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The Novel Chicken Interleukin 26 Protein Is Overexpressed in T Cells and Induces Proinflammatory Cytokines Anh Duc Truong, Boyeong Park, Jihye Ban and Yeong Ho Hong*

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The Novel Chicken Interleukin 26 Protein Is Overexpressed in T Cells and Induces Proinflammatory Cytokines Anh Duc Truong, Boyeong Park, Jihye Ban and Yeong Ho Hong* Truong et al. Vet Res (2016) 47:65 DOI 10.1186/s13567-016-0342-0 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The novel chicken interleukin 26 protein is overexpressed in T cells and induces proinflammatory cytokines Anh Duc Truong, Boyeong Park, Jihye Ban and Yeong Ho Hong* Abstract In the present study, we describe the cloning and functional characterization of chicken interleukin 26 (ChIL-26). ChIL-26, a member of the IL-10 cytokine family, induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines by T cells. The ChIL-26 cDNA encodes an 82-amino-acid protein whose amino acid sequence has 22.63, 46.31 and 43.15% homology with human IL-26, pig IL-26 and canary IL-26, respectively. ChIL-26 signals through a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of the IL-20R1 and IL-10R2 chains, which are expressed primarily in the CU91 T cell line as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Recombinant ChIL-26 protein induced Th1 cytokines (IL-16 and IFN-γ), Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10), Th17 cytokines (IL-17A, IL-17D, and IL-17F), and chemokine transcripts (mainly CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL20 and CXCL13) in the CU91 T cell line and in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, however IL-18 was not expressed in the CU91 T cell line. Taken together, the data demonstrates that T cells express the functional ChIL-26 receptor complex and that ChIL-26 modu- lates T cell proliferation and proinflammatory gene expression. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of cloned ChIL-26. We evaluated its functional roles, particularly in the pathogenic costimulation of T cells, which may be significantly associated with the induction of cytokines. Introduction especially Th17 cells [6, 7]. It signals through a heterodi- Interleukin 26 (IL-26) was originally discovered in meric receptor complex composed of the IL-20R1 and humans [1] and zebrafish [2]. Human IL-26 (HuIL-26) IL-10R2 chains [8]. HuIL-26 receptors are expressed pri- was cloned as a novel cDNA clone, denoted as AK155, marily on non-hematopoietic cell types, particularly epi- displaying weak but significant sequence homology thelial cells [7]. (approximately 25% identity) to HuIL-10. The genes In chickens, only four avian members of the IL-10 fam- encoding the ligands of the IL-10 family are located on ily have been identified: IL-10, IL-19, IL-22, and IL-26. human chromosome 1 (Chr1) (IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, and Similar to HuIL-26, chicken IL-26 (ChIL-26) is encoded IL-24) [3, 4] and Chr12 (IL-22 and -24), and genes for in the same cluster with IL-10 on chromosome 26, in a their receptors are located on Chr1 (IL-22R1), Chr3 (IL- syntenic region with human Chr1 [9, 10]. In humans, 20R2), Chr6 (IL-20R1, IL-22BP, and IFNGR1), Chr11 HuIL-26 has been reported to signal via the IL-10R2/ (IL-10R1) and Chr21 (IFNAR2, IL-10R2, IFNAR1 and IL-20R1 heterodimeric receptor [8, 11]. While IL-10R2 IFNGR2) [2, 5]. is broadly expressed, IL-20R1 is expressed in many epi- The HuIL-26 gene is located on chromosome 12q15, thelial cell types but not in hematopoietic cells [12, 13]. between the genes for two other important class 2 The only biological activity of IL-26 reported so far is the cytokines, gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and IL-22. IL-26 upregulation of IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha is often coexpressed with IL-22 by activated T cells, (TNF-α) and CD54 expression in intestinal epithelial cell lines, in association with STAT3 and/or STAT1 phospho- rylation [8, 12]. *Correspondence: [email protected] Recently, HuIL-26 was functionally characterized, and Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea His-HuIL-26 was shown to induce IL-10 and IL-8 in © 2016 The Author(s). This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/ publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Truong et al. Vet Res (2016) 47:65 Page 2 of 10 the Colo-205 colon cancer cell line and IL-8 in the Lovo USA) and then ligated into digested pET32a (EMD Milli- colon cancer and HaCaT cell lines [8]. HuIL-26 induces pore, Billerica, MA, USA). To express rChIL-26 in E. coli, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and many the purified ChIL-26-pET32a plasmid was introduced chemokines (mainly CCL20) in myeloid cells and CD4+ T into E. coli BL21 (Invitrogen). cells [14–16]. IL-26 is also produced by activated T cells The expression of rChIL-26 was induced by adding and targets epithelial target cells for signal transduction 1 mM IPTG (USB Corporation, Cleveland, OH, USA), [6, 17]. However, the molecular cloning and functional and bacteria were cultured at 37 °C overnight at 250 rpm. characterization of ChIL-26 have not yet been performed. The bacterial cells were pelleted by centrifugation at We therefore report here, for the first time, the cloning 3500 × g for 30 min at 4 °C. The supernatant was removed and functional characterization of ChIL-26. In addition, and the pellet treated with B-PER bacterial protein extrac- we examined the biological effects of recombinant ChIL- tion reagent (Thermo Scientific). Recombinant ChIL-26 26 (rChIL-26) protein in the CU91 chicken T cell line, was purified using HisPur cobalt resin (Thermo Scientific) CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. We observed increased in the first step of purification as per the manufacturer’s inflammatory responses, and production of proinflam- instructions. To remove the endotoxin contaminants, matory molecules. we combined affinity chromatography with a non-ionic detergent washing step as previously described [19]. The Materials and methods purified protein was concentrated and the buffer changed Cloning and expression of rChIL‑26 by ultrafiltration using a 3000-molecular-weight-cutoff To clone full-length ChIL-26, the predicted ChIL-26 cod- membrane (EMD Millipore). The samples were dialyzed ing sequence (GenBank accession # XM_004937561) was in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.2) overnight, amplified from total RNA of the intestinal mucosal layer using SnakeSkinTM dialysis tubing (Thermo Scientific), using the following restriction enzyme-anchored prim- with stirring, and were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. ers: EcoRI-anchored forward primer, 5′-CGGAATTCA TGAAAAATGTTTTCAGTCATCTTGG-3′; and HindIII- Antibodies anchored reverse primer, 5′-CCAAGCTTTACTATGG The following antibodies were used: anti-chicken CD4 TTTGGATGTAGGCCT-3′ (restriction sites are under- (IgG1, k) and anti-chicken CD8 monoclonal antibodies lined). Total RNA was isolated using TRizol reagent (CT-8), purchased from LifeSpan BioSciences, Inc. (Seat- (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) as described [18] from tle, WA, USA), anti-His (C-Term)–horseradish peroxi- the intestinal mucosal layer of White Leghorn chickens, dase (HRP) antibody was purchased from Invitrogen and kindly provided by the Animal Biosciences and Biotech- Biotin-labeled goat anti-mouse Ig and Plus-DM strepta- nology Laboratory (Beltsville, MD, USA) of the USDA- vidin particles were also purchased from BD Biosciences Agricultural Research Service. The first-strand cDNA was (San Jose, CA, USA). subsequently synthesized using a Maxima First Strand cDNA synthesis kit (Thermo Scientific Inc., Waltham, Isolation of CD4+, CD8+ and splenic T cells MA, USA). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was per- Spleens were obtained from 4 to 5 week-old disease-free formed to amplify the full-length ChIL-26 cDNA, under Ross 308 chicks (YangJi Hatchery, Pyeongtaek, Republic the following conditions: initial denaturation at 94 °C for of Korea). Total cells were strained through a cell strainer 3 min, 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, anneal- (mesh size, 70 µm; Thermo Scientific) into a 50 mL tube. ing at 60 °C for 30 s, and extension at 72 °C for 30 s and a CD4+ and CD8+ cells were isolated using a BD IMag final extension at 72 °C for 5 min. The newly synthesized magnetic bead cell separation system according to the full-length ChIL-26 gene was directly inserted into the manufacturer’s instructions (BD Biosciences Pharmin- pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), gen) and described previously [20]. Briefly, the cell con- 7 −1 followed by transformation into Escherichia coli TOP10 centration was adjusted to 2 × 10 mL and 50 µg/mL (Invitrogen). Transformed E. coli TOP10 cells were cul- of anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody (LifeSpan tured overnight in Luria–Bertani media (Difco™ and BioSciences) was added as determined in preliminary BBL™, NJ, USA) at 37 °C. A transformant was selected by titration experiments. The cells were then incubated on a combination of PCR screening and sequencing (Geno- ice for 45 min and washed twice with Hank’s balanced tech Inc., Daejeon, Republic of Korea). For cloning into E. salt solution (HBSS) (Invitrogen) containing 10% fetal coli expression vectors, the ChIL-26-expressing plasmid bovine serum (FBS). Biotinylated goat anti-mouse IgG was digested with the endonucleases EcoRI (Invitrogen) (BD Biosciences Pharmingen) was added at the appro- and HindIII (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The digested priate concentration, and the cells were incubated for ChIL-26 fragment was purified from an agarose gel using 15 min on ice and then washed with an excess volume a QIAQuick gel extraction kit (QIAgen, Valencia, CA, of 1 × BD IMag buffer (BD Biosciences Pharmingen).
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