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Lesson Learned from Catastrophic Floods in Western Japan in 2018: Sustainable Perspective Analysis

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water Case Report Lesson Learned from Catastrophic Floods in Western Japan in 2018: Sustainable Perspective Analysis Song-Shun Lin 1, Ning Zhang 2,3,*, Ye-Shuang Xu 1 and Takenori Hino 4 1 Department of Civil Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean, and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; [email protected] (S.-S.L.); [email protected] (Y.-S.X.) 2 Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology (Shantou University), Ministry of Education, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China 3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China 4 Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Saga University, Saga 840-8502, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 5 August 2020; Accepted: 4 September 2020; Published: 6 September 2020 Abstract: Natural hazards have a significant impact on the sustainable development of human society. This paper reports on the catastrophic floods in western Japan in 2018. Continuous rainfall resulted in catastrophic floods, leading to 212 deaths, damage to more than 2000 houses and 619 geological disasters in 31 prefectures. The causes and contributing factors of these catastrophic floods are analyzed. The analysis of the causes of typical natural hazards provides an important lesson for hazard prevention and management. To adapt to climate change and prevent natural hazards in the future, the preliminary investigation and sustainable perspective analysis in this paper suggest the importance of the construction of a spongy city and the establishment of an early warning system with the help of information science and artificial intelligence technologies (ISAIT); we also highlight the urgent need to improve and strengthen the management of infrastructure. Keywords: flood hazard; investigation; western Japan; early warning system; flood hazards management 1. Introduction The climate is determined by patterns of temperature, wind, atmospheric pressure, humidity and rain over a prolonged period. Global warming, caused by both natural factors and anthropic activities [1–3], is causing immediate and direct climatic change across the planet [4–8]. Flood hazards have a great influence on humans; numerous villages and farmlands are destroyed or submerged, leading a large number of people to lose their homes or lives and reducing the crop yields. Besides, traffic and communication are interrupted or blocked, and information transfer and supplies transportation are delayed. Moreover, the living standards of people in disaster-stricken areas are greatly affected. In July 2018, catastrophic floods occurred in western Japan. These catastrophic floods caused great economic losses and casualties, resulting in 212 deaths. damage to more than 2000 houses and 619 geological disasters in 31 prefectures [9]. The flood resulted in the most significant impacts on western Japan since 1982; furthermore, the number of rainfall observation stations receiving the highest amount of rainfall within 48 h compared to historical recordings was the highest since 1982. Investigations into catastrophic floods or other hazards can provide significant resources and guidelines to make comprehensive hazard prevention and management plans. Water 2020, 12, 2489; doi:10.3390/w12092489 www.mdpi.com/journal/water Water 2020, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 Water 2020, 12, 2489 2 of 15 Investigations into catastrophic floods or other hazards can provide significant resources and guidelinesPredicting to make flood comprehensive hazards accurately hazard and prevention implementing and management effective natural plans hazard. prevention and managementPredicting plans flood can hazard mitigates accurately the impacts and from implement hazardsing and effective reduce thenatural loss tohazard the minimal prevention possible and extent.management Thus, plan it iss can necessary mitigate to the establish impacts an from early hazards warning and systemreduce (EWS).the loss Twoto the main minimal issues possible need toexten bet tackled. Thus, it in is an necessary EWS: one to isestablish data collection, an early warning and the othersystem is (EWS). data processing. Two main Dataissues concerning need to be ditackledfferent in hazards an EWS should: one is be data collected collection through, andadvanced the other technologyis data processing. and equipment. Data concerning The geographical different informationhazards should system be (GIS),collected global through positioning advanced system technology (GPS) and remoteand equipment sensing (RS). The (simplified geographical as 3S ininformation the following system context) (GIS), can global be applied positioning in data system collection; (GPS) and furthermore, remote sensing 3S has (RS) wide (simplified applications as 3S in thein the field following of hazard context prevention) can be [10 applied]. For example,in data collection Hussein; etfurthermore, al. [11] applied 3S ha remotes wide sensingapplicatio datans toin predictthe field the of occurrencehazard prevention of flash floods.[10]. For Detailed example, applications Hussein et of al RS. [11 technology] applied remote to flood sensing prediction data can to bepredict seen inthe the occurrence work of Sharma of flash et flood al. [12s. ].Detailed Zhang etapplication al. [13] utilizeds of RS sensing technology data toto mapflood coastal prediction flooding can frombe seen local in the and work global of Sharma perspectives. et al. [12 Many]. Zhang data et can al. [ be13] collected utilized sensing from 3S data technologies. to map coastal Information flooding sciencefrom local and and artificial global intelligence perspectives technologies. Many data can can provide be collected effective from means 3S oftechnologies. dealing with Information these data. Dodangehscience and et artificial al. [14] utilizedintelligen machinece technologies learning methodscan provide to predict effective flood means susceptibility. of dealing with Thus, these the use data. of 3SDodangeh technologies et al. integrated[14] utilized with machine information learning science methods and to artificial predict intelligence flood susceptibility. technologies Thus, (ISAIT) the use to constructof 3S technologies an EWS canintegrated increase with the information accuracy of hazardscienceoccurrence and artificial prediction. intelligence technologies (ISAIT) to constructThe objectives an EWS and can noveltiesincrease the of thisaccuracy paper of are hazard as follows: occurrence (1) we prediction. investigate the formation and impactsThe of objectives catastrophic and floodsnovelties in Japan; of this (2) paper we systematically are as follows analyze: (1) we theinvestigate causes of the flood; formation and (3) and we developimpacts of novel catastrophic and sustainable floods in suggestions Japan; (2) we for systematically dealing with catastrophicanalyze the causes flood hazards,of flood; and which (3) canwe providedevelop lessonsnovel and regarding sustainable countermeasures suggestions for and dealing guidelines with for catastrophic preventing flood and copinghazards with, which natural can hazards,provide lesson such ass regarding spongy city counter constructionmeasures and and the guidelines establishment for ofpreventing an early warningand coping system. with Figurenatural1 presentshazards, thesuch flowchart as spongy of city this construction article. and the establishment of an early warning system. Figure 1 presents the flowchart of this article. Situations Impacts Prevention and Rainfall formation Casualties management Catastrophic flood Economic loss Spongy city Lesson Cause analysis Early warning system for hazards Hazards review Contributing factors Infrastructure management Current situations in Japan Figure 1. Flowchart of the article. 2. Investigations 2. Investigations 2.1. Rainfall Formation 2.1. Rainfall Formation This section presents the formation of a catastrophic flood. Figure2 displays a specific rainfall formation;This section the area present affecteds the by catastrophicformation of flood a catastrophic in Japan is flood. also shown Figure in 2 the display figure.s a The specific affected rainfall area accountsformation for; the nearly area half affected of Japan’s by catastrophic territory. In flood July 2018, in Japan the westernis also shown regions in of the Japan figure. (see theThe red affected circle inarea Figure accounts2) were for severely nearly half a ffected of Japan by Typhoon’s territory. Prapiroon. In July 2018, The formationthe western of regions a connective of Japan airflow (see andthe thered footprintscircle in Fig ofure Typhoon 2) were Prapiroon severely are affected presented by Typhoon in the figure. Prapiroon. Heavy rainfall The formation started at of Kyushu a connective Island fromairflow 5 July and 2018 the footprints [15,16]. The of stranded Typhoon plum Prapiroon rain front are inpresented Hokkaido in then the crossedfigure. H Nihon-Kaieavy rainfall from started north toat southKyushu on Island 5 July from 2018 because5 July 2018 of the [15 weakening,16]. The stranded of the subtropical plum rain high-pressurefront in Hokkaido system then on crossed Pacific Ocean.Nihon-Kai Then, from the north warm to and south moist on vapor 5 July carried 2018 bybecause Typhoon of Prapiroonthe weakening crossed of thethe Pacificsubtropical Ocean. high The- informationpressure system including on Pacific the wind Ocean. speed, Then, scale the of warm wind forceand moist and the vapor tropical carried
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