uno de los temas que las ontologías del tiempo presente tienen aún pendientes: la íntima relación entre el ser y la imagen. Si el ser (Hegel dixit) es en cierta manera lo inmedia- tamente indeterminable, la imagen asedia su determinación. Es esta FRACTAL 86 13 determinación la que hace de las fotografías del devenir trans de Zanele Muholi una celebración de la sexualidad queer en un mundo donde la «homosexualidad era (considerada) algo no-africano». En el texto de Gabeba Baderoon, «Imágenes del ser y del devenir trans de Zanele Mu- holi», el arte de Muholi condensa una única y grata utopía: el lugar del no-género. ¿Cómo hablar, pintar, escribir, fotografiar desde el no-género? Contra las fábulas de la identidad, contra el sarcasmo de la piel, el ser es (en sí) su indeterminación. En «Caídas y elevación: en la estela de Cecil Rhodes», Tamar Garb reúne las miradas de dos fotógrafos emblemáticos que testimoniaron la eliminación del que fuera el monumento distintivo de la Universidad de Ciudad del Cabo, la estatua de Cecil John Rhodes, Primer Minis- tro de la Colonia del Cabo Este entre 1890 y 1896, archiimperialista y protector de la supremacía blanca. Dos miradas que se entrecruzan en un acto de reescritura/refiguración de la memoria: la del fotógrafo testimonial ya clásico David Goldblatt y la de la joven artista de per- formance Sethembile Mesezane. La mirada del testigo y la de quien convierte a la escena (y a sí misma) en la inscripción de su testimo- nio. Si la fotografía es montaje, como alguna vez lo sugirió Siegfried Kracauer, ahora puede devenir en el montaje de una intervención. La fotografía de Sethembile de la caída del fantasma en piedra de Cecil John Rhodes con ella alada en la escena, afirma la expectativa de una inversión: el mal de archivo encierra su propia su ave Fénix. El relevo de los cuerpos entrama la dislocación de las memorias. Patricia Hayes escribe, en «La fotografía de Santu Mofokeng: “la violencia está en el saber”», sobre otra mirada desde la lente: la travesía de un fotógrafo que inicia su carrera documentando las condiciones del apartheid hasta su incursión actual en las galerías de arte europeas.
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