ABRIR CAPÍTULO II U U U U U U U U U CAPITULO III U U ANÁLISIS FILMICO U U U U U U U U U U 175

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ABRIR CAPÍTULO II U U U U U U U U U CAPITULO III U U ANÁLISIS FILMICO U U U U U U U U U U 175 ABRIR CAPÍTULO II u u u u u u u u u CAPITULO III u u ANÁLISIS FILMICO u u u u u u u u u u 175 3. Criterios de agrupamiento En un primer acercamiento a las películas escogidas, la filmografía de ciencia ficción en donde la energía atómica interviene en calidad de ingrediente de la trama o trasfondo se presenta harto variopinta; con obras ambientadas en un futuro remoto y representaciones emplazadas en un mañana inminente, relatos protagonizados por extraterrestres y ejercicios de política-ficción con soviéticos y estadounidenses, escenarios asolados por una fauna mutante, “robinsonadas” a cuenta de los supervivientes de la guerra nuclear, etc. La diversidad del corpus nos obliga, a fines prácticos, a identificar sub-unidades temáticas para servimos de ellas como base desde las cuales elaborar los modelos analíticos del texto. Con tal propósito hemos agrupado los filmes en cuatro bloques: el primero de ellos -el más vasto- comprende a las obras alusivas al holocausto nuclear y sus consecuencias; el segundo congrega las narraciones referidas a las entidades monstruosas causadas por las radiaciones atómicas; el tercero reúne las películas donde el tema nuclear se asocia a personajes extraterrestres; el cuarto y último ha sido delimitado de modo negativo: en él figuran los filmes que no encajan en los bloques anteriores, porque en ellos la energía nuclear no se vincula a mutaciones ni a alienígenas ni al peligro de una guerra atómica. La inclusión de este apanado “cajón de sastre se justifica por el interés de sus componentes, algunos de las cuales ofrecen ejemplos infrecuentes de usos inocuos de las potencias del átomo o de experimentos con sustancias radioactivas de efectos no encasillables en los demás grupos. Los criterios de agrupamiento se basan en las coincidencias observadas en la estructura narrativa, al menos en los tres primeros casos. Con esas distinciones seguimos a la crítica cinematográfica, acostumbrada a hablar de un “cine de invasiones extraterrestres”, de un ciclo de películas de “monstruos” y de un repertorio del ‘fin del mundo”. Naturalmente, hay solapamientos: motivos de un grupo aparecen en otro y viceversa; hay mutaciones en filmes referidos al holocausto y la sombra de la guerra nuclear también se proyecta sobre las películas con alienígenas. La promiscuidad temática plantea una dificultad que hemos procurado sortear distribuyendo los filmes en uno u otro grupo guiándonos por el componente temático a nuestro juicio determinante en la organización del relato. De todos modos, el entrelazamiento de motivos por encima o debajo de los tabiques alzados por el análisis no debe des¿oncertar al lector; en el fondo es una manifestación más de la profunda identidad temática de los niundos posibles del átomo. Describir los rasgos esenciales de esa identidad constituye el objeto de la síntesis con la que concluye el 176 capítulo, para lo cual subsumiremos el análisis de los bloques en formulaciones generales aplicables al conjunto de las películas. Puesto que no presuponemos el conocimiento de la filmografía estudiada por parte del lector, hemos incluido un Apéndice al final de la tesis, con una sinopsis de las películas analizadas con el propósito de facilitarle el manejo de los datos básicos de las tramas. 3.1. LOS FILMES DEL HOLOCAUSTO En la filmografía bajo examen predominan los filmes relativos al desastre de origen nuclear. Por su vastedad, este grupo de películas se presta a ulteriores sub-divisiones según la posición ocupada por el evento catastrófico en la tripartición Pasado-Presente-Futuro. Distinguimos así filmes donde el holocausto nuclear constituye un dato del pasado, películas que lo emplazan en el presente de la narración, y obras que lo sitúan en el futuro. En conformidad con ese criterio hemos distribuido las obras en un primer apanado donde el desastre atómico en ciernes copa el horizonte (Modelo pre-Holocausto); un segundo donde la hecatombe en curso ocupa el presente (Modelo Holocausto); y un tercero en el cual el cataclismo atómicó se incardina en el pasado, determinando desde allí presente y futuro (Modelo post-Holocausto). De conjunto, los tres sub-grupos componen una secuencia completa de historización (ficcional) de la conflagración nuclear. 3.1.1. MODELO PRE-HOLOCAUSTO El modelo parte de una situación típica de la Guerra Fría, de tensa vigilia de armas de soviéticos y estadounidenses, pertrechados con arsenales nucleares bajo el control de dispositivos electrónicos. Súbitamente, el equilibrio del terror se ve desestabilizado por un elemento que conduce a la antesala del conflicto nuclear: un ataque soviético sorpresivo o una anomalía en el sistema defensivo estadounidense. A partir de allí, las intrigas las entretejen las peripecias de los actores, resueltos a evitar la catástrofe contra el designio de los partidarios de su consumación. El desenlace oscila entre el estallido de la III Guerra Mundial o su prevención iii extremis y el consiguiente retorno al precario equilibrio inicial. 3.1.1.1. Situación inicial Las tramas arrancan siempre del lado americano, bajo la espada de Damocles del conflicto nuclear. El detonante de la crisis puede ser endógeno o exógeno, distinción que traza una 177 divisoria de aguas entre las películas del grupo. En el primer caso se trata de una agresión soviética motivada por un afán expansionista. En esa circunstancia la culpa de la guerra se achaca al carácter intrínsecamente ofensivo de las armas soviéticas, nunca a la existencia del ‘defensiva’ armamento americano. Esta definición del punto de panida coloca la acción bajo el signo del relato bélico convencional. En el segundo caso, la causa endógena de la anomalía es un accidente en el sistema defensivo estadounidense, un fallo al nivel de las tres “C” (Com,nand, Control, Communication). Al pasar al primer plano la responsabilidad propia en el desastre, la trama se apana de los lugares comunes del cine de guerra: la acción principal, en vez de encaminarse hacia la lucha porla victoria, se aboca a reparar el desperfecto desencadenante. 3.1.1.2. Actores En las películas donde la crisis es originada por la Unión Soviética los protagonistas actúan conforme al libreto belicista: en Rocket Attack USA un espía americano se infiltra en la URSS con el propósito de sabotear los preparativos de un ataque nuclear sorpresivo contra Estados Unidos guiado por el Sputnik; en Invasion USA se trata de simples ciudadanos reunidos en un bar neoyorquino sufren un devastador bombardeo nuclear soviético por sorpresa. El azar bélico decide su suerte: el espía de Rocket Attack USA cae bajo las balas enemigas sin conseguir frustar el ataque soviético, mientras que los parroquianos de Invasion USA perecen bajo el avance de la invasión enemiga: uno se ahoga con su familia después que una bomba atómica vuela la represa Hoover; otro es tiroteado por las tropas invasoras en Washington DC; un tercero es asesinado en su despacho por el limpiador de ventanas -un quintacolumnista-, y otro desaparece en el holocausto de Nueva York. Poco tienen de ciencia-ficción estos filmes por fuera del bombardeo nuclear; en lo demás los esquemas actanciales siguen a pie juntillas la narración bélica típica de la II Guerra Mundial. Muy distinto es el comportamiento de los héroes de los filmes donde el problema nace en las entrañas del sistema defensivo. Entre ellos figuran autoridades como Murphy Muffley, el presidente de Estados Unidos de Dr. Strangelove, empeñado en parar el ataque a la URSS decidido por uno de sus generales; y el presidente americano y el premier soviético de Fail Safe, unidos con4a el peligro de guerra mundial creado por un malentendido; científicos de la talla del Dr. Forbin de Colossus, el creador del ordenador estratégico sublevado; y un protagonista juvenil, David, el pirata informático de War Games compelido á desconectar el programa de Guerra Termonuclear Global del Pentágono que él 178 mismo activase al confundirlo con un videojuego. El cometido de todos ellos pasa por poner bajo control una situación interna que les explota entre las manos, y desbaratar la maquinación de los militares y los circuitos electrónicos. En rotundo contraste con el patrón de héroes bien delineados del cine clásico de Hollywood, promotores incansables de la acción heroica hasta su consumación, esta clase de protagonistas se ve continuamente superada por la inercia de los hechos. Muffley, impotente ante el curso imparable de los acontecimientos, cae en lo irrisorio; no sale mejor parado el premier soviético, un alcohólico mujeriego incapaz de dominar su red de defensa automática. Lo mismo se aplica al presidente de Estados Unidos en Fail Safe, rehén de los automatismos del poder militar por él encabezado, sin mejor salida que la de inmolar Nueva York para apaciguar a los soviéticos. Ni sale más airoso Forbin, el inventor del super- computador rebelde en Colossus. Tampoco el heroísmo final de David, el héroe accidental de War Games, borra el hecho de haber activado, también por accidente, el dispositivo de guerra termonuclear. La acción de todos ellos es propiamente una reacción, la respuesta a una iniciativa desquiciada de los sistemas encargados de defenderlos. Expuestos al riesgo de perecer bajo esta variante de “fuego amigo”, los protagonistas descubren que sus adversarios nominales, los soviéticos, representan el mal menor, e incluso resultan ser un aliado en pos de la meta superior: obstruir el despliegue de su dispositivo militar. El suyo es un heroísmo preventivo. Oponentes La lógica de Guerra Fría activa en las crisis exógenas en Rocket Attack USA e Invasion USA no deja dudas sobre la identidad del oponente: los soviéticos (identidad que la segunda película no especifica verbalmente aunque silo hace visualmente con la inserción de imágenes de archivo de aviones Mig). Poco más hay en su definición; los filmes se limitan a satanizar al adversario recurriendo al ardid retórico de homologar la URSS al totalitarismo del Eje, y sus ataques sorpresivos a una versión nuclearizada de la Blitzkrieg alemana o del artero ataque japonés a Pearl Harbour.
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