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Allocating Athens BERLIN * ACSA EUROPEAN CONFERENCE 1997 ALLOCATING ATHENS LOCATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BOUNDARY IN THE ANCIENT TOWN PLAN KEVIN MITCHELL University of Washington Introduction demonstrate that the concept of nemksis (distribution or The contributions of ancient ~reeceto architecture allocation) and a corresponding conception of the and town planning in the western world are numerous, boundary resulted from and were sustainedby the values but treating these contributions in a manner that reveals held and the norms followed in ancient Athenian society. a value beyond the picturesque can often prove to be a Throughout the epic works attributed to Homer, a formidable task. Unfortunately, misinterpretation number of references are made to the concept of nembsis. propagates the assumption that the achievementsresulted The boundary protected, or preserved, that which had from that ambiguous force known as genius rather than been subject to distribution or allocation, whether it was from a complex system of interrelationships connecting the distribution of household property within the individuals who share a common culture.' According to household (oikos)or the distribution of publicand private Anthony Giddens, "Culture consists of the values the property within the village or town6 The importance of members of a given group hold, the norms they follow, the protection and preservation of property, and, and the material goods they create. Values are abstract therefore, the importance of the boundary, can not be ideals, while norms are definite principles or rules which understated.: The private property of the oikos (the people are expected to observe ... Culture concerns the fields and their yields), not only provided sustenance that way of life of the members of a given society - their habits ensured self-s~lfficiencybut,as a result of the constitutional and customs, together with the material goods they reforms of Solon after 594 BC, land holdings also became produce. "' the basis for political participation. With regard to the contributions relating to the Ancient literature suggests that the concern for treatment of urban space in the Athenian Empire, locating the exact limits of property arose from conflicts Hippodamus of Miletus has long been recognized for concerning grazing ground and fields that were bound to developing a systematic approach to the organization of occur in societies relying on pastures for feeding livestock towns based on the gridiron plan. Recent scholarship has and lands for agricdtural production.'The sanctity of the partially refuted this claim by proving that the orthogonal boundary was definitively pronounced in The Laws of street-plan attributed to Hippodamus in ancient literature Plato, which dates from the fourth century B.C., "No man didnot originate in Gree~e.~AlfredBurns, in "Hippodamus shall disturb the boundary stones of his neighbour, and the Planned City," argued that scholars have whether fellow citizen or foreigner, in the conviction misinterpreted Aristotle's statement that the Milesian that thiswould be "moving the immovable" in the crudest "invented the rectangular cityplan" and that "the invention sense. Far better that a man should want to try to move that Aristotle ascribes to Hippodamus is a functional the biggest stone that does not mark a boundary, than a masterplan allocating in advance the area of the city for small one separating friend's land from foe's, and various need^."^ This claim has been reinforced by David established by an oath sworn to the gods.""^ protect the Lewis, who wrote, "It now seems that his [Hippodamus] boundary was to preserve the space allocated to the main innovation there [the Piraeus] was, not the grid- Athenian citizen." By locating the limits of a citizen's system of streets with which modern scholars have property, the boundary rendered the space within which associated him, but which is certainly older, the concepts he existed legible. According to Martin Heidegger: of nembsis and diaresis, the systematic allocation of different parts of an area for different p~~rposes."~ A space is something that has been made room Accepting the conclusions of Burns and Lewis as a for, something that is cleared and free, namely point of departure, this paper proceeds from the premise within a bounday, Greek peras. A boundary is that the theoretical approach to town planning attributed not that at which something stops but, as the to Hippodamus was a codification of culturally determined Greeks recognized, the boundary is something customs which governed the treatment of the spaces of from which something begins its presencing. That settlement throughout the AthenianEmpire. To illuminate is why the concept is that of horismos, that is, the the connection between thecontributions of Hippodamus horizon, the bounda y. Space is in essence thatfor and the culture that gave rise to them, this paper will which room has been made, that which is let into 1997 ACSA EUROPEAN COhFEKENCE * BERLI\ its bounds. Thatfor which room is made is always In reference to thevariety of activities that took place granted and hence is joined, that is, gathered, by in the agora, the following passage from Athenaeus virtue of a location, by such thing as the bridge. proves instructive, "Again, as Eybulus has said in The Accordingly, spaces receive their being from Happ-y Woman:"In one and the same place you will find locations and not from "space." " all kinds of things for sale together at Athens; figs, policemen, grapes, turnips, pears, apples, witnesses, In ancient Athens, literary sources reveal that the roses, mcdlars, haggis, honeycomb, chick-peas, lawsuits, boundary was conceived as a means of preservation; beestings, curds, myrtle-berries, ballot boxes, iris, roast preserving that which had been subject to distribution or lamb, waterclocks, laws, indictments. "I6 Although these allocation. The following analogy from The Illiad clearly functions were distributed within the agora, Aristotle illustrates this conception, "But as two men with insisted on a more complete division. In the Politics, he measuring-rods in hand strive about the landmark stones prescribed afunctional separation with strict boundaries: in a common field, and in a narrow space contend each for his equal share."I2 In this passage, Homer presented It is convenient that below this site fir housingl the image of a common field that has been subject to should be laid out an agora of the kindcustomary nem6sis. Distribution implies a limitation and, in this in Thessaly which they call the free agora, that is, case, there is a limited amount of cultivable land, "in a one which bas to be kept clear of all merchandise narrow space," the men "contend"fortheir " equalshare," and into which nofarmer or artisan may intrude or that which has been allocated to them. The men unlesssummoned by the magistrates. The agora measure from landmark stones to establish boundaries. for merchandise must be different from the free And they "strive" to locate the boundaries properly, for agora, and in another place; it must have a site the boundary is that which preserves their property. convenientfor the collection there of all thegoods Without the yields that the property provided, the men sent from the seaport and from the country ... would be dependent on outside sources and would have those that deal with the controlof the markets and failed to attain the level of self-sufficiency necessary to with what is terrnedpolicing the city, should haue ensure the preservation of their respective households buildings adjacent to an agora or some public which, according to Aristotle, was the "chief object" for pIace of resort, and such a place is the which it existed. neighborhood of the business agora,for we assign the upper agora as the place in which to spend Athens leisure, and this one for necessaly business." Although Athens was not subject to systematic planning, the application of the concept of nem6sis is Just as within the household, goods were subject to evident within the town, both in the major divisions of spatial separation. "For we know, I take it, that the city as space (agora, acroplis, areas for housing) and the a whole has ten thousand times as much of everything as allocation of minor areas within them (e.g., religious we have; and yet you may order any sort of servant to buy precincts, market areas, etc.). The agora at Athens something in the market and to bring it home, and he will developed sporadically and was not subject to a be at no loss; every one of them is bound to know where preconceived plan but it nevertheless formed a cohesive he should go to get the article. Now the only reason for space with well defined and easily locatable boundaries. l3 this is that everything is kept in a fixed place. "lHThis led The following lines are fromhristophanes' TheAcharians. to a practice in Athens of naming the areas for the goods Dikaepolis, the aptly named main character, seized control that were sold there. In Euripides' Medea, a slave speaks and immediately pronounced the norms governing the of having gone to "the draughts." The Scholia agora: accompanying this passage states, "Going to "the draughts," (this expression is used) since they called These are the boundaries of my marketplace;/ places after things in them; here the author calls the places And here may all the Peloponnesian folk,/ frequented by the gamblers "draughts" -just as opson and Megarians and Boeotians, freely trade/Selling to "perfilmenmeans the places
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