DOCSLIB.ORG

Visual Symptoms: a Handy Tool in Identifying Nutrient Deficiency in Corn, Cotton and Soybean

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Visual Symptoms: a Handy Tool in Identifying Nutrient Deficiency in Corn, Cotton and Soybean W 976 Visual Symptoms: A Handy Tool in Identifying Nutrient Deficiency in Corn, Cotton and Soybean Nutifafa Adotey, Assistant Professor and Tyson Raper, Associate Professor and Soil and Nutrient Management Specialist Cotton and Small Grain Specialist Angela McClure, Professor and Corn and Robert Florence, Director, UT Soil, Plant Soybean Specialist and Pest Center Generally, a nutrient deficiency occurs as a result of low necrosis, which occurs when the plant tissue dies. Necrosis soil nutrient levels. However, prevailing environmental is commonly associated with N, phosphorus (P), and conditions, soil properties, growth conditions and root potassium (K) deficiencies. Abnormal growth occurs when diseases may restrict nutrient uptake and induce deficiencies inadequate amounts of a nutrient in the plant restrict cell in crops even if soil nutrient levels are estimated sufficient elongation and replication resulting in stunted growth, for optimum yield. For example, low or high soil pH, soil deformation or crinkled leaves. compaction and excessively wet or dry soil may prevent Where the symptomology occurs on the plant depends nutrient uptake. A handy diagnostic tool to identify nutrient on the mobility of the nutrient within the plant (Figure 1). deficiency in crops is via visual observation of symptoms. Plant nutrients can be classified as mobile or immobile However, this tool may not always provide a definite within the plant. Mobile nutrients such as N, P, K and Mg diagnosis of the nutrient status of the plant. Keep in mind can be translocated from the older leaves to the developing other conditions are capable of inducing symptoms that plant parts. Hence, deficiency symptoms tend to show on closely resemble those of nutrient deficiencies. To address older, lower leaves. On the other hand, immobile nutrients this, visual symptoms should be corroborated with plant like Calcium (Ca), Sulfur (S), and most micronutrients have tissue and soil testing, and examination of the history of limited mobility within plants and deficiency symptoms nutrient applications to the field. Adequate knowledge occur in younger, upper leaves. of visual symptoms and tissue testing may help guide corrective actions in-season or preventive action in the Because plant nutrients may be mobile or immobile, it is following season to avoid yield loss. important to understand how to sample tissue correctly for accurate results. Sampling an older leaf or trifoliate may The form and location of symptoms on the affected crop result in the mobile nutrient concentration being falsely will help guide the diagnosis. Symptoms associated with low. Sampling a younger leaf or trifoliate may cause deficiency may take several forms including chlorosis, mobile nutrient results to be too high. This publication necrosis and abnormal growth. Chlorosis occurs when the provides information on identifying N, P, K, Mg, S, zinc (Zn), production of chlorophyll is reduced which results in a and boron (B) nutrient deficiencies in corn, cotton and yellow to pale green leaf color. Nitrogen (N), magnesium soybean using visual symptoms. In addition, information on (Mg), sulfur (S), and iron (Fe) are nutrients that play common causes of these deficiencies, deficiency levels in important roles in chlorophyll production and function; leaf tissue and in-season corrective actions are provided hence, their deficiencies tend to cause chlorosis. Next is in this publication. Visual Symptoms: A Handy Tool in Identifying Nutrient Deficiency in Corn, Cotton and Soybean 1 Figure 1. Schematic chart showing the location of visual nutrient deficiency symptoms. Nutrient deficiency symptom location Corn, Soybean, and Cotton Symptoms appear first on older leaves Symptoms appear first on younger leaves Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Zinc Sulfur Boron (N) (P) (K) (Mg) (Zn) (S) (B) Corn More More More More More Full Image More Information Information Information Information Information Information Soybean More More Full Image More More Full Image More Information Information Information Information Information Cotton More More More More More More More Information Information Information Information Information Information Information Visual Symptoms: A Handy Tool in Identifying Nutrient Deficiency in Corn, Cotton and Soybean 2 Table 1. Visual nutrient deficiency symptoms and plant-tissue deficiency levels for corn, cotton and soybean. Deficiency symptoms and plant/leaf tissue deficiency levels Nutrient Corn Soybean Cotton Macronutrients Nitrogen (N) Plant: Stunted yellowish-green Plant: Pale green plants. Plant: Stunted plant, reduced boll size, plants with spindle stems. Leaf: Appear first on older reduced boll retention and increased Leaf: Appear first on older (lower) leaves. Pale yellow leaves aborted bolls. (lower) leaves. V-shaped leading to brown older leaves; veins Leaf: Appear first on older (lower) yellowing starting from the tip are prominent. leaves. Yellowish-green leaf color with and progressing down the midrib Deficiency is diagnosed when tissue reduced leaf size; reddening of the towards the base of the leaf. N at flowering is less than 3.25 leaf blade in severe cases. Deficiency is diagnosed when percent (Table 3). Deficiency is diagnosed when recently mature leaf N at early recently mature leaf blade N at early growth and earleaf N at tasseling is bloom and late bloom is less than less than 3.0 percent and less than 3 percent (Table 4). 2.8 percent, respectively (Table 2). Phosphorus (P) Plant: Stunted, dark green to Leaf: Appear first on older (lower) Plant: Stunted growth and poor bluish-green plants. leaves. Yellowing along leaf margin boll retention. Leaf: Appear first on older (lower) progressing to browning; veins Leaf: Appear first on older (lower) leaves. Reddish-purplish leaf tips remain green. leaves. Dark green with and margins. Deficiency is diagnosed when reddish-purplish leaf. Deficiency is diagnosed when tissue K at flowering is less than 1.5 Flower: Delayed flower. percent (Table 3). recently mature leaf P at early Deficiency is diagnosed when recently growth and earleaf N at tasseling is mature leaf blade P at early bloom less than 0.30 percent and less than and late bloom is less than 0.2 0.25 percent, respectively (Table 2). percent and less than 0.15 percent, respectively (Table 4). Potassium (K) Plant: In severe cases, plants may Leaf: Dark green to bluish leaves Plant: Stunted plant lodge late in the growing season. with interveinal, small lesions. Leaf: Early season (pre-bloom) Leaf: Appear first on older (lower) Appear first on older (lower) leaves. deficiency symptoms appear first leaves. Yellowing and then necrosis Deficiency is diagnosed when on older (lower) leaves whiles late (tissue dies) of corn leaf margin in tissue P at flowering is less than season (post bloom) deficiency often severe cases. Yellowing starts from 0.3 percent (Table 3). appears in upper leaves. Light green the tip of the leaf and progresses to gold mottling between leaf veins, along the edges towards the base progressing to yellowing and then of the leaf. browning of leaf margin and between Deficiency is diagnosed when the veins. There may be development recently mature leaf K at early of red and yellow colors on leaf. growth and earleaf N at tasseling is Deficiency is diagnosed when less than 2.0 percent and less than recently mature leaf blade K at early 1.8 percent, respectively (Table 2). bloom and late bloom is less than 1.5 percent and less than 0.75 percent, respectively (Table 4). Magnesium (Mg) Plant: Stunted plants (severe cases). Plant: Stunted plants (severe cases). Leaf: Appear first on older (lower) Leaf: Appear first on older (lower) Leaf: Appear first on older (lower) leaves. Interveinal stripping; older leaves. Olive green/mustard leaves. Olive green/mustard leaves become reddish-purple. yellowing interveinal stripping yellowing interveinal stripping Deficiency is diagnosed when recently which progress towards the base which progress towards the base mature leaf blade Mg at early bloom and midrib. Necrosis of leaf tip and and midrib. Necrosis of leaf tip and and late bloom is less than 0.3 margins. Older leaves become margins. Older leaves become percent (Table 4). reddish-purple. reddish-purple. Deficiency is diagnosed when Deficiency is diagnosed when recently mature leaf Mg at early recently mature leaf Mg at early growth and earleaf N at tasseling is growth and earleaf N at tasseling is less than 0.15 percent (Table 2). less than 0.15 percent (Table 2). Visual Symptoms: A Handy Tool in Identifying Nutrient Deficiency in Corn, Cotton and Soybean 3 Table 1 Continued. Deficiency symptoms and plant/leaf tissue deficiency levels Nutrient Corn Soybean Cotton Sulfur (S) Plant: Stunted light green plants Plant: Pale green to yellow plants. Plant: Stunted plant. with spindly stems. Leaf: Pale green to yellowing of Leaf: Appear first on younger Leaf: Appear first on younger leaves without prominent vein or (upper) leaves. Yellowing of leaves (upper) leaves. Yellowing of leaves. necrosis. Appear first on younger and leaf vein. Deficiency is diagnosed when (upper) leaves. Deficiency is diagnosed when recently recently mature leaf S at early Deficiency is diagnosed when tissue mature leaf blade S at early bloom growth and earleaf N at tasseling is S at flowering is less than 0.25 and late bloom is less than 0.25 less than 0.15 percent (Table 2). percent (Table 3). percent and less than 0.30 percent, respectively (Table 4). Micronutrients Zinc (Zn) Plant: Stunted plant. Plant: Pale green plants Leaves: Appear first on younger Leaf: Appear first on younger Leaf: Pale yellow leaves leading (upper) leaves. Interveinal chlorosis (upper) leaves. Interveinal stripping to brown older leaves; veins are and leathery upturned leaves. from the base of the leaf and prominent. Appear first on younger Deficiency is diagnosed when progress to the tip or whitish band (upper) leaves. recently mature leaf blade Zn at at the base of the leaf. Margins, Deficiency is diagnosed when early bloom and late bloom is less midrib area and tips of leaf usually tissue Zn at flowering is less than than 20 ppm and less than 50 ppm, remain green.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Managing Potassium for Organic Crop Production by Robert Mikkelsen an Adequate K Supply Is Essential for Both Organic and Conventional Crop Production
    NORTH AMERICA Managing Potassium for Organic Crop Production By Robert Mikkelsen An adequate K supply is essential for both organic and conventional crop production. Potas- sium is involved in many plant physiological reactions, including osmoregulation, protein synthesis, enzyme activation, and photosynthate translocation. The K balance on many farms is negative, where more K is removed in harvested crops than is returned again to the soil. An overview of commonly used K fertilizers for organic production is provided. otassium is an essential nutrient for plant growth, but it often receives less attention than N and P in many crop Pproduction systems. Many regions of the U.S.A. and all of the Canadian provinces remove more K during harvest than is returned to the soil in fertilizer and manure (Figure 1). In the U.S.A., an average of only 3 units of K is replaced as fertilizer and manure for every 4 units of K removed in crops, resulting in a depletion of nutrients from the soil and increasing occur- rences of deficiency in many places. Potassium is the soil cation required in the largest amount by plants, regardless of nutrient management philosophy. 1,400 Removal 1,200 Hay and forage crops can remove hundreds of pounds of K from the soil Manure each year, placing a heavy demand on soil resources. 1,000 Fertilizer Large amounts of K are required to maintain plant health 800 and vigor. Some specific roles of K in the plant include os- moregulation, internal cation/anion balance, enzyme activa- 600 tion, proper water relations, photosynthate translocation, and 400 protein synthesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Section 4. Nutrient Management for Water Quality
    SECTION FOUR NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR WATER QUALITY Many hobby farmers measure success by the abundance of their harvest of fruits and vegetables or their forage crops. This achievement can often be traced back to healthy soil and nutrient management practices. SOME HOBBY FARMERS ARE FORTUNATE TO HAVE SITES WITH A THICK LAYER OF FERTILE SOIL RICH IN MICROORGANISMS. HOWEVER, EVEN GOOD SOILS CAN BECOME NUTRIENT DEPLETED OR ERODE OVER TIME. REGARDLESS OF WHAT YOU ARE GROWING, SOILS WILL GENERALLY NEED TO BE MANAGED TO RETURN NUTRIENTS INTO THE SOIL TO SUPPORT HEALTHY PLANT GROWTH. THE HOBBY FARMER SHOULD CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN DEVELOPING A HEALTHY SOILS MANAGEMENT PLAN: • Why does annual soil testing help save time and money? • What nutrients are needed for plant health? (Hint: It’s not just about nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) • What’s the difference between fertilizers and soil amendments? Organic and synthetic? • How can you improve nutrient retention in your soil through crop rotation, succession planting, intercropping, and companion planting? • What are the best techniques to compost and to recycle and reuse materials you likely already have? • How should you apply fertilizers, manure, and soil amendments for best results? While nutrients are an essential component of many natural environments, an overabundance in our surface water can cause a reduction in water quality. SECTION FOUR :: NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR WATER QUALITY Phosphorus and nitrogen from fertilizers can result in: • excessive aquatic plant growth choking waterways and making them impassable; • depletion of dissolved oxygen which is essential for fsh; and • creating an ideal environment for toxic algal blooms that can be a health threat to people and pets, often causing recreational areas to close.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrient Management and Imbalances David H
    98 Nutrient Management and Imbalances David H. Gent, J Robert Sirrine, and Heather M. Darby Hop plants produce abundant biomass in the form of bines, leaves, and cones. High- yielding plants such as hop require adequate nutrition. Many of the various nutrients required by hop may be deficient or in excess of the crop’s needs. It can be difficult to pinpoint the cause of abnormal plant symptoms, especially if multiple production factors lead to the same symptom. General symptoms associated with nutrient imbalances are described in this section, as well as known nutrient interactions with diseases and arthropod pests. Fertilization recommendations are beyond the scope of this pest management guide and are not provided. Recommendations vary widely in published literature, differing among production regions, varieties, irrigation methods, soil types, and production goals. Readers should seek input from local experts for guidance appropriate to their region and situation. Boron Iron Boron deficiency can result in delayed Iron deficiency is first observed on emergence of shoots; stunting, distortion, young leaves as yellowing between veins, and crinkling of young leaves (Fig. 257); while veins remain green (Fig. 260, right- and yellowing and death of shoot tips (Fig. hand image, and Fig. 261). Iron deficiency 258). Leaves of affected plants may be small is most common in alkaline soils, although and brittle, and may develop a fluffy-tipped it can be induced in highly acidic soils appearance due to impaired development (approximately pH 5.7 or less) because of lobes (Fig. 259). Deficiencies are most of enhanced solubility and uptake of common in acid and/or sandy textured soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms in Plants (DPI Vic)
    April, 1995 Nutrient deficiency symptoms of AG0257 plants ISSN 1329-8062 David Beardsell, Knoxfield Plants must absorb certain elements to live and grow. Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) are the elements supplied from air and water. The growing media generally supplies the remaining nutrients required for plant growth. The major elements or macronutrients required by the plant are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulphur (S). The minor elements, trace elements or micronutrients necessary for healthy plant production are molybdenum (Mo), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (B), iron (Fe), and chlorine (Cl). Deficiencies or imbalances in supply of these essential elements can cause growth reductions, and in more severe cases visual symptoms are expressed in leaves and flowers. Nitrogen deficiency (N) Nitrogen is required by plants in higher concentrations than any of the other elements, except potassium in certain instances. Plants grown without nitrogen grow very slowly. Plants are stunted and show a general yellowing of the foliage. The symptoms of nitrogen deficiency will first occur in the older leaves. The leaves turn from a pale green Figure 1. Symptoms of nitrogen deficiency include stunted plant colour to a yellow and eventually leaf drop occurs. The growth. The Eucalyptus gunni plant on the right hand side younger leaves remain green for longer periods of time but exhibits this symptom. The plant on the left hand side has an eventually the whole plant exhibits a pale green to yellow adequate supply of nitrogen. colour. Potassium deficiency (K) Phosphorus deficiency (P) Deficiency symptoms of potassium are also exhibited in Deficiency symptoms of this element, like nitrogen, are the older leaves of the plant first.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Manure and Compost As Nutrient Sources for Vegetable Crops
    Nutrient Management for Fruit & Vegetable Crop Production Carl J. Rosen and Peter M. Bierman Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota USING MANURE AND COMPOST AS NUTRIENT SOURCES FOR VEGETABLE CROPS Manure is a valuable fertilizer for any farming operation and has been used for centuries to supply needed nutrients for crop growth. The use of manure has generally declined on many farms over the past 50 years due to: 1) Farm specialization with increasing separation of crop and livestock production, 2) Cost of transporting manure, which is a bulky, relatively low analysis nutrient source, and 3) Increased availability of high analysis synthetic fertilizers that usually provide a cheaper source per unit of nutrient than manure. Despite these limitations, manure (and other organic nutrient sources) produced on or near a vegetable farm provide many benefits and should be beneficially utilized whenever possible. Manure and compost not only supply many nutrients for crop production, including micronutrients, but they are also valuable sources of organic matter. Increasing soil organic matter improves soil structure or tilth, increases the water-holding capacity of coarse-textured sandy soils, improves drainage in fine-textured clay soils, provides a source of slow release nutrients, reduces wind and water erosion, and promotes growth of earthworms and other beneficial soil organisms. Most vegetable crops return small amounts of crop residue to the soil, so manure, compost, and other organic amendments help maintain soil organic matter levels. Proper use of manure and compost is essential from both a production and environmental standpoint. Applying rates that are too low can lead to nutrient deficiency and low yields.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Nutrition and IPM – with an Emphasis on Trees & Vines
    Plant Nutrition and IPM – with an emphasis on trees & vines Gregg Young, M.A. Certified Professional Agronomist Pest Control Advisor Sustainable Ag Expo San Luis Obispo, Ca. November 15, 2016 Gregg Young, CPAg 2016 www.qfirst.net 1 The Disease Triangle It takes all 3 components for disease to Pest / infect Pathogen Environmental Susceptible Conditions Host Gregg Young, CPAg 2016 2 www.qfirst.net The Disease Triangle It takes all 3 components for disease to Pest / infect Pathogen Environmental Susceptible Conditions Host Gregg Young, CPAg 2016 3 www.qfirst.net Often in IPM we spend our efforts monitoring the pest/disease and the environmental conditions Gregg Young, CPAg 2016 www.qfirst.net 4 All of the biomass that makes up a mature tree or vine comes from the soil, water & air Gregg Young, CPAg 2016 www.qfirst.net 5 Modern agriculture squeezes the most it can out of the agroecosystem Pears, Apples: 20+ tons/ac Tomatoes: 50+ tons/ac Grapes: 5-12 tons/ac Hay crops: 20+ tons/ac 6 Gregg Young, CPAg 2016 www.qfirst.net Crops need a biologically active, aerated root zone Gregg Young, CPAg 2016 www.qfirst.net 7 Drip irrigation – nutrient removal is from a smaller area; nutrient management is critical 8 Gregg Young, CPAg 2016 www.qfirst.net Early pioneers who called for attention to soil fertility in managing pests & diseases: • J.I. Rodale (1898-1971) "Healthy Soil = Healthy Food = Healthy People" • William Albrecht (1888-1974) “Food is fabricated fertility” 9 Gregg Young, CPAg 2016 www.qfirst.net 10 Gregg Young, CPAg 2016 www.qfirst.net Early Researchers: Nutrient-Pest & Disease Relations: • We may also speculate on the possibility of influencing the population development of these mites by enhancing their food substrate through managing the fertilization of the host plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Performance of Integrated Nutrient Management
    agronomy Article Comparative Performance of Integrated Nutrient Management between Composted Agricultural Wastes, Chemical Fertilizers, and Biofertilizers in Improving Soil Quantitative and Qualitative Properties and Crop Yields under Arid Conditions Nasser Al-Suhaibani 1, Mostafa Selim 2, Ali Alderfasi 1 and Salah El-Hendawy 1,3,* 1 Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, KSA, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] (N.A.-S.); [email protected] (A.A.) 2 Field Crops Research Department, Agricultural Division, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt; [email protected] 3 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +966-5-3531-8364 Received: 29 July 2020; Accepted: 1 October 2020; Published: 3 October 2020 Abstract: The primary goal of integrated nutrient management (INM) strategies is to substitute a portion of chemical fertilizers with a more sustainable and environmentally safe organic compost in order to mitigate soil degradation, improve crop production, and protect the environment. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the impacts of different INM practices, namely full-dose 1 1 NPK (T1), compost of cow manure at 5 t ha− (T2), compost of poultry manure at 5 t ha− (T3), 1 compost of mixed sheep and camel manure at 5 t ha− (T4), 50% NPK combined with the mixture 1 1 of the three types of composts at the rate of 5 t ha− (T5) or 10 t ha− (T6), and mixture of the three 1 1 1 types of composts at the rate of 10 t ha− (T7), 15 t ha− (T8), or 20 t ha− (T9) with or without biofertilizers for each treatment on several physiochemical and biological proprieties of soil and final grain yield of field crops after 2 years of field-scale experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Nutrient Management - V.L
    MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES ENTERPRISES – Vol. I - Plant Nutrient Management - V.L. Bailey, L. Kryzanowski PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT V.L. Bailey and L. Kryzanowski Agronomy Unit, Alberta Agriculture Food, and Rural Development, Canada Keywords: Soil, fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, crop uptake, crop removal, precision farming Contents 1. Introduction 2. Macronutrients for Crop Production 2.1. Nitrogen 2.2. Phosphorus 2.3. Potassium 2.4. Sulfur 3. Removal of Nutrients by Crops 3.1. Cereals 3.2. Forages 3.3. Legumes 3.4. Oilseeds 3.5. Root Crops 4. Replacement of Soil Nutrients 4.1. Nitrogen Fixation 4.2. Mycorrhiza 4.3. Organic Amendments 4.4. Commercial Fertilizers 4.5. Crop Rotation Management 5. Precision Farming 6. Future Concerns Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches Summary UNESCO – EOLSS Plant nutrient management is critical to the sustainability of agricultural production systems. Nitrogen,SAMPLE phosphorus, potassium aCHAPTERSnd sulfur are the four macronutrients required for crop growth. In order to maintain agricultural sustainability, nutrients that are removed from the soil by crops must be replaced. Different crops have different nutrient demands and the proportion of nutrients taken up by the plant may not be the same as that exported. There are several methods of ensuring that soil nutrient replacement occurs. (1) Biological mechanisms—includes symbiotic associations of crops with specialized microorganisms, such as nitrogen fixers or mycorrhiza. (2) Return of nutrients to the soil as organic amendments such as crop residues, livestock manure, and other amendments. (3) Commercially produced inorganic fertilizers are the most widely used method to replace soil nutrients, and the wide variety of fertilizers ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL, FORESTRY, AND FISHERIES ENTERPRISES – Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Nutrient Management of Organic and Bio-Fertilizer to Enhance Maize Production
    Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2019, Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages: 334-340 J. Environ. Treat. Tech. ISSN: 2309-1185 Journal weblink: http://www.jett.dormaj.com Integrated Nutrient Management of Organic and Bio-Fertilizer to Enhance Maize Production Magda, H. Mohamed, Nabila, M. Zaki, M. S. Hassanein, Amal, G. Ahmed, and M. M. Tawfik Field Crops Research Dept., National Research Centre, 33 El Bohouth st., 12622,Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Received: 12/04/2019 Accepted: 24/06/2019 Published: 01/12/2019 Abstract Integrated nutrient management (INM) is the concept of using a combination of organic, inorganic, and biological amendments to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reduce nutrient loss by synchronizing crop demand with nutrient availability in soil. In order to produce more food with limited space, farmers utilize several techniques. One of the best techniques is application of different types of organic and biofertilizers in soil in integrated nutrient management system and consequently maintain the soil nutrients level. It allows plant to grow, flourish, and keep the environment save. Importance of maize (Zea mays L.) crop is justified by its nutritious content especially because of the presence of high protein, minerals, vitamins and other energetic nutrients. In Egypt, maize production is insufficient, so various strategies have been developed to improve its production. In order to study the promoting effect of organic and biofertilizer on growth and yield of maize plant, a field experiment was conducted in Wadi El-Rayan, Fayoum Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive seasons of 2014 and 2015 to study the impact of organic or/and bio-fertilizer on growth, yield and its components and some chemical contents of two maize cultivars.
    [Show full text]
  • Hop Fertigation and Nutrient Management
    3/5/2015 Hop Fertigation and Fertigation: Nutrient Management Fertilizing through the irrigation system Dr. Ron Goldy, MSUE Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center www.hops‐super‐styrian.eu weblinfarm.com http://www.toro.com/en‐us/agriculture/pages/drip‐ irrigation‐education/financing/payback‐wizard.aspx This does not constitute an endorsement. This is just a good site for information. www.ontariohopgrowersassociation.ca 1 3/5/2015 You will become a plumber! http://www.trickl‐eez.com/ This does not constitute an endorsement. This is just a good site for information. Influence of Soil Type on Pressure? Irrigation Strategy Course Soil (sand): Rapid uptake, High permeability, Low retention Therefore, Prone to leaching Fine Soil (clay): Slow uptake, Low permeability, High retention Therefore, Prone to run‐off 2 3/5/2015 Factors Influencing Water Application CEC is an Indirect Measurement of Climate: Rainfall Wind Soil Surface Area Temperature Light Level Soil Type: Sand –Loamy Sand – Sandy Loam ‐ Loam Clay Silt Organic Matter CEC: Cation Exchange Capacity (Indirect measurement of water holding capacity) Plant Growth Vegetative –Flowering ‐ Fruiting Stage: Sand Kaolinite Clay pubs.usgs.gov www.azonano.com Wherever Water Goes ‐ So Do Nutrients www.agric.wa.gov.au www.tankonyvtar.hu 3 3/5/2015 Irrigation Strategy??? Depends Mainly on Soil Type More critical for young plants Sand: a little at a time, but often, fast application Silt/Clay: slow application, longer time period, less frequently When do I start and stop irrigating? Resistance
    [Show full text]
  • Iron (Fe) Nutrition of Plants1 George Hochmuth2
    SL353 Iron (Fe) Nutrition of Plants1 George Hochmuth2 Introduction are on the order of 10-15 molar (very low concentration). As pH increases by one unit, activity of Fe+++ decreases by Iron is one of 16 essential elements for plant growth and 1000-fold due to the formation of insoluble Fe +++hydroxide. reproduction (some scientists also consider nickel to be Under reducing conditions—addition of H+ or other essential, making 17 in total). Iron (Fe) is one of the most reductants—Fe solubility increases. Under such situations, abundant elements on the planet. In 1844, Eusebe Gris Fe can be adsorbed on soil as an exchangeable ion. showed that certain chlorosis in plants could be reversed by treating roots and leaves with iron solutions. Iron is a In certain soil situations, carbonate or sulfide compounds micronutrient and is required by plants in small amounts. may form with Fe. Commonly in waterlogged situations, Most annual plants have a requirement for Fe on the order ferric iron is reduced to the ferrous state. If sulfates also of 1 to 1.5 lb Fe per acre, compared with nitrogen (N) at 80 are abundant in the soil, these become oxygen sources for to 200 lb per acre. This publication provides information bacteria and black-colored ferrous sulfide is formed on plant nutrition and soil fertility for agricultural and urban plant production and management practitioners. The Where organic matter is present in soils, Fe may be present information should provide a detailed basic understanding in its reduced state as Fe++ in the soil solution or adsorbed of soil science and plant physiology for diagnosing and onto soil particle surfaces.
    [Show full text]
  • Citrus Fertilizer Management on Calcareous Soils Page 3 Sufficiency Level for Use with Citrus Grown on Florida Susceptibility To
    Citrus Fertilizer Management on Calcareous Soils Page 3 sufficiency level for use with citrus grown on Florida Susceptibility to Fe chlorosis depends on a plant's calcareous soils, response to Fe deficiency stress, which is controlled genetically. Citrus rootstocks vary widely in their THE EFFECT OF CaCO, ON ZINC AND ability to overcome low Fe stress (see Table 2). The MANGANESE easiest way to avoid lime-induced Fe chlorosis in citrus trees to be planted on calcareous soils is to use Soil pH is the most important factor regulating tolerant rootstocks. Existing Fe chlorosis can be Zn and Mn supply in alkaline soils. At alkaline (high) corrected by using organic chelates, a method pH values, Zn and Mn form precipitous compounds discussed in detail in a later section. with low water solubility, markedly decreasing their availability to plants. A soil pH value of less than 7 FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT ON is preferred to ensure that Zn and Mn are available CALCAREOUS SOILS to plants in sufficient amounts. The soil around a plant root (the rhizosphere) tends to be acidic due to Nitrogen. Regardless of the initial form applied, root exudation of H' ions. Therefore, soils that are essentially all N fertilizer ultimately exists as N03- slightly alkaline may not necessarily be deficient in Zn because nitrification proceeds uninhibited in or Mn. In addition, Zn and Mn can be chelated by calcareous soils. Rather than attempt to slow this natural organic compounds in the soil, a process that process, citrus grove management practices should aids the movement of these nutrients to the plant emphasize irrigation and fertilizer application root.
    [Show full text]