Management of the Aquaponic Systems

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Management of the Aquaponic Systems Management of the aquaponic systems Source Fisheries and Aquaculture Department (FI) in FAO Keywords Aquaculture, aquaponics, fish, hydroponics, soilless culture Country of first practice Global ID and publishing year 8398 and 2015 Sustainable Development Goals No poverty, industry, innovation and infrastructure, and life below water Summary Aquaponics is the integration of recirculating helpful calculations to estimate the sizes of aquaculture and hydroponics in one each of the components. The ratio estimates production system. Although the production how much fish feed should be added each of fish and vegetables is the most visible day to the system, and it is calculated based output of aquaponic units, it is essential on the area available for plant growth. This to understand that aquaponics is the ratio depends on the type of plant being management of a complete ecosystem that grown; fruiting vegetables require about includes three major groups of organisms: one-third more nutrients than leafy greens fish, plants and bacteria. This document to support flowers and fruit development. provides recommendations on how to keep The type of feed also influences the feed a balanced system through the proper rate ratio, and all calculations provided here management of these three organisms. It assume an industry standard fish feed with also lists all the important management 32 percent protein (Table 1). phases from starting a unit to production Table 1: Daily fish feed by plant type management over an entire growing season. Leafy green plants Fruiting Vegetables Description 40 to 50 g of fish 50 to 80 g of fish 1. System balance feed per square feed per square This technology covers basic principles meter meter Source: FAO 2015 and recommendations while installing a new aquaponic unit as well as the routine On average, plants can be grown at management practices of an established the following planting density. This will system. Aquaponic systems need to be ensure that the plants have adequate balanced. The fish (and thus, fish feed) need nutrients. Overly dense planting will lead to to supply adequate nutrients for the plants. deficiencies and too low densities will not The plants need to filter the water for the adequately filter the water. These figures fish. The biofilter needs to be large enough are only averages, and many variables exist to process all of the fish wastes, and enough depending on plant type and water volume is needed to circulate this harvest size, and therefore system. This balance can be tricky to achieve should only be used as TECA in a new system, but this section provides guidelines (Table 2). TECHNOLOGIES and PRACTICES for SMALL AGRICULTURAL 1/10 PRODUCERS Fishery and Aquaculture Table 2: Planting density by plant type more complex filtration system to deal with the solid waste (Table 4). Leafy green plants Fruiting Vegetables Table 4: Fish stocking density 20 to 25 g of fish 4 plants per square feed per square meter Fish stocking density meter 10 to 20 kg of fish per 1 000 litre of water Source: FAO 2015 Source: FAO 2015 On average, the fish will consume 1 to Table 5 summarizes the key figures and ratios 2 percent of their body weight per day during for designing small-scale media bed, NFT and the grow-out stage. This assumes that the DWC units. It is important to be aware that fish are larger than 50 g because small fish the figures are just guides as other external eat more than large ones, as a percentage of factors (climate conditions, access to a body weight (Table 3). constant supply of electricity for example) Table 3: Fish feeding rate may change the design on the ground. Please Fish feeding rate note the footnotes below explaining the 1 to 2 percent of total body weight per day figures and the applicability of each column per aquaponic method. Source: FAO 2015 The recommended maximum stocking • The recommended fish density is based on density is 20 kg of fish for 1 000 litres of a maximum stocking density of 20 kg per water (fish tank). The small-scale units 1 000 litres. Higher densities are possible described in this publication have about with further aeration and mechanical 1 000 litres of water and should contain 10 to filtration, but this is not recommended for 20 kg of fish. beginners. • The recommended feeding rate is Higher stocking densities require more 1 percent of body weight per day for fish sophisticated aeration techniques to keep of more than 100 g of body mass. The the DO levels stable for fish, as well as a feeding rate ratio is 40 to 50 g per m² for Table 5: Practical system design guide for small scale units Fish tank Max. fish Pump Filter Min. volume of Feed rate Plant growing volume biomass flow rate volume biofilter media (g/day) area (m2) (Litre) (kg) (litre/h) (litre) (litre) Volcanic Bioballs Tuff 200 5 50 800 20 50 25 1 500 10 100 1 200 20-50 100 50 2 1 000 20 200 2 000 100-200 200 100 4 1 500 30 300 2 500 200-300 300 150 6 2 000 40 400 3 200 300-400 400 200 8 3 000 60 600 4 500 400-500 600 300 12 Source: FAO 2015 2/10 leafy greens; and 50 to 80 g per m² for the plants. This is a two-step process, and fruiting vegetables. two separate groups of nitrifying bacteria are • The volumes for mechanical separator involved as shown in Figure 1. Therefore a and biofilter should be 10 to 30 percent of good establishment of the bacteria colony is total fish tank volume. In reality, the choice crucial for a new aquaponic system. of containers depends on their size, cost System cycling is a term that describes the and availability. Biofilters are only needed initial process of building a bacterial colony for NFT and DWC units. Mechanical when first starting any aquaponic unit. separators are applicable for NFT, DWC Under normal circumstances this takes three units and media bed units with a fish to five weeks as cycling is a slow process density of more than 20 kg per 1 000 litres. that requires patience. Overall, the process • These figures assume the bacteria are in involves constantly introducing an ammonia optimal conditions all the time. If not, for source into the aquaponic unit, feeding the a certain period (winter), extra filtration new bacterial colony, and creating a biofilter. media may need to be added as a buffer. The progress is measured by monitoring the Different values are provided for the two nitrogen levels using the nitrate test kit. most common biofilter media based on their respective specific surface area. Once introduced into the unit, the ammonia • Figures for plant growing space include becomes an initial food source for the only leafy greens. Fruiting vegetables ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), a few would have a slightly lower area. of which are naturally occurring and recruit to the system on their own. They can be In addition, daily health monitoring of the found on land, in water and in the air. Within fish and the plants will provide feedback five to seven days after the first addition of on the balance of the system. Disease, ammonia, the AOB start forming a colony nutritional deficiencies and death are and begin to oxidize the ammonia into symptoms of an unbalanced system. Water nitrite. Ammonia should be continuously, but testing will provide information on the cautiously, added to ensure adequate food balance of the system. High ammonia or for the developing colony without becoming nitrite indicates insufficient biofiltration. toxic. After another five to seven days the Low nitrate indicates too many plants or not nitrite levels in the water will have started to enough fish. Increasing nitrate is desirable rise, which in turn attracts the NOB. As the and indicates adequate nutrients for the Nitrite-oxidizing Bacteria (NOB) populations plants, though water needs to be exchanged increase, the nitrite levels in the water will when nitrate is greater than 150 mg per litre. start to decline as nitrite is oxidized into 2. System cycling and starting a biofilter nitrate. The end of the cycling process is colony defined as when the nitrate level is steadily Bacteria are a crucial and pivotal aspect increasing, the nitrite level is 0 mg per litre of aquaponics, serving as the bridge that and the ammonia level is less than 1 mg per connects the fish waste to the plant fertilizer. litre. In good conditions, this takes about The nitrifying bacteria convert the fish 25 to 40 days, but if the water temperature waste, which enters the system mainly as is cool, complete cycling may take up to two ammonia, into nitrate, which is fertilizer for months to finish. At this point, a sufficient 3/10 bacterial colony has formed and is actively Figure 2. Levels of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate during the converting the ammonia to nitrate. first few weeks in a recirculating aquaculture system The reason this process is long is because nitrifying bacteria grow relatively slowly, requiring 10 to 15 hours to double in population. However, some heterotrophic bacteria can double in as little as 20 minutes. Alternatively, if another aquaponic system is available, it is extremely helpful to share part of the biofilter as a seed of bacteria for the new system. This greatly decreases the time necessary for cycling the system. It can also be useful to separately start a biofilter © FAO/TECA medium by continuously trickling a solution 3.1 Establishing a plant nursery containing 2 to 3 mg per litre of ammonia Vegetables are the most important output for a few weeks in advance.
Recommended publications
  • A White Paper on the Status and Needs of Largemouth Bass Culture in the North Central Region
    A WHITE PAPER ON THE STATUS AND NEEDS OF LARGEMOUTH BASS CULTURE IN THE NORTH CENTRAL REGION Prepared by Roy C. Heidinger Fisheries and Illinois Aquaculture Center Southern Illinois University-Carbondale for the North Central Regional Aquaculture Center Current Draft as of March 29, 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE DOCUMENT ....................2 CURRENT STATUS OF THE INDUSTRY ........................................2 Markets ...................................................................2 Supply/Demand ..........................................................2 Legality ...................................................................3 BIOLOGY/AQUACULTURE TECHNOLOGY .....................................3 Biology ...................................................................4 Culture ....................................................................4 Brood Stock ............................................................4 Fry and Fingerling Production ................................................5 Diseases and Pests ........................................................6 Water Quality, Handling, and Transport ........................................7 CRITICAL LIMITING FACTORS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................7 Nutrition ..................................................................7 Production Densities ..........................................................8 Marketing .................................................................8 Diseases ..................................................................8
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Basics – Seafood Markets Types of Fishery Products
    Fishery Basics – Seafood Markets Types of Fishery Products Fish products are highly traded and valuable commodities around the world. Seafood products are high in unsaturated fats and contain many proteins and other compounds that enhance good health. Fisheries products can be sold as live, fresh, frozen, preserved, or processed. There are a variety of methods to preserve fishery products, such as fermenting (e.g., fish pastes), drying, smoking (e.g., smoked Salmon), salting, or pickling (e.g., pickled Herring) to name a few. Fish for human consumption can be sold in its entirety or in parts, like filets found in grocery stores. The vast majority of fishery products produced in the world are intended for human consumption. During 2008, 115 million t (253 billion lbs) of the world fish production was marketed and sold for human consumption. The remaining 27 million t (59 billion lbs) of fishery production from 2008 was utilized for non-food purposes. For example, 20.8 million t (45 billion lbs) was used for reduction purposes, creating fishmeal and fish oil to feed livestock or to be used as feed in aquaculture operations. The remainder was used for ornamental and cultural purposes as well as live bait and pharmaceutical uses. Similar to the advancement of fishing gear and navigation technology (See Fishing Gear), there have been many advances in the seafood-processing sector over the years. Prior to these developments, most seafood was only available in areas close to coastal towns. The modern canning process originated in France in the early 1800s. Cold storage and freezing plants, to store excess harvests of seafood, were created as early as 1892.
    [Show full text]
  • Partnering with Extractive Industries for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa
    Partnering with Extractive Industries for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Africa: A Guide for USAID Engagement November 2008 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by the Biodiversity Analysis and Technical Support (BATS) Team. PARTNERING WITH EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN AFRICA: A GUIDE FOR USAID ENGAGEMENT November 2008 Biodiversity Assessment and Technical Support Program (BATS) EPIQ IQC: EPP-I-00-03-00014-00, Task Order 02 Dr. Joao Stacishin de Queiroz Brian App Renee Morin Wendy Rice Biodiversity Analysis and Technical Support for USAID/Africa (BATS) is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau for Africa, Office of Sustainable Development (AFR/SD). This program is implemented by Chemonics International Inc., World Conservation Union, World Wildlife Fund, and International Program Consortium in coordination with program partners: the U.S. Forest Service/International Programs and the Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group. ON THE COVER (Left to Right): Bauxite shipment, Guinea (BATS / Brian App), Oil platform construction site, Namibia (Alexander Hafemann), Illegal Timber Processing, Madagascar (BATS /Steve Dennison), Artisanal Fishing Tools, Mali (BATS / Brian App) The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS Introduction 1 Section I Analysis of Risk and Potential
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Services Generated by Fish Populations
    AR-211 Ecological Economics 29 (1999) 253 –268 ANALYSIS Ecosystem services generated by fish populations Cecilia M. Holmlund *, Monica Hammer Natural Resources Management, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden Abstract In this paper, we review the role of fish populations in generating ecosystem services based on documented ecological functions and human demands of fish. The ongoing overexploitation of global fish resources concerns our societies, not only in terms of decreasing fish populations important for consumption and recreational activities. Rather, a number of ecosystem services generated by fish populations are also at risk, with consequences for biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and ultimately human welfare. Examples are provided from marine and freshwater ecosystems, in various parts of the world, and include all life-stages of fish. Ecosystem services are here defined as fundamental services for maintaining ecosystem functioning and resilience, or demand-derived services based on human values. To secure the generation of ecosystem services from fish populations, management approaches need to address the fact that fish are embedded in ecosystems and that substitutions for declining populations and habitat losses, such as fish stocking and nature reserves, rarely replace losses of all services. © 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Ecosystem services; Fish populations; Fisheries management; Biodiversity 1. Introduction 15 000 are marine and nearly 10 000 are freshwa­ ter (Nelson, 1994). Global capture fisheries har­ Fish constitute one of the major protein sources vested 101 million tonnes of fish including 27 for humans around the world. There are to date million tonnes of bycatch in 1995, and 11 million some 25 000 different known fish species of which tonnes were produced in aquaculture the same year (FAO, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Oceanographic Study on the Baleen Whaling Grounds
    FISHERY OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDY ON THE BALEEN WHALING GROUNDS KEIJI NASU INTRODUCTION A Fishery oceanographic study of the whaling grounds seeks to find the factors control­ ling the abundance of whales in the waters and in general has been a subject of interest to whalers. In the previous paper (Nasu 1963), the author discussed the oceanography and baleen whaling grounds in the subarctic Pacific Ocean. In this paper, the oceanographic environment of the baleen whaling grounds in the coastal region ofJapan, subarctic Pacific Ocean, and Antarctic Ocean are discussed. J apa­ nese oceanographic observations in the whaling grounds mainly have been carried on by the whaling factory ships and whale making research boats using bathyther­ mographs and reversing thermomenters. Most observations were made at surface. From the results of the biological studies on the whaling grounds by Marr ( 1956, 1962) and Nemoto (1959) the author presumed that the feeding depth is less than about 50 m. Therefore, this study was made mainly on the oceanographic environ­ ment of the surface layer of the whaling grounds. In the coastal region of Japan Uda (1953, 1954) plotted the maps of annual whaling grounds for each 10 days and analyzed the relation between the whaling grounds and the hydrographic condition based on data of the daily whaling reports during 1910-1951. A study of the subarctic Pacific Ocean whaling grounds in relation to meteorological and oceanographic conditions was made by U da and Nasu (1956) and Nasu (1957, 1960, 1963). Nemoto (1957, 1959) also had reported in detail on the subject from the point of the food of baleen whales and the ecology of plankton.
    [Show full text]
  • International Whaling Commission (IWC)
    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fisheries and for a world without hunger Aquaculture Department Regional Fishery Bodies Summary Descriptions International Whaling Commission (IWC) Objectives Area of competence Species and stocks coverage Members Further information Objectives The main objective of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) is to establish a system of international regulations to ensure proper and effective conservation and management of whale stocks. These regulations must be "such as are necessary to carry out the objectives and purposes of the Convention and to provide for the conservation, development, and optimum utilization of whale resources; must be based on scientific findings; and must take into consideration the interests of the consumers of whale products and the whaling industry." Area of competence The area of competence of the IWC is global. The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling also applies to factory ships, land stations, and whale catchers under the jurisdiction of the Contracting Governments and to all waters in which whaling is prosecuted by such factory ships, land stations, and whale catchers. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department IWC area of competence Launch the RFBs map viewer Species and stocks coverage Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus); bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus); Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni, B. brydei); fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus); gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus); humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae); minke whale (Balaenoptera
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Fish Stocking Report
    1 Connecticut Department of Energy & Environmental Protection Bureau of Natural Resources Fisheries Division 79 Elm Street, Hartford, CT 06106 860-424-FISH (3474) https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Fishing/CT-Fishing The Fish Stocking Report is published annually by the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Katie Dykes, Commissioner Rick Jacobson, Chief, Bureau of Natural Resources Fisheries Division Pete Aarrestad, Director 79 Elm Street Hartford, CT 06106-5127 Phone 860-424-FISH (3474) Email [email protected] Web https://portal.ct.gov/DEEP/Fishing/CT-Fishing ctfishandwildlife @ctfishandwildlife Table of Contents Introduction 3 Connecticut’s Stocked Fish 3 DEEP State Fish Hatcheries 6 Connecticut’s Hatchery Raised Trout 9 When and Where are Trout Stocked? 10 Trout and Salmon Stamp 11 Youth Fishing Passport Challenge – Top Anglers 2019 12 2019 Stocking Summary 13 Trout Stocked by the Fisheries Division: Summary of Catchable Trout Stocked in 2019 14 Lakes and Ponds 15 River, Streams, and Brooks 19 Other Fish Stocked by the Fisheries Division 26 Brown Trout Fry 26 Broodstock Atlantic Salmon 27 Kokanee Salmon fry 27 Northern Pike 28 Walleye 28 Channel Catfish 29 Migratory Fish Species Stocking 30 Don’t Be a Bonehead 32 Cover: Caring for a young child can be challenging. Trevor Harvey has it covered by taking his daughter fishing. In addition to introduce the next generation of anglers to fishing, he also landed a beautiful looking rainbow trout. The Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer that is committed to complying with the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act.
    [Show full text]
  • Aeroponics System of Cultivation in Horticultural Crops
    Vol.1 Issue-1, September,2020 Aeroponics System of Cultivation in Horticultural Crops Deeptimayee Sahoo Ph.D Research Scholar Dept. of Vegetable Sciences, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, BBSR, Odisha-751003 Mail- [email protected] ARTICLE ID: 007 Population of earth is expected to rise by 3 billion people. It is estimated that approximately 109 hectares of additional traditional land will be needed to feed them. Only 80% of the Earth’s arable land is suitable for farming now. A greater quantity of hectares with optimum inputs is needed every day to feed the rising population. This chain of high priority problems requires an improvement in the management of the use of resources so that human consumption has the priority in its use. To solve the problems mentioned, new farming methods have been searched, one of them being aeroponics. With this technique, the plants are held by certain structures that are maintained in a way that the roots are sustained up in the air. Aeroponic literally means “growing in air.” An aeroponic system is medium-less in that the roots of the plant are free hanging inside an open root-zone atmosphere. Aeroponics structure supplies optimum levels of water, nutrients and air to the growing chamber. Aeroponics is the process of growing plants in an air or mist environment without use of soil or an aggregate media. The word aeroponic is derived from the Latin word ‘aero’ (air) and ‘ponic’ means labour (work). This is an alternative method of soil-less culture in growth-controlled environments. The aeroponic culture technique is an optional device of soil-less culture in growth-controlled environments such as greenhouses.
    [Show full text]
  • Commercial Fishing Guide |
    Texas Commercial Fishing regulations summary 2021 2022 SEPTEMBER 1, 2021 – AUGUST 31, 2022 Subject to updates by Texas Legislature or Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission TEXAS COMMERCIAL FISHING REGULATIONS SUMMARY This publication is a summary of current regulations that govern commercial fishing, meaning any activity involving taking or handling fresh or saltwater aquatic products for pay or for barter, sale or exchange. Recreational fishing regulations can be found at OutdoorAnnual.com or on the mobile app (download available at OutdoorAnnual.com). LIMITED-ENTRY AND BUYBACK PROGRAMS .......................................................................... 3 COMMERCIAL FISHERMAN LICENSE TYPES ........................................................................... 3 COMMERCIAL FISHING BOAT LICENSE TYPES ........................................................................ 6 BAIT DEALER LICENSE TYPES LICENCIAS PARA VENDER CARNADA .................................................................................... 7 WHOLESALE, RETAIL AND OTHER BUSINESS LICENSES AND PERMITS LICENCIAS Y PERMISOS COMERCIALES PARA NEGOCIOS MAYORISTAS Y MINORISTAS .......... 8 NONGAME FRESHWATER FISH (PERMIT) PERMISO PARA PESCADOS NO DEPORTIVOS EN AGUA DULCE ................................................ 12 BUYING AND SELLING AQUATIC PRODUCTS TAKEN FROM PUBLIC WATERS ............................. 13 FRESHWATER FISH ................................................................................................... 13 SALTWATER FISH .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Diversifying Cropping Systems PROFILE: THEY DIVERSIFIED to SURVIVE 3
    Opportunities in Agriculture CONTENTS WHY DIVERSIFY? 2 Diversifying Cropping Systems PROFILE: THEY DIVERSIFIED TO SURVIVE 3 ALTERNATIVE CROPS 4 PROFILE: DIVERSIFIED NORTH DAKOTAN WORKS WITH MOTHER NATURE 9 PROTECT NATURAL RESOURCES, RENEW PROFITS 10 AGROFORESTRY 13 PROFILE: PROFITABLE PECANS WORTH THE WAIT 15 STRENGTHEN COMMUNITY, SHARE LABOR 15 PROFILE: STRENGTHENING TIES AMONG MAINE FARMERS 16 RESOURCES 18 Alternative grains and oilseeds – like, from left, buckwheat, amaranth and flax – add diversity to cropping systems and open profitable niche markets while contributing to environmentally sound operations. – Photos by Rob Myers Published by the Sustainable KARL KUPERS, AN EASTERN WASHINGTON GRAIN GROWER, Although growing alternative crops to diversify a Agriculture Network (SAN), was a typical dryland wheat farmer who idled his traditional farm rotation increase profits while lessen- the national outreach arm land in fallow to conserve moisture. After years of ing adverse environmental impacts, the majority of of the Sustainable Agriculture watching his soil blow away and his market price slip, U.S. cropland is still planted in just three crops: soy- Research and Education he made drastic changes to his 5,600-acre operation. beans, corn and wheat. That lack of crop diversity (SARE) program, with funding In place of fallow, he planted more profitable hard can cause problems for farmers, from low profits by USDA's Cooperative State red and hard white wheats along with seed crops like to soil erosion. Adding new crops that fit climate, Research, Education and condiment mustard, sunflower, grass and safflower. geography and management preferences can Extension Service. All of those were drilled using a no-till system Kupers improve not only your bottom line, but also your calls direct-seeding.
    [Show full text]
  • What Was the Effect of New Crops in the Agricultural Revolution? Evidence from an Arbitrage Model of Crop Rotation
    What was the Effect of New Crops in the Agricultural Revolution? Evidence from an Arbitrage Model of Crop Rotation Liam Brunt1 Abstract In this paper we develop an arbitrage model of crop rotation that enables us to estimate the impact of crop rotation on wheat yields, using only the yields and prices of each crop employed in the rotation. We apply this technique to eighteenth century England to assess the importance of two new crops – turnips and clover – in raising wheat yields. Contrary to the received wisdom, we show that turnips substantially pushed up wheat yields but clover pushed down wheat yields. We confirm this result by comparing our estimates to both experimental data and production function estimates. Further detailed analysis facilitated by the new model enables us to explain this surprising result in terms of the management practices pursued by farmers. Keywords: agriculture, crop rotation, technological change. JEL Classification: N01, N53, O13, Q12. 1 I would like to thank James Foreman-Peck and Lucy White for helpful comments. Any remaining errors are my own responsibility. An arbitrage model of crop rotation 2 I. Introduction. The defining feature of the Industrial Revolution in England was the transfer of labour resources from agriculture to industry, which occurred exceptionally early by international standards.2 But England had to remain virtually self-sufficient in food production during the eighteenth century because very few exportable surpluses were being generated by other European countries.3 The adoption of new technology was a crucial factor that permitted England to attain a high level of agricultural labour productivity – which in turn facilitated labour release.4 The number and range of innovations coming into general use in the eighteenth century has prompted commentators to dub it the period of the ‘Agricultural Revolution’.5 There were new animal breeds (the Shire horse and the dairy short horn cow); new crops (turnips and clover); new machines (seed drills and threshers); and new hand tools (the cradle scythe).
    [Show full text]
  • Fishery Improvement Projects
    Guidelines for Supporting Fishery Improvement Projects Working together, conservation groups and the seafood industry can be a powerful force for improving the sustainability of seafood and the health of ocean ecosystems. solutionsforseafood.org GUIDELINES FOR SUPPORTING FISHERY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS The goal of this document is to define the kind of fishery improvement projects members of the Conservation Alliance will support (e.g., recognize on the Alliance fip tracking website and/or recommend business partners participate in or source from). Table of Contents GUIDELINESGUIDELINES FORFOR SUPPORTINGSUPPORTING FISHERYFISHERY IMPROVEMENTIMPROVEMENT PROJECTSPROJECTS / / TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGEPAGE 22 Guidelines for Supporting Fishery Improvement Projects Members of the Conservation There are many different ways to address management Alliance for Seafood and environmental problems in fisheries, including Solutions support the efforts policy change, targeted strategies such as bycatch fisheries are making to reduction, and multistakeholder efforts called fishery improve the sustainability of improvement projects (FIPs). While the latter are the their seafood products. focus of these guidelines, we believe all of these methods are valuable and play an important role in helping fisheries become more sustainable over time. GUIDELINES FOR SUPPORTING FISHERY IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS / Introduction PAGE 3 In 2012, the Conservation Alliance released its first set of guidelines for fishery improvement projects with the expectation that these guidelines would need to evolve over time. Since then, the number of fishery improvement projects around the world has increased substantially. Based on feedback from the Alliance community and industry and fishery stakeholders, the Alliance has updated the guidelines to be as clear as possible and recognize advances in the fishery improvement project landscape during the past two years.
    [Show full text]