DOCSLIB.ORG

Pathway Analysis for Risks Associated with The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Risk Assessment of the Movement of Firewood within the United States Source: Kosichfirewood.org (artist: Alastair Heseltine) Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh NC, 27606 Rev.Original May, 2010 Executive Summary Exotic and native forest pests such as Agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer), Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorned beetle), Dendroctonous ponderosae (mountain pine beetle), Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and O. ulmi (pathogens associated with Dutch elm disease), Cryphonectria parasitica (pathogen associated with chestnut blight), and Geosmithia sp. (pathogen associated with thousand cankers disease of black walnut) cause serious damage to urban and natural forests in the United States. These pests and many others disperse various distances through multiple pathways including movement of nursery stock and firewood. Firewood is a raw forest product that is widely utilized and moved throughout the United States with relatively limited consideration of the potential pests within or the associated risks. We conducted an assessment and examined factors that may affect the risk associated with the movement of firewood such as users, movement, insects and diseases, potential impact to natural and urban forests, and trends in firewood use. From our assessment, we estimate firewood to be a high-risk pathway for the movement of forest pests for the following reasons. • Firewood is a well-known pathway for the movement of wood pests. • The United States requires treatment of all imported firewood, with a few exceptions from Canada and Mexico. • Regulations prohibiting the domestic movement of firewood are already justified and in place for several states for five exotic forest pests. • Firewood readily moves commercially and privately throughout the United States. • Urban forests are particularly susceptible and increasing in number. • High diversity and coverage of forests in the United States. • The value of the economic resources in the United States at risk if exotic or native forest pests are spread to additional areas is very high. • High regulatory costs of forest pest management. Movement of firewood is a high-risk pathway for spreading non-native and native forest pests in the United States. We recommend that Federal and State regulatory agencies examine the current regulations for firewood movement and coordinate efforts to mitigate the potential risks, with primary focus on long-distance and urban area movement. Rev.Original May, 2010 i Table of Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................................................... i List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 2 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. 2 Nature of the Problem ..................................................................................................................... 1 Statement of Purpose ...................................................................................................................... 1 Scope of the Assessment ................................................................................................................. 2 Definition of Firewood ................................................................................................................... 2 Overview of Treatments for Wood Products Entering the United States ....................................... 2 Current Federal Treatment Requirements for Firewood ................................................................. 3 State Regulations for Firewood ...................................................................................................... 3 Firewood Use in the United States.................................................................................................. 4 Description of Firewood Pathways ................................................................................................. 6 Firewood imported from other countries .................................................................................................. 6 Firewood distributors ................................................................................................................................ 7 Firewood users .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Home heating ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Camping .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Initiation, Approach, and Distribution of Pest Risk ...................................................................... 16 Pest Interceptions Associated with Firewood ......................................................................................... 16 Border Interceptions ............................................................................................................................ 16 Firewood Surveys and Studies ............................................................................................................ 18 Potential for Movement and Establishment of Pests in Firewood .......................................................... 19 Resources at Risk .......................................................................................................................... 22 United States Forests ............................................................................................................................... 22 Urban forests ........................................................................................................................................... 24 Economics of Forest Products and Regulatory Costs ................................................................... 25 Pests Associated with Firewood ................................................................................................... 26 Insects ..................................................................................................................................................... 27 Pathogens ................................................................................................................................................ 30 Rev.Original May, 2010 Evolving forest pathosystems and the concerns they raise with domestic movement of unmitigated firewood .................................................................................................................................................. 31 Historical examples ............................................................................................................................. 32 New Understanding and Risks ................................................................................................................ 33 Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 34 Authors .......................................................................................................................................... 36 Reviewers ...................................................................................................................................... 36 Editor............................................................................................................................................. 36 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 36 Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix A. Overview of treatments for wood products entering the United States ............................. 37 Appendix B. Insects associated with firewood (fact sheets). .................................................................. 42 Appendix C. Pathogens Associated with Firewood (fact sheets) ........................................................... 74 Appendix D. Literature Cited ................................................................................................................ 87 List of Tables Table 1. States with regulations relating to the movement of raw wood, including firewood. ...... 4 Table 2. Approximate weight per standard cord of various woods and ......................................... 5 Table 3. Ratings for popular firewood species. .............................................................................. 5 Table 4. United States firewood imports by custom districts (2009). ............................................ 6 Table 5. Estimated quantity and value of firewood utilized for home heating ............................. 10 Table 6. Fuelwood (cords) removed from public (BLM) lands 2003-2007. ................................ 11 Table 7. Orders of insects detected on firewood
Recommended publications
  • Biology and Management of the Dutch Elm Disease Vector, Hylurgopinus Rufipes Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Manitoba By

    Biology and Management of the Dutch Elm Disease Vector, Hylurgopinus Rufipes Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Manitoba By

    Biology and Management of the Dutch Elm Disease Vector, Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Manitoba by Sunday Oghiakhe A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Entomology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2014 Sunday Oghiakhe Abstract Hylurgopinus rufipes, the native elm bark beetle (NEBB), is the major vector of Dutch elm disease (DED) in Manitoba. Dissections of American elms (Ulmus americana), in the same year as DED symptoms appeared in them, showed that NEBB constructed brood galleries in which a generation completed development, and adult NEBB carrying DED spores would probably leave the newly-symptomatic trees. Rapid removal of freshly diseased trees, completed by mid-August, will prevent spore-bearing NEBB emergence, and is recommended. The relationship between presence of NEBB in stained branch sections and the total number of NEEB per tree could be the basis for methods to prioritize trees for rapid removal. Numbers and densities of overwintering NEBB in elm trees decreased with increasing height, with >70% of the population overwintering above ground doing so in the basal 15 cm. Substantial numbers of NEBB overwinter below the soil surface, and could be unaffected by basal spraying. Mark-recapture studies showed that frequency of spore bearing by overwintering beetles averaged 45% for the wild population and 2% for marked NEBB released from disease-free logs. Most NEBB overwintered close to their emergence site, but some traveled ≥4.8 km before wintering. Studies comparing efficacy of insecticides showed that chlorpyrifos gave 100% control of overwintering NEBB for two years as did bifenthrin: however, permethrin and carbaryl provided transient efficacy.
  • Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

    Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

    Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers OVERVIEW OF FOREST PESTS ROMANIA January 2007 Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FBS/28E Forest Management Division FAO, Rome, Italy Forestry Department DISCLAIMER The aim of this document is to give an overview of the forest pest1 situation in Romania. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. © FAO 2007 1 Pest: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (FAO, 2004). Overview of forest pests - Romania TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Forest pests and diseases................................................................................................. 1 Naturally regenerating forests..................................................................................... 1 Insects ..................................................................................................................... 1 Diseases................................................................................................................
  • Dutch Elm Disease Pathogen Transmission by the Banded Elm Bark Beetle Scolytus Schevyrewi

    Dutch Elm Disease Pathogen Transmission by the Banded Elm Bark Beetle Scolytus Schevyrewi

    For. Path. 43 (2013) 232–237 doi: 10.1111/efp.12023 © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH Dutch elm disease pathogen transmission by the banded elm bark beetle Scolytus schevyrewi By W. R. Jacobi1,3, R. D. Koski1 and J. F. Negron2 1Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; 2U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest Research Station, Fort Collins, CO USA; 3E-mail: [email protected] (for correspondence) Summary Dutch Elm Disease (DED) is a vascular wilt disease of Ulmus species (elms) incited in North America primarily by the exotic fungus Ophios- toma novo-ulmi. The pathogen is transmitted via root grafts and elm bark beetle vectors, including the native North American elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes and the exotic smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus. The banded elm bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi, is an exotic Asian bark beetle that is now apparently the dominant elm bark beetle in the Rocky Mountain region of the USA. It is not known if S. schevyrewi will have an equivalent vector competence or if management recommendations need to be updated. Thus the study objectives were to: (i) determine the type and size of wounds made by adult S. schevyrewi on branches of Ulmus americana and (ii) determine if adult S. schevyrewi can transfer the pathogen to American elms during maturation feeding. To determine the DED vectoring capability of S. schevyrewi, newly emerged adults were infested with spores of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and then placed with either in-vivo or in-vitro branches of American elm trees.
  • Detection and Quantification of Leptographium Wageneri, The

    Detection and Quantification of Leptographium Wageneri, The

    1798 Detection and quantification of Leptographium wageneri, the cause of black-stain root disease, from bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Northern California using regular and real-time PCR Wolfgang Schweigkofler, William J. Otrosina, Sheri L. Smith, Daniel R. Cluck, Kevin Maeda, Kabir G. Peay, and Matteo Garbelotto Abstract: Black-stain root disease is a threat to conifer forests in western North America. The disease is caused by the ophiostomatoid fungus Leptographium wageneri (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf., which is associated with a number of bark beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and weevil species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). We developed a polymerase chain reac- tion test to identify and quantify fungal DNA directly from insects. Leptographium wageneri DNA was detected on 142 of 384 bark beetle samples (37%) collected in Lassen National Forest, in northeastern California, during the years 2001 and 2002. Hylastes macer (LeConte) was the bark beetle species from which Leptographium DNA was amplified most regularly (2001: 63.4%, 2002: 75.0% of samples). Lower insect–fungus association rates were found for Hylurgops porosus (LeConte), Hylurgops subcostulatus (Mannerheim), Hylastes gracilis (LeConte), Hylastes longicollis (Swaine), Dendroctonus valens (LeConte), and Ips pini (Say). The spore load per beetle ranged from 0 to over1×105 spores, with only a few beetles carrying more than1×103 spores. The technique permits the processing of a large number of samples synchronously, as required for epidemiological studies, to study infection rates in bark beetle populations and to identify potential insect vectors. Résumé : Le noircissement des racines est une maladie qui menace les forêts de l’ouest de l’Amérique du Nord.
  • Arthropod Diversity and Conservation in Old-Growth Northwest Forests'

    Arthropod Diversity and Conservation in Old-Growth Northwest Forests'

    AMER. ZOOL., 33:578-587 (1993) Arthropod Diversity and Conservation in Old-Growth mon et al., 1990; Hz Northwest Forests complex litter layer 1973; Lattin, 1990; JOHN D. LATTIN and other features Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, tural diversity of th Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2907 is reflected by the 14 found there (Lawtt SYNOPSIS. Old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest extend along the 1990; Parsons et a. e coastal region from southern Alaska to northern California and are com- While these old posed largely of conifer rather than hardwood tree species. Many of these ity over time and trees achieve great age (500-1,000 yr). Natural succession that follows product of sever: forest stand destruction normally takes over 100 years to reach the young through successioi mature forest stage. This succession may continue on into old-growth for (Lattin, 1990). Fire centuries. The changing structural complexity of the forest over time, and diseases, are combined with the many different plant species that characterize succes- bances. The prolot sion, results in an array of arthropod habitats. It is estimated that 6,000 a continually char arthropod species may be found in such forests—over 3,400 different ments and habitat species are known from a single 6,400 ha site in Oregon. Our knowledge (Southwood, 1977 of these species is still rudimentary and much additional work is needed Lawton, 1983). throughout this vast region. Many of these species play critical roles in arthropods have lx the dynamics of forest ecosystems. They are important in nutrient cycling, old-growth site, tt as herbivores, as natural predators and parasites of other arthropod spe- mental Forest (HJ cies.
  • Welcome ~ ~ Contents

    Welcome ~ ~ Contents

    Shropshire Entomology – April 2011 (No.3) A bi-annual newsletter focussing upon the study of insects and other invertebrates in the county of Shropshire (V.C. 40) April 2010 (Vol. 3) Editor: Pete Boardman [email protected] ~ Welcome ~ Welcome to the 3rd edition of the Shropshire Entomology newsletter. By the time you receive this the recording season should be under way and hopefully those cold and miserable winter days will be but a mere memory. Also underway will be the Invertebrate challenge programme of training days, a three year project funded by The Heritage Lottery Fund and The Esmée Fairbairn Foundation, which will be running around 100 events in total concentrating on the identification of some of Shropshire’s most under-recorded and under-studied invertebrates. It will also enable Shropshire Entomology to continue for the next three years, as well as enable my involvement with the SEDN as manager of the invertebrate database. Many thanks once more to everyone who has contributed to this edition. It can only function as a ‘newsletter’ if people contribute articles of news and views, so please do consider submitting articles that relate to entomology in Shropshire or entomology in general. The deadline for submission of content for Vol. 4 is Friday 16th September 2011. Please feel free to pass this newsletter on to anyone you feel might be interested in it. Note – past newsletters will soon be able to be downloaded as PDF’s from www.invertebrate-challenge.org.uk. ~ Contents ~ The Keeled Skimmer Orthetrum coerulescens
  • The Evolution and Genomic Basis of Beetle Diversity

    The Evolution and Genomic Basis of Beetle Diversity

    The evolution and genomic basis of beetle diversity Duane D. McKennaa,b,1,2, Seunggwan Shina,b,2, Dirk Ahrensc, Michael Balked, Cristian Beza-Bezaa,b, Dave J. Clarkea,b, Alexander Donathe, Hermes E. Escalonae,f,g, Frank Friedrichh, Harald Letschi, Shanlin Liuj, David Maddisonk, Christoph Mayere, Bernhard Misofe, Peyton J. Murina, Oliver Niehuisg, Ralph S. Petersc, Lars Podsiadlowskie, l m l,n o f l Hans Pohl , Erin D. Scully , Evgeny V. Yan , Xin Zhou , Adam Slipinski , and Rolf G. Beutel aDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152; bCenter for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152; cCenter for Taxonomy and Evolutionary Research, Arthropoda Department, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany; dBavarian State Collection of Zoology, Bavarian Natural History Collections, 81247 Munich, Germany; eCenter for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany; fAustralian National Insect Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; gDepartment of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Institute for Biology I (Zoology), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; hInstitute of Zoology, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany; iDepartment of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Wien, Wien 1030, Austria; jChina National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, 518083 Guangdong, People’s Republic of China; kDepartment of Integrative Biology, Oregon State
  • Microsatellite and Mating Type Markers Reveal Unexpected Patterns of Genetic Diversity in the Pine Root-Infecting Fungus Grosmannia Alacris

    Microsatellite and Mating Type Markers Reveal Unexpected Patterns of Genetic Diversity in the Pine Root-Infecting Fungus Grosmannia Alacris

    Plant Pathology (2015) 64, 235–242 Doi: 10.1111/ppa.12231 Microsatellite and mating type markers reveal unexpected patterns of genetic diversity in the pine root-infecting fungus Grosmannia alacris T. A. Duonga*, Z. W. de Beerb, B. D. Wingfielda, L. G. Eckhardtc and M. J. Wingfielda aDepartment of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; bDepartment of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; and cForest Health Dynamics Laboratory, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA Grosmannia alacris is a fungus commonly associated with root-infesting bark beetles occurring on Pinus spp. The fun- gus has been recorded in South Africa, the USA, France, Portugal and Spain and importantly, has been associated with pine root diseases in South Africa and the USA. Nothing is known regarding the population genetics or origin of G. alacris, although its association with root-infesting beetles native to Europe suggests that it is an invasive alien in South Africa. In this study, microsatellite markers together with newly developed mating type markers were used to characterize a total of 170 isolates of G. alacris from South Africa and the USA. The results showed that the genotypic diversity of the South African population of G. alacris was very high when compared to the USA populations. Two mating types were also present in South African isolates and the MAT1-1/MAT1-2 ratio did not differ from 1:1 (v2 = 1Á39, P = 0Á24). This suggests that sexual reproduction most probably occurs in the fungus in South Africa, although a sexual state has never been seen in nature.
  • ANNUAL REPORT 2020 Plant Protection & Conservation Programs

    ANNUAL REPORT 2020 Plant Protection & Conservation Programs

    Oregon Department of Agriculture Plant Protection & Conservation Programs ANNUAL REPORT 2020 www.oregon.gov/ODA Plant Protection & Conservation Programs Phone: 503-986-4636 Website: www.oregon.gov/ODA Find this report online: https://oda.direct/PlantAnnualReport Publication date: March 2021 Table Tableof Contents of Contents ADMINISTRATION—4 Director’s View . 4 Retirements: . 6 Plant Protection and Conservation Programs Staff . 9 NURSERY AND CHRISTMAS TREE—10 What Do We Do? . 10 Christmas Tree Shipping Season Summary . 16 Personnel Updates . .11 Program Overview . 16 2020: A Year of Challenge . .11 New Rule . 16 Hawaii . 17 COVID Response . 12 Mexico . 17 Funding Sources . 13 Nursery Research Assessment Fund . 14 IPPM-Nursery Surveys . 17 Phytophthora ramorum Nursery Program . 14 National Traceback Investigation: Ralstonia in Oregon Nurseries . 18 Western Horticultural Inspection Society (WHIS) Annual Meeting . 19 HEMP—20 2020 Program Highlights . 20 2020 Hemp Inspection Annual Report . 21 2020 Hemp Rule-making . 21 Table 1: ODA Hemp Violations . 23 Hemp Testing . .24 INSECT PEST PREVENTION & MANAGEMENT—25 A Year of Personnel Changes-Retirements-Promotions High-Tech Sites Survey . .33 . 26 Early Detection and Rapid Response for Exotic Bark Retirements . 27 and Ambrosia Beetles . 33 My Unexpected Career With ODA . .28 Xyleborus monographus Early Detection and Rapid Response (EDRR) Trapping . 34 2020 Program Notes . .29 Outreach and Education . 29 Granulate Ambrosia Beetle and Other Wood Boring Insects Associated with Creosoting Plants . 34 New Detections . .29 Japanese Beetle Program . .29 Apple Maggot Program . .35 Exotic Fruit Fly Survey . .35 2018 Program Highlights . .29 Japanese Beetle Eradication . .30 Grasshopper and Mormon Cricket Program . .35 Grasshopper Outbreak Response – Harney County .
  • “Can You Hear Me?” Investigating the Acoustic Communication Signals and Receptor Organs of Bark Beetles

    “Can You Hear Me?” Investigating the Acoustic Communication Signals and Receptor Organs of Bark Beetles

    “Can you hear me?” Investigating the acoustic communication signals and receptor organs of bark beetles by András Dobai A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Biology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2017 András Dobai Abstract Many bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) species have been documented to produce acoustic signals, yet our knowledge of their acoustic ecology is limited. In this thesis, three aspects of bark beetle acoustic communication were examined: the distribution of sound production in the subfamily based on the most recent literature; the characteristics of signals and the possibility of context dependent signalling using a model species: Ips pini; and the acoustic reception of bark beetles through neurophysiological studies on Dendroctonus valens. It was found that currently there are 107 species known to stridulate using a wide diversity of mechanisms for stridulation. Ips pini was shown to exhibit variation in certain chirp characteristics, including the duration and amplitude modulation, between behavioural contexts. Neurophysiological recordings were conducted on several body regions, and vibratory responses were reported in the metathoracic leg and the antennae. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Jayne Yack for accepting me as Master’s student, guiding me through the past two years, and for showing endless support and giving constructive feedback on my work. I would like to thank the members of my committee, Dr. Jeff Dawson and Dr. John Lewis for their professional help and advice on my thesis. I would like to thank Sen Sivalinghem and Dr.
  • Goldspotted Oak Borer T.W

    Goldspotted Oak Borer T.W

    Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 183 March 2015 U.S. Department of Agriculture • Forest Service Goldspotted Oak Borer T.W. Coleman1, M.I. Jones2, S.L. Smith3, R.C. Venette4, M.L. Flint5, and S.J. Seybold 6 The goldspotted oak borer (GSOB), New Mexico, and southwestern Texas. Agrilus auroguttatus Schaeffer Specimens of GSOB have only been (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) (Figure collected from Arizona, California, 1), is a flatheaded phloem- and wood and Mexico. In southeastern Arizona, borer that infests and kills several GSOB feeds primarily on Q. emoryi, species of oak (Fagaceae: Quercus) in and silverleaf oak, Q. hypoleucoides A. California. One or more populations Camus (both Section Lobatae). Larval of GSOB were likely introduced via feeding injures the phloem and outer infested firewood into San Diego xylem of these red oak species, with County, California from the native most feeding activity and occasional range in southeastern Arizona. Since cases of tree mortality noted in large- its introduction to California, GSOB has expanded its range and has killed red oaks (Quercus Section Lobatae) nearly continuously across public and private lands (Figure 2). Distribution and Hosts The native distribution of GSOB likely coincides with that of Emory oak, Q. emoryi Torrey, including the Coronado Figure 1. Adult goldspotted oak borer, Agrilus National Forest in southeastern auroguttatus, an exotic insect threatening red Arizona and floristically related oaks in California (Adults are approximately regions in northern Mexico, southern 0.35 inches long by 0.08 inches wide). 1Entomologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, San Bernardino, CA; 2Entomologist, Dept. of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY; 3Entomologist, USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Susanville, CA; 4Research Biologist, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St.
  • Proceedings, 23Rd U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research

    Proceedings, 23Rd U.S. Department of Agriculture Interagency Research

    United States Department of Proceedings Agriculture 23rd U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Northern Interagency Research Forum on Research Station Invasive Species 2012 General Technical Report NRS-P-114 The findings and conclusions of each article in this publication are those of the individual author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service. All articles were received in digital format and were edited for uniform type and style. Each author is responsible for the accuracy and content of his or her paper. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal, agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fi sh or other wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. Cover graphic by Vincent D’Amico, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station. Manuscript received for publication August 2012 Published by: For additional copies: U.S.