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Creating Difference Creating Difference Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment Project Director: Dr Keith Randle Research Assistants: Leung Wing-Fai, Juno Kurian Creative Industries Research and Consultancy Unit, Business School, University of Hertfordshire Creating Difference – Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment 2 Creating Difference – Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment Creating Difference – Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment Creating Difference Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment Prepared for the European Social Fund Diversity in Practice by: Creative Industries Research & Consultancy Unit The Business School University of Hertfordshire College Lane Hertfordshire UK AL10 9AB Tel: +44 (0) 1707 285554 Dr. Keith Randle [email protected] Leung Wing-Fai [email protected] Juno Kurian [email protected] PDF versions of the full report are available at www.fdmx.co.uk and www.embracingdifference.co.uk. Acknowledgement This research was funded by the European Social Fund as part of the Diversity in Practice project, an EQUAL initiative. We thank the University of Hertfordshire, Exemplas and the Diversity in Practice development partnership for their support. We would also like to thank the representatives from the key sector organisations and the broadcasters for taking part in the project. We express our sincere gratitude to all the media practitioners who took time off their busy schedules to participate in the interviews without whose help this research would not have been possible. Creating Difference – Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment 3 Creating Difference – Contents Contents Volume I: Background to the Research 6 Introduction 6 Executive Summary 9 1 The UK Film and Television Industries 11 1.1 The Film Industry 11 1.2 The Television Industry and the Independent Production Sector 14 1.3 The UK Film and Television Workforce 17 2 Diversity: Defining the Terms 19 2.1 Diversity 19 2.2 Disability 19 2.3 Gender and Family Status 20 2.4 Ethnicity 21 2.5 Geography 22 2.6 Age 22 2.7 Social Class 23 2.8 The Case for Diversity: Business, Creativity and Employment 23 3 Review of Previous Research and Policy Documents 27 3.1 Audience and Representation 27 3.2 Employment in Film and Television 27 3.3 Academic Research 29 3.4 Industry Publications 30 3.5 The Creating Difference Project 30 4 Research Methodology 31 4.1 Scoping Study 31 4.2 Semi-structured Interviews 31 4.3 Transcription, Data Input and Analysis 33 Bibliography 34 Appendix 1 Glossary 38 Appendix 2 Key Sector Organisations in the UK Film and Television Industries 40 Appendix 3 Professionals from Key Sector Bodies and Broadcasters Consulted 43 Appendix 4 List of Film and Telelvision Practitioners Interviewed 44 Appendix 5 Monitoring Form 46 Appendix 6 Data from the Monitoring Forms 48 Volume II Exploring the Barriers 50 Introduction 50 1 Key Issues in Diversity 51 1.1 Disability 51 1.2 Gender 62 1.3 Ethnicity 68 1.4 The Regions 79 1.5 Age 84 1.6 Social Class 88 4 Creating Difference – Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment Creating Difference – Contents 2 Getting In/Staying In/Getting On 95 2.1 Getting in: Starting a Career in Film and Television 95 2.2 Getting On: The Freelancers’ World and Career Progression 107 2.3 Staying In: Recruitment and Selection 122 Volume III Industry Initiatives 129 Introduction 129 1 Initiatives Taken to Address the Key Issues in Diversity 130 1.1 Disability 130 1.2 Gender 133 1.3 Ethnicity 135 1.4. Regions 137 1.5. Age 138 1.6. Social Class 139 1.7. Summary 139 1.8 Recommendations 139 2 Getting In/Staying In/Getting On 140 2.1 Entry Level Initiatives 140 2.2 Graduate Training 144 2.3 Skills Transfer and Industry Experience 146 2.4 Film Festivals 148 2.5 Recruitment Practices 149 2.6 Networks 151 2.7 Summary 152 2.8 Recommendations 153 3. Strategic Initiatives by Key Sector Bodies and the Industry 154 3.1 Programmes and Portrayal 154 3.2 Positive Action 156 3.3 Training 159 3.4 Cultural Diversity Network (CDN) 161 3.5 Cultural Diversity Network (North) 162 3.6 Broadcasting and Creative Industries Disability Network (BCIDN) 163 3.7 Equity Equality Forum 164 3.8 Pact Diversity Pledge and Guide 164 3.9 BSAC Report and Recommendations 165 3.10 UK Film Council Equalities Charter and Tool Kit 166 3.11 Summary 167 3.12 Recommendations 168 Creating Difference – Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment 5 Creating Difference – Volume 1 - Introduction Volume I: Background to the Research Introduction A diverse workforce can inform the development of new or enhanced products and services, open up market opportunities, improve market share and broaden an organisation’s customer base1. By 2010, only 20% of the UK’s workforce will be white, able-bodied men under 45 (UKFC 2003: 8). This creates a real need to find ways to drive employers to open up work opportunities for a broader mix of social groups in the workforce so that the UK economy can continue to grow. Creating Difference: Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment This research, designed and conducted by the Creative Industries Research and Consultancy Unit, University of Hertfordshire, is a sub-project of Diversity in Practice development partnership, supported by the European Social Fund and managed by core partner, Exemplas. Diversity in Practice seeks to demonstrate the ‘business case’ for organisations to embrace diversity and flexible working strategies and develop (where none exists) innovative resources to help employers and disadvantaged groups in the labour market to access opportunities and make greater contributions to the economy. The partnership was established to explore innovative processes to link cause and effect and to use pragmatic approach to influence policy and build a more flexible growth economy. This research focused sub-project targeting the UK film and television industries will contribute significantly to the aims and objectives of the wider initiative. Diversity in Practice The project aims to: ■ Explore ways of demonstrating to employers and individuals the ‘business case’ for embracing flexibility and diversity strategies; ■ Develop practical, pragmatic tools and resources to support implementation of these strategies; ■ Influence national and regional policy to stimulate and support businesses and individuals to take appropriate responsibility in building the future to create a more flexible growth economy. 1 http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/dvsequl/general/divover.htm?IsSrchRes=1. Accessed on 30 September 2007. 6 Creating Difference – Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment Creating Difference – Volume 1 - Introduction The Project Objectives They are to: 1. Explore, build upon and develop a range of compelling, practical indicators to help organisations to understand and measure the benefits of effective flexible working and diversity strategies. 2. Explore, build upon and develop initiatives to help organisations and employees implement effective flexible working and diversity strategies for maximum measurable return. 3. Explore, build upon and develop resources and support initiatives to help people from disadvantaged groups to fulfil their potential in making a contribution to the economy. 4. Influence policies of government bodies and key institutions to further stimulate and advocate diversity and flexible working for a more effective economy. Aims and Objectives of the Sub-Project The Creating Difference team set out to explore barriers to diversity in UK film and television employment and to review and evaluate recent policies and interventions adopted by key sector bodies and broadcasters to promote diversity in employment in the sector. These aims of the sub-project will be achieved through objectives 3 and 4 above. The project team’s starting point was the recognition that in addition to social equity arguments there is considerable evidence that a diverse workforce can aid the development of new or enhanced products and services, open up market opportunities, improve market share and broaden an organisation’s customer base2. This has been called the ‘business case’ for diversity. The Project Report There have been many previous studies addressing diversity issues in film and television. Creating Difference is distinguished from what has gone before by its depth, interviews with 100 industry professionals and representatives of sector bodies, and its scope, focusing on issues of ethnicity, age, region, gender, disability and class. Creating Difference is divided into three volumes and reports the results from desk top research and interviews (see Appendices 3 and 4). Volume I provides an introduction to the research project and contains a snapshot of the UK film and television industries. It reviews existing literature on UK film and television employment, discusses diversity, defines key terms and describes the research methodology the research team adopted. Volume II addresses the third objective, explores the barriers that 2 http://www.cipd.co.uk/subjects/dvsequl/general/divover.htm?IsSrchRes=1. Accessed 30 September 2007. Creating Difference – Overcoming Barriers to Diversity in UK Film and Television Employment 7 Creating Difference – Volume 1 - Introduction underrepresented groups face in entry and progression in the industry, drawing evidence mainly from the interviews, and considers ways to overcome these barriers. The first section of the volume deals with the main demographic issues under the diversity agenda: disability, gender, ethnicity, geographical locations, age and social class. The second section explores recruitment practices and outlines the barriers faced by those belonging to underrepresented groups while entering and progressing in the sector. Volume III addresses the fourth objective. It considers the initiatives introduced by the key sector bodies and broadcasters to redress the lack of diversity in the film and television workforce in order to inform future policies and strategies of government bodies and key institutions.
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