University of Bath PHD Contributions to knowledge of water relations in hemiptera Goodchild, A. J. P. Award date: 1988 Awarding institution: University of Bath Link to publication Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 24. Sep. 2021 CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE OF WATER RELATIONS IN HEM I PTERA Submitted by A .J . P.Goodchild for the degree of Ph.D. (S ta ff C andidature,Method B) of the U niversity of Bath 1988 COPYRIGHT Attention is drawn to the fact that copyright of this thesis rests with its author. This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with i ts author and th a t no quotation from the th e sis and no inform ation derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the au th o r. Material contained within the papers submitted as appendices remains the copyright of the publishers of the respective journals. 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Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 'r '\ 2 4 At-'R j% < ) • - 1 - t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s Page PREFACE.................................................. 2 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 4 THE SOURCE OF RESEARCH MATERIAL.................................................................14 THE PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF EXCRETA . ,...........................16 FEEDING, GROWTH, AND ION EXCRETION.........................................................20 THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE MIDGUT OF D. baccarum ..............................30 DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................................35 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................ 50 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................51 APPENDIX 1 .........................................................Original pagination 543-572 APPENDIX 2 ...................................................................." " " 217-237 APPENDIX 3 ...................................................................." " " 851-910 APPENDIX 4 ........................................................ " ” " 97-140 APPENDIX 5 ....................................................................” ” " 192-196 APPENDIX 6 ....................................................................” " " 11-16 APPENDIX 7 ...................................................................." M " 62-70 APPENDIX 8 ...................................................................." " " 1032-1041 APPENDIX 9 ...................................................................." " " 177-188 - 2 - p r e f a c e The work submitted herein for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Staff Candidature - Method B) consists mainly of nine selected papers which have already been published in reputable journals. They are the sole work of the candidate, and have not previously been submitted to any university for the award of a higher degree. They are attached as Appendices 1-9, and the titles listed below. The thesis consists of an introduction to the subject in general, with the background to the published papers, and an account of experiments and ultrastructural stu d ies carried out between 1978 and 1983, and not as yet published. The discussion assesses these results in the light of previous work, and reviews the literature of the subject up to the time of writing. APPENDICES 1. A study of the digestive system of the West African cacao capsid bugs.(Hemiptera,Miridae) Proc.zool.Soc.Lond., 122, 543-572.(1952) 2. Some new observations on the intestinal structures concerned with water disposal in sap-sucking Hemiptera. Trans.R.ent.Soc.Lond. , 115, 217-237.(1963) 3. Studies on the functional anatomy of the intestines of Heteroptera. Proc.zool.Soc.Lond., 141, 851-910.(1963) 4. Evolution of the alimentary canal in the Hemiptera. Biological Reviews, 41, 97-140.(1966) 5. Shield bug (Piezosternum calidum Fab.) infestation of Oyster Nut. E.Afr.Agric.& For.J., 192-196.(1967) 6. Some unusual cell inclusions in the mid-gut of a Moth Bug, Gyarina nigritarsis Karsch.(Homoptera;Flatidae), and their possible signif­ icance in nutrition. Proc.R.ent.Soc.Lond.(A), 44, 11-16.(1969) 7. The rectal glands of Halosalda lateralis(Fallen)(Hemiptera;Saldidae) and Hydrometra stagnorum(L.)(Hemiptera;Hydrometridae). Proc.R.ent .Soc.l£>nd. (A) , 44, 62-70.(1969) 8. Bionomics, aggregated feeding behaviour, and colour variations in the sap-sucking bug Mygdonia tuberculosa Sign.(H em iptera:C oreidae). Rev.Zool.Afr., 91, 1032-1041.(1977) 9. The nature and origin of the mid-gut contents in a sap-sucking Heteropteran, Piezosternum calidum Fab.(Tessaratominae) and the role of symbiotic bacteria in its nutrition.Ent.exp.fc appl.,23, 177-188.(1978) - 3 - SUMMARY Measurements of sodium and potassium concentrations in the haemolymph and excreta, and an experiment to compare feeding, growth ra te and excretion in 5th.instar larvae of the pentatomid bug Palomena prasina, are described, and an account given of investigations into the ultra­ structure of the midgut of adults of a closely related species, Dolycoris baccarum. It is shown that the haemolymph of P.prasina has a sodium:potassium ratio of approximately 0.4, substantially less than in other Exopterygote insects. It is suggested that this is an adaptation to phytophagy. Very little sodium, but a large amount of potassium, is discharged in the excreta, corresponding to the proportions in the food (runner bean pod) of 1:140. The relationship between food intake, weight gain, and potassium excreted show significant correlations, the average per 5th.instar larva per day being approximately 35.5mg., 7.6mg., and 0.066mg. respectively. The points at which the regression lines cross the y-axis suggest that the "mainten­ ance ration" per insect per day is 9mg.wet weight of bean pod ( 0.01 Kj.) and that approximately 15% of the excreta is not measured by the technique employed. A correction for the latter is applied to the results, and gives a result for volume of fluid excreta consistent with that calculated from independent data. Feeding efficiency is shown to be comparable with that of other phytophagous insects, but less than that of seed-feeding Hemiptera. Weight gain is 38.34% of food ingested and 40.6% of food assimilated. The former figure is high compared with biting-and-chewing feeders because no inassimilable material is ingested. The structure of the midgut of adult D.baccarum shows that the anterior regions are adapted for secretion and solute absorption without mass fluid transport, but the posterior regions, which are isolated during larval life by an interruption of the gut lumen, resemble cells in other insects in which mass fluid transport is believed to occur. It is thought that movement from lumen to haemolymph occurs in the c e n tra l tube of the caeca- bearing region, and from haemolymph to lumen in the hindmost part of the midgut, the excretory vesicle. The implications of this are discussed. The material contained within the papers submitted as appendices is essentially summarised in the Introduction to this thesis. - 4 - INTRODUCTION Insects belonging to the Order Hemiptera feed by piercing and sucking. Their feeding apparatus is among the most highly modifiedtfrom the primitive pattern found in the cockroach, of any group of insects. In place of the biting jaws and jointed maxillae and labium, with jointed sensory palps on the last two pairs of appendages, there remains only the proboscis-like labium, carrying in a channel on its morphologically anterior face a hollow piercing stylet The stylet