Estigena Wallacei Sp. Nov. from West Flores, Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
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Ecologica Montenegrina 22: 27-33 (2019) This journal is available online at: www.biotaxa.org/em https://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:733FBA21-0F7D-4487-957E-48FFD2B96BF5 Estigena wallacei sp. nov. from West Flores, Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) VITALY M. SPITSYN1,2*, IVAN N. BOLOTOV1,2, ALEXANDER V. KONDAKOV1,2, & ALENA A. TOMILOVA1 1Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia 2Northern Arctic Federal University, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received 17 May 2019 │ Accepted by V. Pešić: 24 June 2019 │ Published online 2 July 2019. Abstract Here we describe Estigena wallacei sp. nov., an endemic species from West Flores, Indonesia. No Estigena species were known from Flores Island so far, while E. caesarea (Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005) was described from Timor Island. The relationship between these two taxa is unclear, because E. caesarea was described based on four male specimens, whereas our species from Flores is known from a single female. However, the COI sequence of E. cf. caesarea from Timor available in the BOLD database is distant from that of the new species supporting our taxonomic hypothesis on the separate species-level status of E. wallacei sp. nov. Key words: Wallacea, East Nusa Tenggara, island biogeography, lappet moths, new species. Introduction The current knowledge of the Lasiocampidae faunas from the Lesser Sunda Islands is limited (Zolotuhin 2009). A nearly complete checklist has been published only for the Flores Island, with nine species, including eight local endemic taxa, seven of which were described as new to science (Zolotuhin and Witt 2005). Two species are known from the Timor Island, four species from the Sumbawa Island, and one species from the Sumba Island (Table 1). This correspondence aims to establish the taxonomic position of an Estigena species recorded from Flores by means of morphological, molecular and biogeographic approaches. Materials and methods This study is based on the materials from the Lepidoptera collection of the Russian Museum of Biodiversity Hotspots (RMBH thereafter), Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia. The images of specimens were taken with a Canon EOS 80D camera (Canon, Tokyo, Japan). Ecologica Montenegrina, 22, 2019, 27-33 ESTIGENA WALLACEI SP. NOV. FROM WEST FLORES, INDONESIA Table 1. Checklist of lappet moth species (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) of East Nusa Tenggara Islands, Indonesia. Genus Species Distribution Range type Reference Trabala Walker, 1856 T. gololusa Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005 Flores and Sumbawa Local endemic Zolotuhin and Witt (2005) T. paukstadti Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005 Flores Local endemic Zolotuhin and Witt (2005) Paralebeda P. dimorpha Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005 Flores and Sumbawa Local endemic Zolotuhin and Witt (2005); this Aurivillius, 1894 study P. eggerti Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005 Flores Local endemic Zolotuhin and Witt (2005) P. flores Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005 Flores and Sumbawa Local endemic Zolotuhin and Witt (2005) Estigena Moore, E. caesarea (Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005) Timor Local endemic Zolotuhin and Witt (2005); [1860] 1858-1859 Prozorov (2011) E. wallacei sp. nov. Flores Local endemic This study Voracia Van Eecke, V. brechlini Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005 Flores Local endemic Zolotuhin and Witt (2005) 1931 V. casuariniphaga Van Eecke, 1931 East Java and Timor Widespread Van Eecke (1931); Zolotuhin and Witt (2005) V. nusa Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005 Flores, Sumba, and Local endemic Zolotuhin and Witt (2005) Sumbawa Suana Walker, 1855 S. concolor Walker, 1855 India and Sri Lanka to Widespread, but Holloway (1987); Zolotuhin and [?ssp. riemsdijki Heylaerts, 1889] South China, Java, probably Witt (2005); Zolotuhin (2009) Borneo, the Philippines represents a and Lesser Sundas species complex (Zolotuhin and Witt 2005) Streblote Hübner, S. sp. Flores Local endemic Zolotuhin and Witt (2005) [1820] The DNA extraction and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequencing were performed as described in Bolotov et al. (2018). Phylogenetic relations of the COI haplotypes were retrieved with the BOLD COI Full Database, which includes records without species designation (Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007). Available COI sequences of congeners were obtained from the BOLD database and NCBI GenBank. The alignment of the sequences was performed using the MUSCLE algorithm of MEGA6 (Tamura et al. 2013). A COI sequence of Leptocneria vinarskii Bolotov et al., 2017 (Erebidae: Lymantriinae) was used as outgroup. The phylogenetic models were calculated with IQ-TREE (Nguyen et al. 2015) through an online web server (http://iqtree.cibiv.univie.ac.at) (Trifinopoulos et al. 2016). The best-fit substitution model (TIM2+F+I+G4) was selected using Model Finder based on Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) (Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017). Bootstrap support values were estimated using an ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot2) method with 1000 replications (Hoang et al. 2018). We applied IQ-TREE, because this program was found to return the best likelihoods compared with other phylogenetic tools (Zhou et al. 2017). The base of the distribution map was modified from Lohman et al. (2011). Results We found an Estigena female from West Flores (Figs. 1, 2A, and 2B) in the Lepidoptera collection of the RMBH. Based on the BOLD database, the COI sequence no. LBEOW1851-11 of Estigena sp. from Timor is the nearest neighbor of this female specimen (BOLD’s K2P distance = 3.92%). The maximum likelihood phylogeny with available COI sequences reveals that the sequences from Flores and Timor belong to separate but probably sister species (Fig. 3). Additionally, the COI sequence of a Paralebeda dimorpha specimen from West Flores also takes a distant position among other species in the genus (Fig. 3). Discussion Zolotuhin and Witt (2005) reported nine species of Lasiocampidae from the Flores Island, but any Estigena taxon was lacking in this list. However, Estigena caesarea (Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005) was described in this work based on four male specimens from the slopes of Mount Mutis (alt. 1310-1850 m) on the Timor Island 28 SPITSYN ET AL. (Fig. 1 and Table 1). This species was initially described as a member of the genus Gastropacha Ochsenheimer, 1816, but later it was placed within Estigena (Prozorov 2011). In general, two alternative hypotheses on the taxonomic placement of the available Estigena specimen from the Flores Island can be postulated as follows: (1) Flores’s female belongs to E. caesarea from Timor, or (2) this specimen is a representative of an undescribed species, which is endemic to Flores. Figure 1. Type localities of Estigena wallacei sp. nov. (1) and E. caesarea (Zolotuhin & Witt, 2005) (2). The red balls indicate type localities. Zolotuhin and Witt (2005) and Zolotuhin (2009) show that the Lasiocampidae faunas on the Lesser Sunda Islands have high levels of endemism. Furthermore, insular vicariance is a peculiar feature of the island endemism in this moth family, especially on archipelagoes, in which different species-level taxa evolved on closely located islands (Zolotuhin and Witt 2005; Zolotuhin 2009). This point of view agrees with our findings that the two taxa from West Flores represent divergent phylogenetic lineages (Fig. 3). As Estigena caesarea is the only member of this genus known from the Timor Island (Table 1), the COI sequence no. LBEOW1851-11 can be linked to this species (as E. cf. caesarea). In summary, it seems to be unlikely if our female from the Flores Island belongs to Estigena caesarea, and we describe this specimen as E. wallacei sp. nov. Taxonomy Family Lasiocampidae Harris, 1841 Genus Estigena Moore, [1860] 1858-1859 Type species: Megasoma pardale Walker, 1855 (by subsequent designation) Ecologica Montenegrina, 22, 2019, 27-33 29 ESTIGENA WALLACEI SP. NOV. FROM WEST FLORES, INDONESIA Figure 2. Holotype female of Estigena wallacei sp. nov. (RMBH no. Sph571), West Flores, Indonesia. A) Upperside. B) Underside. Scale bar = 5 mm. (Photos: Vitaly M. Spitsyn) 30 SPITSYN ET AL. Estigena wallacei sp. nov. Figs. 2A-2B Type material. Holotype female RMBH no. Sph571, INDONESIA: Lesser Sunda Archipelago, East Nusa Tenggara Islands, Flores Island: Labuan Bajo, garden and native grassland on the sea coast, 8.5225° S, 119.8711° E, 24.i.2015, Bolotov leg. Reference COI barcode sequence. GenBank acc. no. MK419950. Diagnosis. The new species differs from Estigena cf. caesarea from Timor by 24 fixed nucleotide substitutions in the COI gene sequence: 5C, 31A, 56T, 115C, 124T, 154T, 163A, 181A, 184T, 235T, 238C, 295A, 302G, 313C, 364T, 370A, 373A, 400A, 433A, 454T, 469C, 477A, 523T, 568C. It is not now possible to give a morphological diagnosis, because the male of the new species is still unknown, as the female of its putative sister taxon, Estigena caesarea, which was described on the basis of four male specimens (Zolotuhin and Witt 2005). Figure 3. Phylogenetic position of Estigena wallacei sp. nov. and Paralebeda dimorpha (highlighted in red) on the basis of COI sequences. Scale bar on the tree indicates the branch lengths. Numbers near nodes are bootstrap support values. Specimen photos (upperside): female of E. wallacei sp. nov. (holotype RMBH no. Sph571) and male of P. dimorpha (RMBH no. Sph696). Scale bars = 5 mm. (Photos: Vitaly M. Spitsyn) Ecologica Montenegrina, 22, 2019, 27-33 31 ESTIGENA WALLACEI SP. NOV. FROM WEST FLORES, INDONESIA Description. Female. Wingspan 59 mm, forewing length 30 mm.