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Bincangkan Penentangan Masyarakat Tempatan Terhadap Pemerintahan Brooke Di Sarawak Dan Syarikat Berpiagam Borneo Utara (SBBU) Di Sabah Pada Abad Ke – 19

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Bincangkan Penentangan Masyarakat Tempatan Terhadap Pemerintahan Brooke Di Sarawak Dan Syarikat Berpiagam Borneo Utara (SBBU) Di Sabah Pada Abad Ke – 19 Bincangkan penentangan masyarakat tempatan terhadap pemerintahan Brooke di Sarawak dan Syarikat Berpiagam Borneo Utara (SBBU) di Sabah pada abad ke – 19. A. PENDAHULUAN - Sarawak diserahkan kepada James Brooke melalui perjanjian 1841 - Pentadbiran Brooke di Sarawak membangkitkan perasaan tidak puas hati masayarakat tempatan. - Wujud beberapa gerakan penentangan seperti Syarif Masahor dan Rentap. - 1882, syarikat Borneo Utara British berjaya menguasai sabah - Penentangan terhadap British di Sabah dilancarkan oleh Pahlawan Mat Salleh. B. ISI Penentangan di Sabah a) Penentangan Mat Salleh : Sebab-sebab penentangan - Nama sebenar Datu Mohamed Salleh bin Datu Balu - Mat Salleh menentang SBBU atas faktor percukaian. SBBU memperkenalkan pelbagai jenis cukai yang membebankan masyarakat tempatan seperti cukai beras, lesen perahu, dan amalan buruh paksa. - Mat Salleh bangun menentang apabila SBBU telah campurtangan dan memasuki wilayahnya iaitu daerah Sungai Sugut. - Membina jalan raya dan jalan keretapi merentasi kawasan Ranau tanpa kebenarannya terlebih dahulu. - Mat Salleh sangat dipengaruhi oleh semangat perjuangan jihad orang Sulu menentang Sepanyol di selatan Filipina. - Ogos 1895, Mat Salleh dan beberapa orang pembesar tempatan ke Sandakan menemui Gabenor Beaufort iaitu C.V Creagh berunding tentang cukai tetapi tidak dilayan dan juga mereka tidak puas hati terhadap sikap kekerasan pegawai SBBU terhadap penduduk tempatan. Peristiwa Penentangan/Kesan - Julai Mat Salleh dan pengikutnya telah menyerang Pulau Gaya serta bangunan kerajaan. Mat Salleh dianggap telah mengancam kepentingan SBBU lalu SBBU bertindak membakar dan memusnahkan perkampungan perkampungan Mat Salleh. - SBBU telah menawarkan $500 kepada sesiapa yang berjaya menangkapnya. - SBBU bertindakbalas menyerang kubu Mat Salleh di Ranau. Mat Salleh dapat melarikan diri dan kubunya dimusnahkan. - SBBU gagal menangkap mat salleh dan kemudiannya menawarkan perdamaian dengan menetapkan syarat Mat Salleh sedia mengangkat sumpah taat setia kepada pihak British. Mat Salleh bersetuju dan melalui perjanjian pada bulan April 1898 di Menggatal, beliau ditawarkan mentadbir daerah Tambunan. - Akan tetapi SBBU mungkir janji dan mengambil semula Tambunan menyebabkan Mat salleh bertindakbalas. - SBBU menghantar satu pasukan untuk menyerang secara besar-besaran ke atas penempatan mat salleh di Tambunan dan kubu di Tibaba. - 1 Februari 1900 Mat Salleh terbunuh. Perjuangan beliau diteruskan oleh pengikutnya seperti Mat Sator tetapi semua penentangan tidak berjaya. b) Penentangan Antanum : Sebab-sebab penentangan 1 - Penentangan ini berlaku pada 1915, Orang Murut telah bangun menentang di bawah pimpinan Antanum iaitu ketua kaum Murut di Rundum. - SBBU terus memperkenalkan beberapa perubahan yang bukan sahaja membebankan penduduk tempatan , tetapi juga bercanggah dengan nilai-nilai tradisi yang mereka warisi. - SBBU telah memperkenalkan sistem pendaftaran hak milik tanah yang bertujuan untuk menyekat pertanian pindah dan mengawal kegiatan membuat tapai yg menjadi sebahagian daripada cara hidup tradisi penduduk tempatan. - Mengenakan bayaran menyukat tanah untuk menetapkan sempadan - Memperkenalkan lain-lain cukai seperti cukai untuk setiap pokok kelapa yang menghasilkan nila utk membuat tuak dan bagi membuat tapai. - Menggunakan tenaga orang Murut sebagai buruh paksa utk membina jalan ke kawasan pedalaman dan memasang kawad telegraf antara Tenom dengan Rundum. Peristiwa penentangan/Kesan - Feb 1915 mereka menyerang Pensiangan dan membakar bangunan kerajaan. - Kira-kira 600 orang Murut menyerang rundum dan berjaya memusnahkan pejabat pentadbiran SBBU. - Antanum membina kubu pertahannya di Sungai Selangit tetapi diserang oleh tentera SBBU. Pentempuran berlaku selama 6 minggu. Dalam pentempuran ini Antanum dan pengikutnya terkorban. - SBBU bertindak keras terhadap pengikut yang lain iaitu lapan orang kanan dibuang daerah ke Kudat manakala yg lain menjadi buruh paksa memasang kawat telegraf dari Kimanis hingga Keningau. - Mereka juga dipaksa taat setia kepada SBBU. Ini menyebabkan ramai orang Murut berpindah ke Pedalaman Kalimantan. Penentangan di Sarawak Penentangan Syarif Masahor - Syarif Masahor merupakan gabenor Sarikei di Sg. Rajang. Beliau dilantik oleh Sultan Brunai dan amat dihormati oleh orang Iban dan Melanau. Beliau menentang keluarga Brooke atas sebab-sebab tertentu. - Syarif Masahor masih tetap dengan kedudukan di kawasan Lembah Hilir Rajang walaupun Sultan Brunai telah menyerahkan kawasan tersebut kepada James Brooke, dan beliau juga tidak disekat kebebasannya di daerah yang diserahkan itu. - Peristiwa campurtangan beliau dalam pertelingkahan antara dua orang pembesar di Mukah dan penyerang bandar Mukah menyebabkan Charles Brooke mengambil tindakan. Oleh itu sharif Masahor telah dihalau dari Sarikei dan dibenarkan pulang pada tahun 1857 untuk berkhidmat dengan raja Brooke. 7 - Pada ketika itu, kedudukan Syarif Masahor tergugat setelah pembinaan kubu di Kanowit di sepanjang Sg. Rajang. Beliau tidak berpuashati dengan pembatasan kuasanya telah bersubahat dengan Datu Patinggi Abdul Gapur untuk menghalau James Brooke dari Sarawak. Dibantu juga oleh orang-orang Melayu, Iban, Melanau dan penduduk Mukah dan Igan untuk menjayakan penentangan ini. - Mereka mula bertindak ke atas kubu James Brooke di Kanowit. Pegawai British, Charles Brooke dan Henry Steel terkorban. Serangan tersebut telah mengorbankan banyak nyawa orang Melayu dan Iban apabila diserang balas oleh James Brooke. - Serangan kedua berlaku di Kuching, angkatan Syarif Masahor telah dikalahkan oleh tentera james Brooke kerana rancangan beliau telah diketahui oleh James Brooke terlebih dahulu. Akibatnya kapal dan perahu pasukan Sharif Masahor telah ditenggelamkan. 2 - Syarif masahor kemudiannya melarikan diri ke Brunai. James Brooke memaksa Sultan Brunai menyerahkan Syarif Masahor. Akhirnya beliau dibuang negeri ke Singapura pada tahun 1861. - Sejak peristiwa itu kedudukan James brooke semakin kukuh di Sarawak. Beliau telah diiktiraf sebagai wakil pemerintah yang sah oleh kaum bangsawan Melayu dan dilantik oleh Sultan Brunai. Penentangan Rentap - Beliau ialah ketua orang Iban di Hulu Sg Skrang. Nama sebenar beliau ialah Libau bermaksud “Penggoncang Dunia” beliau juga digelar “Raja Darat” oleh orang-orang Iban. - Antara sebab-sebab penentangan Rentap ialah keluarga Brooke menganggap orang Iban di Skrang sebagai lanun dan tentang penghapusan orang Iban di Sg. Skrang oleh James Brooke. - Demi menjaga kepentingan kaum Iban, Rentap telah melancarkan serangan ke atas kubu Brooke di Sg. Skrang dan berjaya ditawan pada tahun 1853. Serangan tersebut telah mengorbankan nyawa Allan Lee, pegawai Brooke. - James Brooke melakukan serangan balas terhadap rentap pada tahun 1854 dan telah memaksa Rentap untuk berundur ke Bukit Sadok. - Perjuangan beliau mendapat sokongan daripada orang-orang Iban dan beliau digelar Raja Ulu. - Charles Brooke telah bertindak pada tahun 1857 dengan mempengaruhi kira-kira 3000 org Iban dan 500 org melayu supaya menentang Rentap di Bukit Sadok. Mereka menemui kegagalan kerana pertahanan kubu Bukit Sadok yang diperkuatkan dengan meriam yang dirampas dari Pontianak. Tambahan pula, mereka juga memperoleh sokongan senjata daripada Syarif Masahor. - Serangan Charles Brooke pada tahun1858 juga dapat ditewaskan. Pada tahun 1861, James Brooke yang mengetuai pasukannya sendiri menyerang Rentap dengan menggunakan sebuah meriam besar yang dinamakan Bujang sadok. Kubu Rentap berjaya dimusnahkan. - Pertempuran yang sengit selama sebulan itu telah diakhiri dengan kekalahan Rentap dan memaksa beliau berundur ke Bukit Lanjak dan seterusnya ke Entabai. Beliau meninggalkan dunia di sana selepas beberapa tahun kemudian. Pengaruh Brooke menjadi semakin kuat di Sarawak. Tokoh-tokoh lain seperti Banting, Orang-orang Cina, Sultan Brunai. C. KESIMPULAN - Penentangan di Sarawak dan Sabah berpunca daripada tidak puas hati pembesar tempatan. - Mereka kehilangan kuasa politik dan hak memungut cukai - Kejayaan British mematahkan serangan tersebut membolehkan mereka mengukuhkan kedudukan tanpa gangguan. 3 .
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