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A Meth.Od of Obtaining Climatic Parameters from I Leaf Assemblages

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A Meth.Od of Obtaining Climatic Parameters from I Leaf Assemblages t' - A Meth.od of Obtaining Climatic Parameters from I Leaf Assemblages U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2040 A Method of Obtaining Climatic Parameters from Leaf Assemblages By Jack A. Wolfe U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 2040 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1993 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Robert M. Hirsch, Acting Director • For sale by USGS Map Distribution Box 25286, Building 810 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Any use of trade, product, or finn names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wolfe, Jack A., 1936- A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages I by Jack A. Wolfe. ....l p. cm.-(U.S. Geological Survey bulletin; 2040) Includes bibliographical references. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.3:B2040 1. Vegetation and climate-Statistical methods. 2. Leaves-Morphology-Statistical methods. 3. Woody plants-Climatic factors-Statistical methods. 4. Vegetation and climate-North America­ Statistical methods. 5. Leaves-North America-Morphology-Statistical methods. 6. Woody plants­ North America-Morphology-Statistical methods. 7. Multivariate analysis. I. Title. II. Series. QE75.B9 no. 2040 [QK754.5] 557.3 s-dc20 [572'.05'222] 92-27842 CIP CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................... I Introduction ......................................................................................................................... I Physiognomic Methodology ............................................................................................... 3 Collection Sites ................................................................................................................... 5 Srunpling Strategy ..................................................................................................... 5 Caribbean .................................................................................................................. 5 Panruna ................................................................................................................ 5 Puerto Rico ........................................................................................................ .. 5 Eastern United States ............................................................................................... .. 7 Florida ....................................... :......................................................................... 7 Georgia .............................................................................................................. .. 9 South Carolina ................................................................................................... .. 9 North Carolina .................................................................................................... 9 Maryland ............................................................................................................ .. 9 Pennsylvania ....................................................................................................... 9 New York ........................................................................................................... .. 10 Wisconsin ........................................................................................................... 10 Western United States .............................................................................................. .. 10 Arizona ............................................................................................................... 10 New Mexico ....................................................................................................... .. 13 Colorado .......................................................................... ~ ................................. .. 14 Utah .................................................................................................................... .. 15 California ............................................................................................................ .. 15 Oregon ................................. :····· ........................................................................ .. 17 Washington ........................................................................................................ .. 18 Alaska ...................................................................................................................... .. 18 Japan .......................................................................................................................... 19 Meteorological Data ............................................................................................................ 20 Character Scoring ............. .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .............. .. .. ............................. .. .. .. ......... .. 21 Selection of Character States .. .. .. .... ... ........... ................ .... .. .. ... ......... .. ..... .. ......... 21 Definitions of Character States Scored....................................................................... 21 Results of Scoring .................................................................................................... .. 28 Multivariate Analysis ......................................................................................................... .. 28 Choice of Method .................................................................................................... .. 28 Application to Leaf Physiognomy Data Base .......................................................... .. 38 Mean Annual Temperature ................................................................................. 42 ... Cold-Month Mean Temperature ........................................................................ .. 46 Mean Annual Precipitation .. :.............................................................................. 47 Mean Growing Season Precipitation ................................................................. .. 49 Seasonal Drought ............................................................................................... .. 50 Factors That Might Influence CLAMP Scores ........................................................ .. 50 Fluviatile Element. .............................................................................................. .. 50 Sample Size ....................................................................................................... .. 50 Successional Stage ......................................................................................... ;.... 54 Light Regime ..................................................................................................... .. 54 Broad-Leaved Evergreens ................................................................................. .. 55 Inlier and Outlier Srunples .......... ~ ............................................................................. 56 Subalpine Samples ............................................................................................. .. 56 Dry Microthermal Srunples ................................................................................. 59 Samples from the South Pacific .......................................................................................... 59 III IV CONTENTS Some Interpretations of Foliar Adaptations ... ............... .. .. .. ... .... ........ ...... .. ....... ... .. ... 60 Lobing ........................................................................................................................ 60 Margin Characters . ... .. ... .... .... ..... .. ... .. .. .. ... ............... ......... ... ... .. ... ........ .. 61 Leaf Size . .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .......... ... ... ...... .. ....... .. ....... ... .. 62 Apex .......................................................................................................................... 63 Base ........................................................................................................................... · 64 Length: Width ............. ...... .... .. ....... ....................... .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. ...... .. ........ ........ ..... 64 Shape.......................................................................................................................... 64 Application to Fossil Leaf Assemblages ............................................................................. 65 Scoring Characters ............................................... ·.·. .............. .......... .. ..... .. ....... ... ... 65 Some Examples ................... ·....................................................................................... 65 Taxonomy ........................................ :......................................................................... 65 Sample Size ... .. .. ........ ........ .. .. .. ......... .. .. .......... ... .. ........ .... .. ....... ..... 66 Evolutionary Factors ................................................................................................. 66 Catastrophic Events .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ............... .......... .. ........ ........ .... 66 Anomalous Climatic Conditions .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .......... .. .......... .... .. ..... .. ... 66 Soil............................................................................................................................
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