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Structural Geology and Hydrogeology of the Grandview Breccia Pipe, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona M

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Structural Geology and Hydrogeology of the Grandview Breccia Pipe, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona M Structural Geology and Hydrogeology of the Grandview Breccia Pipe, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona M. Alter, R. Grant, P. Williams & D. Sherratt Grandview breccia pipe on Horseshoe Mesa, Grand Canyon, Arizona March 2016 CONTRIBUTED REPORT CR-16-B Arizona Geological Survey www.azgs.az.gov | repository.azgs.az.gov Arizona Geological Survey M. Lee Allison, State Geologist and Director Manuscript approved for publication in March 2016 Printed by the Arizona Geological Survey All rights reserved For an electronic copy of this publication: www.repository.azgs.az.gov Printed copies are on sale at the Arizona Experience Store 416 W. Congress, Tucson, AZ 85701 (520.770.3500) For information on the mission, objectives or geologic products of the Arizona Geological Survey visit www.azgs.az.gov. This publication was prepared by an agency of the State of Arizona. The State of Arizona, or any agency thereof, or any of their employees, makes no warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report. Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the State of Arizona. Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report series provides non-AZGS authors with a forum for publishing documents concerning Arizona geology. While review comments may have been incorpo- rated, this document does not necessarily conform to AZGS technical, editorial, or policy standards. The Arizona Geological Survey issues no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the suitability of this product for a particular use. Moreover, the Arizona Geological Survey shall not be liable un- der any circumstances for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages with respect to claims by users of this product. The author(s) is solely responsible for the data and ideas expressed herein. ___________________________ Recommended Citation: Alter, M., Grant, R. Williams, P. and Sherratt, D., 2016, Structural Geology and Hydrogeology of the Grandview Breccia Pipe, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Arizona Geological Survey Contributed Report CR-16-b, 23 p, 1 appendix (16 p.). Abstract A Research Project was conducted through the National Park Service to study the structural geology and hydrogeology of the Grandview Breccia Pipe located within the Grand Canyon north of Grandview Point. The pipe is located on Horseshoe Mesa and can only be reached via the steep Grandview Trail, a distance of 4 miles. The pipe is a classic model of a Colorado Plateau type solution collapse breccia pipe. Caverns developed within the Redwall Limestone and collapsed to the surface, often to the Kaibab Limestone, a vertical distance of about 2000 feet. On the plateau, the pipe expression is often a circular depression in the Kaibab. The pipes are typically cylindrical in section and are filled with broken fragments (breccia) of overlying formations, mostly siltstones, sandstones and limestones. Hundreds, if not thousands of breccia pipes exist on the plateau, although only about 4% are mineralized. The Grandview Pipe is mineralized with copper, uranium, zinc and lead. The pipe was commercially mined for copper from about 1892 through 1916. The details of the formation of these pipes are poorly understood and the source of mineralization is even more unclear. The study of the Grandview Pipe offers an opportunity to study a pipe in the formation of which it was formed, the Redwall Limestone. Few mineralized pipes are exposed in the Redwall Limestone. Commercial mining occurs in overlying formations, but none has penetrated to the depth of the Redwall Limestone. Old mine workings of the Grandview Mine penetrate the pipe at various elevations throughout the vertical extent of the Redwall limestone, offering a unique opportunity to map the pipe in detail. Mine workings and the surface area were surveyed and geologically mapped, resulting in the development of a 3-D model of the pipe. The principal finding of the Project is the existence of north trending and vertically dipping large fractures extending throughout the Redwall Limestone, extending to the Thunder Springs member where mining stopped. It is clear that the limestone caverns were formed as the result of solutioning along these large fractures. Fracture widths in excess of 10 feet in the lower portions of the Redwall Limestone were mapped. These fractures have been noted and mapped in other areas of the Grand Canyon. Researchers have shown that the fractures are associated with regional tectonic events. Most importantly, researchers suggest that these fractures extend vertically to the Grand Canyon basement rocks. This establishes a direct conduit from the breccia pipe to the basement rock and groundwater. The finding of a direct conduit to groundwater raises questions and may help direct mapping and sampling of groundwater for potential contaminants. Some findings from this project include: The proximity of a spring or stream to a contaminant site may be hydraulically disconnected due to the north trending fractures. Current methods of sampling springs, seeps and streams may be inadequate to detect contamination. 1 Monitoring wells, placed down-gradient from a potential contamination source may be an effective method of detecting contaminants in consideration of any mapped north trending fractures. The mapping of north trending fractures in the Redwall Limestone (and below) in association with a proposed mine, may provide a guide to potential sampling sites. Depending on groundwater movement and the proximity of a mine to a groundwater exit, if any, contamination may not be detected in a spring or stream for a long period of time. Under no circumstance should meteoric water be permitted to penetrate the expression of a mineralized pipe on the surface. The location of any groundwater contamination will be influenced by the north- trending fractures. Study Purpose: Study GRCA-00519 was issued in May of 2009 with the purpose of investigating the structural geology and hydrogeology of the Grandview Breccia Pipe (GBP). Mineralogy was initially part of the scope, but due to unforeseen circumstances, the mineralogy portion of the report was not completed. Mineral samples were provided to the Park for archiving. The investigators propose to provide a qualitative assessment of the connectivity of meteoric waters through the GBP as the result of detailed study of the structural geology of the GBP. Overview of the GBP: The GBP is a solution collapse breccia pipe (SCBP) located on Horseshoe Mesa in the Cape Royal Quadrangle, Grand Canyon National Park. The pipe is well exposed on the neck of Horseshoe Mesa. The majority of the surface exposure is located within the lower Supai formation, while the majority of the pipe is located in the Redwall Limestone. The southeasterly exposure is in the Redwall Limestone. The formation of breccia pipes within the vicinity of the Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP) and surrounding Colorado Plateau has been well documented by several authors. Models focus on the development of cave systems within the Redwall with subsequent collapse to the surface. This results in a roughly cylindrical cross-section of collapsed breccia within the cavern and extending for some distance into overlying formations. Other pipes have extended upward from the Redwall to the Kaibab formation, a distance of several thousand feet. The GBP is consistent with other pipe geometries insofar as the cylindrical shape, although erosion has removed most overlying formations. The exposed portion of the pipe on the mesa consists of a bleached and possibly reformed portion of an overlying formation, which is a breccia that has collapsed into the pipe. Originally, the investigators believed this to be Coconino sandstone, indicating a significant downward movement, however, upon more detailed investigation, it appears that it may be derived from formations in the overlying Supai group. No cross-bedding could be identified. 2 Grain size varies significantly. Due to bleaching and apparent re-cementing of this collapsed breccia, no distinct association can be made. The development and study of SCBP’s on the Colorado Plateau has been associated with ore bodies of uranium and copper. A number of uranium producing mines are located on BLM land north of the Grand Canyon and several are located south of the GCNP boundary in the South Kaibab National Forest. The Orphan Mine, located near the south rim village, produced high-grade uranium and copper ore. This study provides a unique opportunity to study a SCBP in the Redwall Limestone. The investigators are unaware of other studies that have been undertaken within the Redwall Limestone, the source of the collapse and lowest mineralized strata. Economic Geology of the GBP: The GBP was initially located as a copper prospect in 1890 and produced high-grade copper until 1916. The history of the mine is well documented by Billingsley, Spanner and Menkes (1997). Although the grade of the copper ore was very high (30-60% Cu), the necessity to select ore and pack it to the rim on mules limited mining activity. Nevertheless, mining occurred on three major levels with several sublevels, a vertical distance of 370 feet. Ore is concentrated around the periphery of the pipe and is mostly copper sulfates, although carbonates are common. Most abundant ore minerals include chalcocite and brochantite, with the later being the most common copper mineral. The mine contains significant high-grade ore in place. Samples of ore such as solid brochantite, are littered around the mine dumps on the surface and are present underground. The core of the pipe is relatively un-mineralized, though sulfate and iron are widespread. Metals within the deposit, in decreasing order of abundance, are copper, zinc, uranium, arsenic, lead and cobalt. Mineral zoning within the deposit was noted. While copper occurs throughout the deposit, zinc is confined to a north-south trending fracture and uranium and arsenic are confined to one localized area in the southern portion of the deposit (stope #1).
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