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Twenty-Five Years of Partnership Greater Mekong Subregion: Twenty-Five Years of Partnership This publication celebrates 25 years of economic cooperation in the Greater Mekong Subregion. It presents an overview of the history, evolution, and achievements of the Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program through a broad observation of each member country’s progress and priorities in key areas of sustainable growth and development. SUBREGION MEKONG GREATER About the Asian Development Bank ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. Established in 1966, it is owned by 67 members—48 from the region. Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue, loans, equity investments, guarantees, grants, and technical assistance. TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF PARTNERSHIP TWENTY-FIVE GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION TWENTY-FIVE YEARS OF PARTNERSHIP ISBN 978-92-9261-092-0 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines www.adb.org GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION TWENTY-Five YEARS OF PARTNERSHIP OCTOBER 2018 Creative Commons Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs . IGO license (CC BY-NC-ND . IGO) © Asian Development Bank ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, Philippines Tel ; Fax www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in . ISBN -- -- (print), -- -- (electronic) Publication Stock No. ARM- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/. /ARM- The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs . IGO license (CC BY-NC-ND . IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/./igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use¡openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact [email protected] if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Notes: In this publication, “£” refers to United States dollars. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Front cover, clockwise from top left: . Sunrise at Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia (photo from iStock.com). Entrance to the Haw Pha Bang temple, in Luang Prabang, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) (photo from Shutterstock.com). A section of the Shwedagon Pagoda, Yangon, Myanmar (photo from iStock.com). Terraced rice fields in Mu Cang Chai, a mountainous district of Yen Bai Province, Viet Nam (photo from iStock.com). Shilin (Stone Forest), Yunnan Province, People’s Republic of China (photo from iStock.com). Ang Thong National Marine Park, Thailand (photo from iStock.com). Back cover, clockwise from the top: . Silhouettes of temples in Bagan, Myanmar (photo from iStock.com). A long-tail boat at sunset in southern Thailand (photo from iStock.com). Skyline of Ho Chi Minh City at night, Viet Nam (photo from iStock.com). Traditional fishing in Thailand (photo from iStock.com). Contents GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION COOPERATION: iv AN ECONOMIC SUCCESS STORY THE GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION PARTNERSHIP ECONOMIC CORRIDORS PRIORITY SECTORS MILESTONES THE GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION COUNTRIES CAMBODIA CHINA, PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MYANMAR THAILAND VIET NAM Greater Mekong Subregion Cooperation: An Economic Success Story TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO, the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) As the GMS countries celebrate the was emerging from a long period of conflict, with high poverty rates and program’s 25th anniversary, they dilapidated infrastructure. There was scant travel and trade among the continue to be guided by the “3 Cs”: six GMS countries—Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) connectivity, competitiveness, (focusing on Yunnan Province), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, and community. Connectivity has Myanmar, Thailand, and Viet Nam; instead, they focused inwardly on self- been dramatically enhanced by the more than 10,000 kilometers of new or sufficiency. At that time, it seemed bold to envisage the subregion connected upgraded roads and nearly 3,000 kilometers of transmission and distribution by modern highways and railroads, with robust energy trade and bustling lines that were added under the program. The subregion’s competitiveness cross-border commerce and tourism. In 1992, the six countries established is being strengthened by ongoing efforts to facilitate transport and trade the GMS Program. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of the PRC joined flows, strengthen value chains, and promote the GMS as a single tourist the program in 2004. It focuses on (i) increasing connectivity through destination. The program is advancing community building through initiatives sustainable development of physical infrastructure and economic corridors; to check the spread of communicable diseases, protect the subregion’s rich (ii) improving competitiveness through efficient facilitation of cross-border biodiversity, and mitigate the impacts of climate change. movement of people and goods, integration of markets, and enhancing value chains; and (iii) building a greater sense of community through shared As shown throughout this book, the GMS countries have committed concerns. The GMS Program paid particular attention to building strategic themselves to continuing their joint efforts to develop cross-border transport alliances, especially with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and energy infrastructure, as well as information and communications (ASEAN), ASEAN+3 (ASEAN, plus the PRC, Japan, and the Republic of technology connectivity. They are also committed to harmonizing trade and Korea), and the Mekong River Commission. transport regulations; developing e-commerce; and working together on programs to enhance cooperation in tourism, agriculture, communicable This publication, Greater Mekong Subregion: Twenty-five Years of Partnership, disease prevention, human resource development, and environmental highlights the GMS Program’s successful use of economic corridors and preservation. They will also work more to strengthen links between rural and focus on priority sectors to achieve tremendous development gains for urban areas in the subregion, thereby ensuring more equitable economic the subregion and its people. Presenting vibrant scenes from across the growth for all of the region’s people. subregion, the book tells a story of progress by GMS countries in the areas of agriculture, energy, the environment, health, information and The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was itself created to achieve greater communications technology, tourism, transport, trade facilitation, and urban regional cooperation in Asia and the Pacific, and is proud to have been a development. strong supporter of the GMS cooperation framework from its inception. Since 1992, ADB has provided over $8 billion in financing to support priority From the program’s beginning, GMS countries pursued a pragmatic, action- GMS projects that have contributed meaningfully to higher economic growth oriented approach. In the early years, they concentrated on building roads, and improvements in people’s quality of life. bridges, and other infrastructure to forge mutually beneficial links and drive growth. As the program progressed, it became more dynamic, as did ADB looks forward to continued cooperation with the GMS Program, and the subregion itself. In 2002, the GMS countries agreed to develop three is committed to supporting its increasingly innovative efforts to deliver economic corridors that would extend the benefits of regional cooperation prosperity and well-being to all of the 340 million people in the subregion. to rural areas. Over the following decade, they supported initiatives that addressed emerging challenges such as climate change, energy efficiency, food security, and rapid urbanization. More recently, they jointly developed an impressive pipeline of over 200 cross-cutting investment and technical Takehiko Nakao assistance projects that will spur new economic development throughout President the subregion—and beyond. Asian Development Bank The Greater Mekong Subregion Partnership 2 Greater Mekong Subregion Twenty-Five Years of Partnership THE GREATER MEKONG SUBREGION (GMS) is a development success
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