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Use of Insect Pathogen Bacillus Thuringiensis for Control of Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Turf Tracy Ellis Michaels Iowa State University

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Use of Insect Pathogen Bacillus Thuringiensis for Control of Grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Turf Tracy Ellis Michaels Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2000 Use of insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis for control of grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turf Tracy Ellis Michaels Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agricultural Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, Agronomy and Crop Sciences Commons, and the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Michaels, Tracy Ellis, "Use of insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis for control of grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turf " (2000). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13918. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13918 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print cotored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are availat)le for any photographs or illustrattons appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA UWLf 800-521-0600 Use of insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis for control of grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turf by Tracy Ellis Michaels A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Entomology Major Professors: Joel R. Coats and Leslie C. Lewis Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2000 UMI Number 9962834 I® UMI UMI Microfomi9962834 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Infomnation and Leaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation of Tracy Ellis Michaels has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Co-major Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. Co-major Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Program Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Graauate College iii This representation of my efforts in education is dedicated to the very many people and other god's creatures in my life who have guided my thoughts and been a source of inspiration and strength. I only hope that my deep gratitude has been shown and shared with you during life, and whether you are in heaven or on earth, you know who you are. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES vi CHAPTER I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Indigenous and Introduced U.S. Scarab Grub Pests in Turf I Damage, Life Cycle, and Behavior 3 Chemical Control 4 Challenges to Safe and Effective Insecticide Application 6 Irrigation as a Tool for use in Grub Control 7 Biological Control 8 Objectives for Dissertation Studies 10 Dissertation Organization 10 CHAPTER 2. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF U.S. TURFGRASS GRUBS TO BACILLUS THURJNGIENSIS SUBSPECIES TOLWORTHI, KUMAMOTOENSIS, P^mJAPONENSIS. 12 Abstract 12 Introduction 13 Methods 18 Bacillus thuringiensis preparations 18 Bioassays 20 Anomala cuprea 20 Cotinis sp 21 Cyclocephala boreal is 22 Cyclocephala lurida 22 Cyclocephala pasademe 22 Popillia japonica 23 Phyllophaga sp. 24 Bacillus popilliae preparation 24 Midgut pH measurements 25 Results 25 Anomala cuprea 25 Atenius sp. 25 Cotinis sp 25 Cyclocephala borealis 26 Cyclocephala lurida 26 Cyclocephala pasadenae 26 Popillia japonica 27 Phyllophaga sp. 28 V Bacillus popilliae against Cydocephala sp. 28 pH 28 Discussion 28 References 34 CHAPTER 3: USE OF LEPTINOTARSA RUBIGINOSA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) TO ASSAY PLACEMENT OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS TOLWORTHIUNDER TWO APPLICATION RATES IN CLAY AND SANDY TURF SOIL 41 Abstract 41 Introduction 41 Materials and Methods 44 Application 44 Sampling 44 Bioassay 45 Results 45 Discussion 48 References 49 CHAPTER 4: BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS JAPONENSIS PLACEMENT IN TURF AFTER STANDARD APPLICATION AND IRRIGATION REGIMES 53 Abstract 53 Introduction 53 Materials and Methods 55 Results 57 Weather 57 Soil Moisture 57 Untreated plots 60 Log transformation 60 Block^Day interaction 63 Measurements over time 64 Effect of application rate 64 Effect of post-treatment irrigation volumes 69 Recovery of Bacillus thuringiensis japonensis one day after application 69 Discussion 73 References 76 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 81 GENERAL REFERENCES 86 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 96 vi LIST OF TABLES Table I. Description of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies in this study 19 Table 2. Host range spectra of four Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies against U.S. grub pests 28 Table 3. Digestive system pH of five fall-collected Cyclocephala pasadenae grubs 31 Table I. Percentage mortality of Leptinotarsa rubiginosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in bioassay of turf soil samples from four depths after treatment with Bacillus thuringiensis tolworthi to clay-containing turf soil at Lawrence Welk Golf Course, Escondido CA (1,870 and 9,350 i/ha volume of «800 ug/ml application followed by 0.75-cm post-treatment irrigation) 46 Table 2. Percentage mortality of Leptinotarsa rubiginosa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in bioassay of turf soil samples from four depths after treatment with Bacillus thuringiensis tolworthi to sandy turf soil at Torrey Pines Golf Course, San Diego, CA (1,870 and 9,350 1/ha volume of w800 ug/ml application followed by 0.75-cm post-treatment irrigation) 47 Table 1. Weather conditions on sampling days at ISU Horticulture Station 58 Table 2. Percentage moisture of samples in untreated and treated plots on Day 1 59 Table 3. Colony-forming units (CFU)/g sample in untreated and treated plots 61 Table 4. F-Vaiues from Type III Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) model for tests of hypotheses using corrected error terms on logio CFU/g sample from six turf sampling depths for all sampling dates 62 Table 5. Treated plots logio CFU/g sample by block 65 Table 6. Treated plots logio CFU/g sample by each sampling day 66 Table 7. Gain (+) or Loss (-) in logio CFU/g sample between sampling time points 67 Table 8. Application-volume effect on placement of logio CFU/g sample 68 vii Table 9. Irrigation (post-application) effect on placement logio CFU/g sample 70 Table 10. Summary of Day I log lo CFU/g sample and moisture. Percentage logio CFU/g soil (% of recovery) and moisture (% of moisture) expressed as a fraction of the three-depth sum for application (1/ha) and irrigation (cm) treatments. Observations taken at 0-1-cm grass and thatch, 1-3-cm grass root zone and 3-5-cm mineral soil depths 71 1 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Indigenous and Introduced U.S. Scarab Grub Pests in Turf An estimated 1,395 species and 135 genera of insects belonging to the family Scarabaeidae are believed to exist in the U.S. and Canada (Ritcher 1966; Amett 1985). The characteristic C-shaped "scarabaeidaeiform" larvae of this family, often referred to as white grubs, herein will be referred to as grubs. Less than twenty genera, some of which are indigenous and some introduced, are noted to be regular pests of turfgrass (Tashiro 1987). May and June beetles {Phyllophaga sp. subfamily Melolonthinae) have several hundred species that are indigenous to the U.S. and Canada (Amett 1985). Life cycles of Phyllophaga sp., also called "true white grub", are from 1 to 4 years. Phyllophaga sp. can cause com stand reduction in Iowa when the population exceeds one grab per 0.09 m" (one sq. ft) in the com field before planting (McLeod et al. 1999). In turfgrass however, estimated populations of Phyllophaga should reach at least 3-4 grubs per 0.09 m^ before insecticide application is considered (Crocker et al. 1995). The smaller indigenous black turfgrass Ataenius, Ataenius spretulus (Haldeman) (subfamily Aphodinae) is a widely distributed, sporadic pest, especially in southern states where two generations may occur each season. The damage threshold greatly exceeds that of Phyllophaga and treatment is recommended for Ataenius sp. when numbers exceed 30-50 gmbs per 0.09 m^ (Vittum 1995). Indigenous green June beetle Cotinis nitida (L.) and Cotinis mutablis Gory & Perchcron (subfamily Cetoniinae) found in the southern U.S. is unique due to causing damage symptoms by burrowing, tunneling, and excavation (Tashiro 1987). Less than five Cotinis sp. gmbs per 0.09 m' is the estimated treatment threshold for perennial ryegrass/bentgrass fairways (Hellman 1995). The indigenous masked chafers (subfamily Dynastinae), including the 2 northern masked chafer Cyclocephala borealis Arrow and the southern masked chafer C. lurida Bland, are distributed across the U.S. The northern and southern masked chafers are the most economically important annual white grubs in Iowa and other mid-westem turfgrass (Brandenburg and Villani 1995; Potter 1995). A complex of Cyclocephala sp., including C.
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