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Plant Nutrition for Food Security Plant Nutrition for Food Security a Guide for Integrated Nutrient Management

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I S S FAO N 0 FERTILIZER 2 5 9 AND PLANT - 2 4 1 NUTRITION 9 6 16 BULLETIN 5 FAO FERTILIZER AND PLANT NUTRITION BULLETIN 16 Plant nutrition for food security Plant nutrition for food security A guide for integrated nutrient management A guide for integrated nutrient management P l a n t n u t r Food security is a major global concern. It depends to a i t i o considerable extent on efficient plant nutrition. n f Extensive information on various aspects of plant o r f nutrition has been generated in the recent past. o o d However, this information remains scattered in several s e c publications. This bulletin provides comprehensive u r i t updated coverage of the key aspects of plant nutrition y — with special reference to integrated nutrient A management for crop production. The topics covered g u i include: present and future demand for plant nutrients; d e f food security and agricultural production; plant nutrients o r i and the basics of plant nutrition; soil fertility and crop n t e production; sources of plant nutrients and soil g r a t amendments; optimizing plant nutrition; guidelines for e d the management of plant nutrients and their sources; n u t nutrient management guidelines for major field crops; r i e n economic and policy issues of plant nutrition; plant t m nutrition, food quality and consumer health; and plant a n a nutrition and environmental issues. g e m e n t ISBN 92-5-105490-8 ISSN 0259-2495 F 978 9 2 5 1 0 5 4 9 0 1 A TC/M/A0443E/1/03.06/1100 O Cover photograph: Close-up of rice. Madagascar. FAO/12737/Ch. Errath. Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org FAO FERTILIZER Plant nutrition for AND PLANT NUTRITION food security BULLETIN A guide for integrated nutrient management 16 by R.N. Roy Land and Water Development Division FAO, Rome, Italy A. Finck University of Kiel Kiel, Germany G.J. Blair University of New England Armidale, Australia H.L.S. Tandon Fertiliser Development and Consultation Organisation New Delhi, India FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2006 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal or delopment status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 92-5-105490-8 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Publishing Management Service Information Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2006 iii Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements x List of abbreviations and acronyms xi 1. Introduction 1 Present and future demands for plant nutrients in developing regions 2 2. Food security and agricultural production 5 Striving for food security 5 Food security for a growing world population 7 Food production prospects in developing countries 11 Problems and possibilities 14 Demands on agriculture for providing food security 17 Nutrients in production and consumption cycles and nutrient transfers 19 3. Plant nutrients and basics of plant nutrition 25 Plant nutrients 25 Nutrients – their functions, mobility in plants and deficiency/toxicity symptoms 27 Basics of plant nutrition 34 Root growth and nutrient uptake 40 Efficient use of nutrients 42 4. Soil fertility and crop production 43 Soils as a basis for crop production 43 Soil constituents 45 Soil properties and plant requirements 49 Nutrients in soils and uptake by plants 60 Dynamics of plant nutrients in soils 65 Dynamics of major nutrients 66 Assessment of available nutrient status of soils and plants 74 Impact of soil fertility on crop productivity 83 Fertility management of soils in different climate regions 85 iv 5. Sources of plant nutrients and soil amendments 91 Mineral sources of nutrients (fertilizers) 92 Organic sources of nutrients 119 Biofertilizers (microbial inoculants) 130 Soil amendments 136 6. Optimizing plant nutrition 141 General aspects 141 Basic information for optimizing crop nutrition 148 Strategies for optimizing nutrient management 164 Integrated nutrient–water management for optimizing plant nutrition 167 Plant nutrition and resistance to stress 174 Nutrient management in different cropping systems 177 Optimizing nutrient management in dryland and irrigated farming 186 7. Guidelines for the management of plant nutrients and their sources 193 Preconditions for successful nutrient management 193 Guidelines for nutrient management through fertilizers 196 Guidelines for fertilizer application 208 Guidelines for the application of organic manures 223 Guidelines for the application of biofertilizers 226 Application of soil amendments 232 8. Nutrient management guidelines for some major field crops 235 Cereals and millets 235 Grain legumes 243 Oil crops 244 Root and tuber crops 251 Sugar crops 255 Fibre crops 258 Pastures 260 9. Economic and policy issues of plant nutrition 263 Factors affecting decision–making 263 Economics of fertilizer application 269 v Economics of organic manures and biofertilizers 273 Policies for effective plant nutrition 274 10. Plant nutrition, food quality and consumer health 281 General aspects 281 Plant nutrition and product quality 285 Consumer health issues and food quality 292 11. Plant nutrition and environmental issues 299 Basic effects of nutrient management on the environment 299 Environmental aspects of plant nutrients 302 Minimizing the negative environmental effect of nutrient use 310 Glossary 315 Bibliography 339 Units and conversion factors 347 vi List of figures 1. The effect of fertilizer on wheat grain yields in the Broadbalk Experiment, Rothamsted Experimental Station, the United Kingdom 1 2. Mineral fertilizer consumption in terms of N + P2O5 + K2O on arable land, by region 2 3. Population of developing regions and cereal yields 7 4. Estimated global trends in population, cereal yields and source of plant nutrients 8 5. Relationship between human population and average cereal yields in six regions 9 6. World population, arable area and cereal yields from 1800 to 1999 12 7. Yield gap at various levels in relation to production factors 13 8. Plant nutrients in production and consumption cycles 20 9. Demonstration of the law of the minimum using a barrels with staves of different heights 35 10. Example of yield-limiting minimum factors 36 11. Plant growth and yield dependence on nutrient supply 38 12. Uptake of nutrients from the soil by a root hair, using Ca as an example 40 13. A vertical cross-section of a typical soil profile showing soil horizons 44 14. The World Soil Map 45 15. The average proportion of various constituents in a common soil on volume basis 47 16. USDA classification of soil texture classes according to proportions of sand, silt and clay 50 17. Soil pH and nutrient availability 57 18. Optimal soil pH for different crops 58 19. Fractions of major nutrients in the soil 63 20. The nitrogen cycle 66 21. Phosphate dynamics in the soil 67 22. Schematic representation of the three important soil P fractions for plant nutrition 68 23. Potassium dynamics in the soil 69 24. The sulphur cycle 71 25. Representative soil sampling for small and large fields 75 26. Guide for fertilizer compatibility and mixing 118 27. Effects of liming on soil properties 137 28. Yield response to balanced plant nutrition 143 29. Inputs and outputs of a plant nutrient balance sheet with N as an example 147 vii 30. A simplified depiction of nutrient additions and removals 152 31. An illustration of the partial recovery of applied nutrients by crops 158 32. Nitrogen-use efficiency in selected Asian countries, 1995–97 160 33. Plant nutrient (N, P and K) input/output fluxes on a farm for balance calculation 163 34. The influence of soil water status on plant nutrition 168 35. Effect of rainfall on crop yield 170 36. Response of rainfed wheat to nitrogen in soils with different stored moisture levels 173 37. Effect of potassium application on frost injury to potato 176 38. Penetration and incorporation of fertilizer nutrients into the rootzone 210 39. Fertilizer placement by different methods 212 40. Equipment for fertilizer distribution 213 41. Relationship between pH and gypsum requirement in soils of different texture 233 42. Average yields of 4 dwarf and 7 tall indica rice varieties as affected by N fertilization 238 43. Effect of N fertilizer on maize in relation to plant population 241 44. Nutrient uptake and growth of winter oilseed rape in different stages 248 45. An example of the decision-making process used by farmers 264 46. Response function of wheat grain yield to added N established in a field experiment 266 47. Relationship between crop response and profit 268 48. Yield response to P application at a fixed site when P is re-applied in three successive years 271 49. The effect of fodder quality, resulting from differences in soil fertility status and external nutrient supply, on the health and productivity of grazing animals 296 50. The movement of P in surface water flow 306 51.
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