DOCSLIB.ORG

Seawalls Do Not Sustain Viable Populations of Limpets

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Seawalls Do Not Sustain Viable Populations of Limpets MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 322: 179–188, 2006 Published September 20 Mar Ecol Prog Ser Seawalls do not sustain viable populations of limpets J. Moreira*, M. G. Chapman, A. J. Underwood Centre for Research on Ecological Impacts of Coastal Cities, Marine Ecology Laboratories A11, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia ABSTRACT: Increasing urban development in coastal areas is leading to reduction and fragmenta- tion of natural habitats and a proliferation of artificial structures, such as seawalls. These new struc- tures provide a novel habitat for several organisms, but recent studies have shown differences between the composition of populations in assemblages inhabiting them and those present on natural rocky shores. Preliminary observations also suggested that populations of limpets may differ in size and reproductive output between seawalls and natural rocky shores in Sydney Harbour (Australia). To test hypotheses about the influence of artificial habitat on populations of marine invertebrates, we examined the densities, size and reproductive output of the pulmonate limpet Siphonaria denticulata at midshore intertidal levels on several seawalls and natural rocky shores in Sydney Harbour. Popu- lations on seawalls were mainly composed of juveniles and small adults; large adults were generally found only on rocky shores. There were also significantly fewer and smaller egg masses on seawalls. Experimental manipulations suggested that differences in reproductive output are related to the maximal size that adults attain in each habitat. Populations on seawalls make a smaller contribution to the total reproductive output in any given area, and, thus, it can be predicted that replacement of natural habitats with seawalls may have negative effects on the maintenance of local populations. Populations of organisms living in different habitats in similar densities may show important differ- ences in biological performance. Thus, differences in reproductive output between habitats, even at the same densities, will potentially influence dynamics of populations of limpets. KEY WORDS: Urbanisation · Habitat · Seawall · Rocky shore · Intertidal · Reproduction · Limpets · Siphonaria denticulata Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher INTRODUCTION The consequences of development of new structures that replace and fragment natural habitat have not, Urban areas currently house nearly half of the however, been widely explored. For some habitats, it is world’s human population (Lim & Sodhi 2004), and it is not known whether fragmentation by building some- expected that this proportion will grow to 60% by the thing is more or less of an influence on sustainability of year 2030 (Pickett et al. 2001). This trend means a con- species than would be the case for other types of frag- tinuous increase in the expansion of cities and towns mentation. On the other hand, where there have been and, therefore, a conversion of natural landscapes to studies of artificial structures, they tend to note human-modified urban landscapes (Collinge 1996). whether abundances of animals are similar to those in Urbanisation removes and fragments natural habitats natural habitats (Dickman & Doncaster 1987, Made- and results in a number of new structures being added jczyk et al. 1998, Laakkonen et al. 2001). When sepa- to the environment (McDonnell & Pickett 1990, Glasby rated from demographic functionality, density may, & Connell 1999). To date, most research on the effects however, lead to wrong conclusions about the value of of urbanisation in terrestrial habitats has been focused artificial structures as alternative habitats, because on habitat fragmentation and performance of species they may just act as ecological sinks in which organ- in remaining patches of natural habitat (Fahrig & Mer- isms fail to breed successfully (Smallwood 2001). Con- riam 1994, Dooley & Bowers 1998, Krauss et al. 2003). sequently, survival of populations in these artificial *Email: [email protected] © Inter-Research 2006 · www.int-res.com 180 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 322: 179–188, 2006 habitats will depend on immigration from other observations suggested that, although there appeared sources (Watkinson & Sutherland 1995). There is, to be large densities on seawalls, the sizes of limpets therefore, an urgent need to assess the impact of artifi- and lengths and numbers of egg-ribbons appeared to cial structures and their value as alternative habitats be smaller than on natural rocky shores. If seawalls are that can sustain viable populations. not providing suitable habitat to sustain breeding pop- Loss of habitat is especially widespread in coastal ulations of these limpets, there are potentially serious marine systems (Moberg & Rönnbäck 2003) and is the consequences of replacing natural habitat with sea- most critical threat to marine biodiversity (Gray 1997). walls. We hypothesised that if seawalls were inade- Declines and extinctions of species can, for example, quate habitats for successful breeding by limpets, be associated with the loss of habitat needed for the there would be less fecundity per capita on seawalls completion of critical parts of the life-cycle (McDowall than in natural habitats. 1992). Growing urbanisation in coastal areas can lead We therefore examined reproductive output of to the reduction and fragmentation of natural habitats Siphonaria denticulata on rocky shores and seawalls in and a subsequent increase in artificial structures, like Sydney Harbour. Sampling provided quantitative data jetties, pilings, pontoons and seawalls (Glasby & Con- on densities and sizes of limpets and number and nell 1999, Wolff 1999, Davis et al. 2002, Chapman & lengths of egg-ribbons to test the hypothesis that Bulleri 2003, Bulleri & Chapman 2004). These new reproductive output would be smaller on seawalls. structures are made of a variety of materials and differ From the results, experiments were designed to test from natural habitats in terms of composition, orienta- the hypotheses that: (1) size of egg-ribbons in each tion, features of the surface and provision of microhab- habitat is related to different rates of survival (i.e. large itats (Chapman & Bulleri 2003). egg-ribbons were not observed on seawalls because Although it has been suggested that seawalls pro- they persist there for less time than on rocky shores), vide a novel habitat and might act as surrogates for (2) size of egg-ribbons depends on size of adults (i.e. rocky shores (Thompson et al. 2002), recent studies long egg-ribbons are not observed on seawalls have shown important differences between intertidal because large adult limpets are sparse or absent) and seawalls and natural rocky shores in terms of composi- (3) intrinsic characteristics of seawalls alter the way tion of biological assemblages and relative abundance eggs are laid (i.e. adults are not able to lay longer egg- of common species (Chapman 2003, Chapman & Bul- ribbons on seawalls). leri 2003, Bulleri & Chapman 2004). In addition, little attention has been paid to the study of the ecological processes of intertidal assemblages on artificial struc- MATERIALS AND METHODS tures (Bulleri et al. 2000, Bulleri 2005), and there have not been any studies on the viability of populations on Density and sizes of Siphonaria denticulata and seawalls. egg-ribbons. Eight different shores were sampled in Approximately 50% of the intertidal habitat in Syd- Sydney Harbour, 4 of them having vertical sandstone ney Harbour (New South Wales, Australia) consists of seawalls and 4 having natural horizontal rocky shores seawalls and similar artificial habitats (Chapman & Bul- (Fig. 1). Hereafter, seawalls and rocky shores are leri 2003). Such extensive creation of artificial habitats referred to as habitats and shores to as locations. Loca- allows tests of some potential consequences of frag- tions were selected because they had either a seawall mentation by unnatural surfaces. In particular, it pro- or a rocky shore extensive enough for the proposed vides a system for investigating whether maintenance sampling (at least 40 m long). They had large popula- of density of species in the artificial habitat is sufficient tions of S. denticulata (>100 ind. m–2). Locations were to sustain populations and ecological processes. separated by at least 100 m. Sampling was restricted to Grazing gastropods are among the most abundant the upper midshore (0.9 to 1.1 m above Indian Low mobile organisms on rocky shores in New South Wales Water Springs), where egg-ribbons were more abun- (Underwood 1978, Creese 1981) and play a major role dant and S. denticulata larger. The sampling design in structuring intertidal assemblages (Underwood & did not eliminate potential sources of confounding, for Jernakoff 1981, Hawkins & Hartnoll 1983, Petraitis example due to differences in exposure and slope, but 1987). Among them, the pulmonate limpet Siphonaria was a sensible scheme on the fragmented shoreline of denticulata is one of the numerically dominant grazers Sydney Harbour (Chapman & Bulleri 2003). All loca- on shores with moderate exposure to wave action tions were, however, located inside Sydney Harbour (Creese & Underwood 1982). This limpet lays benthic and apparently experienced similar wave-wash due to egg-ribbons, and their reproductive season extends intense maritime traffic. It is therefore unlikely that from November to May (Creese 1980). The limpet also differences in exposure exist between the 2 studied lives
Load more

Recommended publications
  • E Urban Sanctuary Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary
    !e Urban Sanctuary Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary Jessica Reeves & John Buckeridge Published by: Greypath Productions Marine Care Ricketts Point PO Box 7356, Beaumaris 3193 Copyright © 2012 Marine Care Ricketts Point !is work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission of the publisher. Photographs remain copyright of the individual photographers listed. ISBN 978-0-9804483-5-1 Designed and typeset by Anthony Bright Edited by Alison Vaughan Printed by Hawker Brownlow Education Cheltenham, Victoria Cover photo: Rocky reef habitat at Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary, David Reinhard Contents Introduction v Visiting the Sanctuary vii How to use this book viii Warning viii Habitat ix Depth x Distribution x Abundance xi Reference xi A note on nomenclature xii Acknowledgements xii Species descriptions 1 Algal key 116 Marine invertebrate key 116 Glossary 118 Further reading 120 Index 122 iii Figure 1: Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary. !e intertidal zone rocky shore platform dominated by the brown alga Hormosira banksii. Photograph: John Buckeridge. iv Introduction Most Australians live near the sea – it is part of our national psyche. We exercise in it, explore it, relax by it, "sh in it – some even paint it – but most of us simply enjoy its changing modes and its fascinating beauty. Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary comprises 115 hectares of protected marine environment, located o# Beaumaris in Melbourne’s southeast ("gs 1–2). !e sanctuary includes the coastal waters from Table Rock Point to Quiet Corner, from the high tide mark to approximately 400 metres o#shore.
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Zoologist V1 No1.Pdf
    The Marine Zoologist, Volume 1, Number 1, 1952 Item Type monograph Publisher Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales Download date 08/10/2021 10:26:16 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/32585 I "THE MARINE ZOOLOGIST" • INTRODUCTION This is the first issue of the "Marine Zoologist," a dream which has come. true at last for us, for we have desired a paper of our own for many years. We must thank the Council of the Royal Zoological Society for the ;realisation of this project and for their keen interest in our venture. Donated by . The "Marine Zoologist" is incorporated with the "Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society." The reprints of this part will then be bound under our own cover and become our own magazine. We hope that the infant will become in time so lusty that it may walk alone. In these :first hesitant steps we present to you some of the results of our field collecting and study. Most of us are interested in the various forms of conchology and malacology. The sub-editors have asked :Mrs. Woolacott, one of our senior members, to write an introductory article entitled "Outlines," which defines the fields of study which we hope to follow in future issues of this magazine. We must thank Miss Joyce Allan, Conchologist of the Australian Museum, Mr. T. Iredale, and Mr. Bernard Cotton for their support and for the articles they have so kindly promised to contribute to our magazine. (Signed) MISS G. THORNLEY, MR. D. McALPINE, Sub-Editors. BAMFIELD MARINE * STATION .OUTLINES Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Molluscs and Echinoderms from the Emily Bay Settlement Site, Norfolk Island
    © Copyright Australian Museum, 2001 Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 27 (2001): 109–114. ISBN 0 7347 2305 9 Molluscs and Echinoderms from the Emily Bay Settlement Site, Norfolk Island COLIN R. CAMPBELL1 AND LYN SCHMIDT2 1 BC Environmental Network, 1260 Oxford Street, Victoria BC V8V 2V5, Canada [email protected] 2 Department of Archaeology & Natural History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia [email protected] ABSTRACT. The Emily Bay archaeological molluscan fauna as an ensemble is almost entirely intertidal in its natural occurrence, with seven species preferring sand or mud substrates and 13 species preferring hard substrates. The only exceptions are the pelagic cephalopods Nautilus and Spirula. The gastropod species Nerita atramentosa is dominant in both numbers and by weight. The rocky intertidal platform was the focus of mollusc collecting. The four most common species derive from this zone and habitually cluster in colonies, which would have made them a preferred prey. Among the many factors that may have contributed to eventual abandonment of Norfolk Island, a scarcity of easily harvestable coastal marine resources would probably have been significant. CAMPBELL, COLIN R., AND LYN SCHMIDT, 2001. Molluscs and echinoderms from the Emily Bay settlement site, Norfolk Island. In The Prehistoric Archaeology of Norfolk Island, Southwest Pacific, ed. Atholl Anderson and Peter White, pp. 109–114. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 27. Sydney: Australian Museum. It is assumed that those food resources on Norfolk Island restricted largely to the Kingston lagoon and only rocky that could be collected by people immediately on arrival shores are extensive.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gametogenic Cycle of the Non-Native False Limpet Siphonaria
    Research Article Mediterranean Marine Science Indexed in WoS (Web of Science, ISI Thomson) and SCOPUS The journal is available on line at http://www.medit-mar-sc.net DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.23093 The gametogenic cycle of the non-native false limpet Siphonaria pectinata (Linnaeus, 1758) in the easternmost limit of its distribution range: implications for its future in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin Tasnime SLAMA1, Ferdaous KEFI-JAAFAR1, Jihène MAATOUG-BÉJAOUI1, Youssef LAHBIB1, Sophie HERMET2, Georgina RIVERA-INGRAHAM3, Jehan hervé LIGNOT2 and Najoua TRIGUI EL MENIF1 1 Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l’Environnement, Groupe MFA, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunisie 2 UMR 9190 MARBEC., Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France 3 Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro Avanzado de Estudios en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile Corresponding author: [email protected] Handling Editor: Serge GOFAS Received: 1 May 2020; Accepted: 8 September 2020; Published online: 7 October 2020 Abstract The gametogenic cycle of the false-limpet Siphonaria pectinata from the Bizerte channel (Northern Tunisia) was studied through histological characterization of the hermaphroditic gonad during a 1-year study period (May 2015 - May 2016). Spawning intensity in the field as well as the gonadic index were calculated monthly. Both female and male gametes were observed simul- taneously within acini of adult individuals and continuously throughout the year. Oogenesis started in the mid-autumn (October), with gonads characterized mainly by proliferation of female cells. After that, oocytes progressively increased in number and vol- ume until summer, when the evacuation stage frequency was the highest.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gametogenic Cycle of the Non-Native False Limpet
    Mediterranean Marine Science Vol. 21, 2020 The gametogenic cycle of the non-native false limpet Siphonaria pectinata (Linnaeus, 1758) in the easternmost limit of its distribution range: implications for its future in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin SLAMA TASNIME Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, Groupe MFA, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunisie KEFI-JAAFAR FERDAOUS Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, Groupe MFA, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunisie MAATOUG-BÉJAOUI Laboratoire de JIHÈNE Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, Groupe MFA, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunisie LAHBIB YOUSSEF Laboratoire de Biosurveillance de l'Environnement, Groupe MFA, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunisie HERMET SOPHIE UMR 9190 MARBEC., Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France RIVERA-INGRAHAM Laboratorio de Fisiología y GEORGINA Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro Avanzado de Estudios en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile LIGNOT JEHAN HERVÉ UMR 9190 MARBEC., Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France MENIF NAJOUA University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.23093 http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 21/05/2021 12:15:27 | Copyright © 2020 Mediterranean Marine Science To cite this article: SLAMA, T., KEFI-JAAFAR, F., MAATOUG-BÉJAOUI, J., LAHBIB, Y., HERMET, S., RIVERA-INGRAHAM, G., LIGNOT, J. H., & MENIF, N. (2020).
    [Show full text]
  • (PROSOBRANCHIA) and Siphonarla (PULMONATA), WITH
    ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTERTIDAL LIMPETS PATELLA (PROSOBRANCHIA) AND SIPHONARlA (PULMONATA), WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THEIR METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS. by DAVID JOHN MARSHALL THESIS Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of Rhodes University December 1991 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi PREFACE vii ABSTRACT viii 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 2: IMPEDANCE PNEUMOGRAPHY, HEART BEAT CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON HEART RATE 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Material and Methods 10 2.2.1 Collection and maintenance of specimens 2.2.2 Impedance technique for measuring heart rate 2.2.3 Characteristics of impedance recordings 2.2.4 Heart rate and acute temperature change 2.3 Results 12 2.3.1 Impedance recordings 2.3.2 Heart rate and temperature 2.4 Discussion 31 2.5 Summary 35 2.6 References 36 III 3: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEART RATE AND OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN PATELLA GRANULARIS AND SIPHONARIA OCULUS 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Material and Methods 41 3.3 Results 42 3.4 Discussion 50 3.5 Summary 53 3.6 References 54 4: SEASONAL AND DIEL VARIATION IN HEART RATE OF SIPHONARIA OCULUS MEASURED IN SITU 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Material and Methods 58 4.3 Results and Discussion 59 4.4 Summary 68 4.5 References 69 5: OXYGEN CONSUMPTION IN PATELLA GRANULARlS AND SIPHONARIA OCULUS: TEMPERATURE AND BODY SIZE 5.1 Introduction 72 5.2 Material amd Methods 73 5.2.1 Collection and laboratory acclimation of specimens 5.2.2 Measurement of oxygen consumption 5.3 Results 75 5.3.1 Body weight and oxygen consumption 5.3.2
    [Show full text]
  • Sistemática Molecular De Los Euthyneura (Mollusca: Gastropoda)
    DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID SISTEMÁTICA MOLECULAR DE LOS EUTHYNEURA (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA) CRISTINA GRANDE PARDO MARZO, 2004 UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGÍA DEPARTAMENTO DE BIODIVERSIDAD Y BIOLOGÍA EVOLUTIVA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS MUSEO NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS NATURALES SISTEMÁTICA MOLECULAR DE LOS EUTHYNEURA (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA) Memoria presentada por CRISTINA GRANDE PARDO para optar al Grado de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas Cristina Grande Pardo Vº Bº Director de Tesis Vº Bº Director de Tesis Dr. José Templado González Dr. Rafael Zardoya San Sebastián Vº Bº Tutor de Tesis Dr. Guillermo San Martín Peral Madrid, Marzo 2004 “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of Evolution” (T. Dobzhansky, 1973) AGRADECIMIENTOS De manera muy especial quiero dar las gracias a mis dos directores de tesis. Rafa y Pepe han demostrado ser muy pacientes y unos magníficos directores. Gracias a su dedicación he podido aprender multitud de aspectos acerca de la siste - mática molecular y de la biología de los gasterópodos. Ambos se han complementa- do perfectamente y me han aportado siempre mucho ánimo y seguridad. Gr acias a los dos por vuestra entrega y esfuerzo en esta tesis. Varias personas han contribuido a este estudio mediante la recogida y cesión de muestras: G. San Martín, C. Megina, X. Turón, L. Cervera, E. Rolán, A. Luque, G. Calado, A. Malaquias, A. Ocaña, R. Cattaneo- Vietti, I. Martínez-Solano, A. Sánchez, P. Mikkelsen, G. Villani y L. Sánchez. A todos v osotros, muchas gr acias por una ayuda tan básica para la realización de este trabajo.
    [Show full text]
  • S Temperate Marine Phylogeography, with New Evidence from High‐
    Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr.) (2017) 44, 217–229 ORIGINAL An overview of Australia’s temperate ARTICLE marine phylogeography, with new evidence from high-dispersal gastropods Peter R. Teske1,2, Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo1, Jonathan Waters3 and Luciano B. Beheregaray1* 1Molecular Ecology Lab, School of Biological ABSTRACT Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA Aim We provide an overview of the location and ages of coastal phylogeographi- 5001, Australia, 2Molecular Zoology Lab, cal breaks in southern Australian planktonic dispersers, and test the hypothesis Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South that the absence of such breaks in some species is an artefact of insufficient reso- Africa, 3Department of Zoology, Allan Wilson lution of genetic markers when such breaks evolved comparatively recently. Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Location Temperate coastal Australia. University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Methods We generated a large (> 1500 individuals) data set from rapidly evolving microsatellite markers for two codistributed Australian coastal gas- tropods, and compared it with mitochondrial DNA data. Both study species, the snail Nerita atramentosa and the limpet Siphonaria diemenensis, have long planktonic dispersal phases, and neither taxon exhibits substantial regional genetic structure on the basis of mitochondrial DNA. We tested for the pres- ence of genetic structure by means of AMOVA, Bayesian clustering (struc- ture) and iterated realloction (flock). Results There was no compelling evidence for the existence of more than one evolutionary lineage in either species. Main conclusions Discrepancies in the phylogeographical structuring of co-distributed intertidal taxa cannot be attributed to insufficient marker resolu- tion for the two species considered here, and likely reflect a combination of abiotic and biotic factors that include porous dispersal barriers, life history and species age/history.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Structure of the Lateral Pedal Defensive Glands of Three Species of Siphonaria (Gastropoda: Basommatophora)
    Journal of Molluscan Studies Advance Access published 2 July 2009 COMPARATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE LATERAL PEDAL DEFENSIVE GLANDS OF THREE SPECIES OF SIPHONARIA (GASTROPODA: BASOMMATOPHORA) SHIRLEY C. PINCHUCK12 AND ALAN N. HODGSON2 Electron Microscopy Unit, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; and Department of ^oology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa (Received 4 November 2008; accepted 28 April 2009) ABSTRACT Histology and electron microscopy were used to describe and compare the structure of the dorso-lateral pedal defensive glands of three species of marine Basommatophora, Siphonaria capensis, S. serrata and S. gigas. All three species possessed multicellular glands, but these were largest and most abundant in S. capensis. In S. capensis and S. serrata, defensive glands were composed of two types (type I and II) of large secretory cells filled with product and some irregularly shaped support cells that surrounded a central lumen. The product of both cell types was produced by organelles confined to the bases of the cells. The entire gland was surrounded by a well-developed layer of smooth muscle and collagen. Type I cells stained positively for neutral and sulphated mucins, and observed with transmission electron microscope (TEM) the product had a reticulate appearance. By contrast type II gland cells stained positively for acidic mucins and the secretory product was formed as large gran- ular vesicles. The products from both types of cell, which appeared to be secreted by holocrine secretion, mixed in the lumen of the duct. Individuals of S. gigas had two types of lateral pedal glands, a large multicellular type and a tubular unicellular gland.
    [Show full text]
  • Thermal Tolerance of Siphonaria Normalis Embryos on Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi
    THERMAL TOLERANCE OF SIPHONARIA NORMALIS EMBRYOS ON OʻAHU, HAWAIʻI A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNDERGRADUATE DIVISION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MAY 2021 By Michaela Johnson Thesis Advisor Amy Moran I certify that I have read this thesis and that, in my opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality as a thesis for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Global Environmental Science. THESIS ADVISOR ________________________________ Amy L. Moran School of Life Sciences ii For my family and friends who have supported me throughout my entire journey. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Amy Moran, for mentoring me through this process, helping me develop my ideas, and providing access to the Moran Lab for the purpose of this study. I am thankful for the support of the GES department, including undergraduate chair Dr. Michael Guidry and student services specialist Lentina Villa for their support in the completion of this project. I thank my SOEST peers for the encouragement and advice that they provided. I would also like to acknowledge my family and friends for always pushing me to do my best and always lending an ear when needed. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my friend Devynn Leigh Kochi for assisting me in my limpet collection. iv ABSTRACT As average global temperatures continue to rise leading to hotter conditions, there is a need to understand the impact of heat stress on the vulnerable life stages of marine organisms. Thermal tolerance studies assessing the impact of elevated temperatures on ecologically important intertidal organisms are necessary to predict future species distributions.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenomics of the Pulmonate Land Snails
    PHYLOGENOMICS OF THE PULMONATE LAND SNAILS Luisa Cinzia Teasdale Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY January 2017 School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne 1 Phylogenomics of the Pulmonate Land Snails by Luisa C. Teasdale © 2017 Supervisors: Adnan Moussalli and Devi Stuart-Fox Cover Image: Montidelos orcardis taken by Luisa C. Teasdale 2 For Kevin, and my parents: Maria and Stephen. 3 Abstract The pulmonates are the most speciose gastropod lineage and are highly diverse in morphological form and habitat. The evolutionary relationships among the pulmonates have remained controversial despite a long history of scientific study. Recent molecular studies have placed traditionally pulmonate (air-breathing) and non-pulmonate taxa into Panpulmonata; however, the relationships within this new group are still poorly understood. Incongruence between molecular studies has generally resulted from a lack of informative loci but the advent of next generation sequencing technologies means it is now feasible to produce large genetic datasets for non-model organisms. The main aim of my thesis was to investigate the timing and pattern of evolutionary relationships within the Panpulmonata, at multiple taxonomic scales, using phylogenomic datasets. The qualification of orthology is a significant challenge when developing large, multi- locus datasets for phylogenetics from transcriptome assemblies. In Chapter 2, I identified 500 orthologous single-copy genes from 21 transcriptome assemblies across the Eupulmonata (mostly terrestrial land snails and slugs) using a thorough approach to orthology determination, involving manual alignment curation and gene tree assessment. I further qualified orthology by sequencing the genes from the genomic DNA of 22 representatives of the Australian land snail family Camaenidae using exon capture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Urban Sanctuary. Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Rickett's
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313025690 The Urban Sanctuary. Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Rickett’s Point Marine Sanctuary. Greypath Publications, Melbourne. 140 pp. I Book · January 2012 CITATIONS READS 0 184 2 authors: Jessica M Reeves John St James Stewart Buckeridge Federation University Australia RMIT University 28 PUBLICATIONS 800 CITATIONS 152 PUBLICATIONS 1,258 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Popularization of mathematics View project Degree (Hons) research View project All content following this page was uploaded by John St James Stewart Buckeridge on 16 January 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. !e Urban Sanctuary Algae and Marine Invertebrates of Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary Jessica Reeves & John Buckeridge Published by: Greypath Productions Marine Care Ricketts Point PO Box 7356, Beaumaris 3193 Copyright © 2012 Marine Care Ricketts Point !is work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission of the publisher. Photographs remain copyright of the individual photographers listed. ISBN 978-0-9804483-5-1 Designed and typeset by Anthony Bright Edited by Alison Vaughan Printed by Hawker Brownlow Education Cheltenham, Victoria Cover photo: Rocky reef habitat at Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary, David Reinhard Contents Introduction v Visiting the Sanctuary vii How to use this book viii Warning viii Habitat ix Depth x Distribution x Abundance xi Reference xi A note on nomenclature xii Acknowledgements xii Species descriptions 1 Algal key 116 Marine invertebrate key 116 Glossary 118 Further reading 120 Index 122 iii Figure 1: Ricketts Point Marine Sanctuary.
    [Show full text]