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Gould major by of another Jay absence one from or distinguished presence organisms the between forms transitional in is deficient that reality of field a the is in This ‘‘EvoDevo.’’ working or short. those biology, up particularly developmental biologists, comes evolutionary (vertebrates by tetrapods mechanism of acknowledged Darwin’s feet increasingly and limbs), hands as the four such or vertebrates molluscs), with and or insects, jellyfish earthworms, not it but in when humans, (seen But bodies this. organized deny instance segmentally not as for do Islands, creationists the most to Galapagos Even comes the selection. natural to to voyage attributed his during this Darwin meet organisms selection structure individual persuasive natural of a by characteristics have evolution to the least of how at theory and helpful Darwin’s standard? forms is their Does life it what of relinquish them, originated. how to narrative told incentive scientific of of big a have a for theory obduracy have churches case not the and the do making who parents in people of But with one. events matter necessary ancient a a clearly is just stition not is this and surprising, fundamentalists. not therefore ie lrdeadSehnJ ol,‘Pntae qiira nAtraiet hltcGauls,’in Gradualism,’’ Phyletic to Alternative An Equilibria: ‘‘Punctuated Gould, J. Stephen and Eldredge Niles Dawkins, Richard hl vltoayinvto steeoeacnpcospolmfor problem conspicuous a therefore is innovation evolutionary While otayt h xettoso h awna oe,tefsi eodis record fossil the model, Darwinian the of expectations the to Contrary biological existing an in changes Incremental one. mixed a is answer The super- and supernaturalism against materialism advancing of program The * h leain nba hp ftefnhsta oipesdCharles impressed so that finches the of shape beak in alterations the innovation h o Delusion God The oesi Paleobiology in Models fetrl e tutrs(‘opooia oete’)such novelties’’) (‘‘morphological structures new entirely of Bso:Huho ifi o,2006). Co., Mifflin Houghton (Boston: SnFacso rea opr 92,p.82 pp. 1972), Cooper, Freeman Francisco: (San 7 n lhuhorcurrent our although And * a nedbe indeed can 115. 6 is Downloaded By: [Newman, Stuart A.] At: 18:37 22 February 2008 Budr O e cec irr,18) n ogc n Newman, and embryos. Forgacs and developing 1984); to Library, Science New CO: (Boulder, small convert can of 2005). part Press, structure. are University or products activity gene of or reorganization genes global the system into the changes of molecular properties dynamical nonlinear) (often 12 11 10 9 8 and tubes, spaces, and bodies interior animal layers, of systems. features organs. of developing constructional cells the of their all of nature particular, aggregates in physical structures, in the branched formation of the account are taking Others modern by understood of be can ancestors unsegmented from multiple emerged fashion, have sudden therefore relatively animals. can segmented a novelty, in morphological times, a as segmentation, Gould doctrine a variants, random among fundamentalism.’’ culling ‘‘Darwinian of called process opportunistic purely a h egho h eeoigbd rmoeedt h te.Ti fet tissue affects This other. the segments) to (i.e., end periodicity spatial one a tissue. producing the from thereby in fashion, body across periodic sweep developing a to in the molecules cohesion positions involved different of the at tissue length of times the waves the different ‘‘biochemical by successive to causing produced as set embryo, proteins of are the act the along They of networks can minor time. several with tissues certain of of periodically levels embryonic fashion, fluctuate directionality the in that the analogous means effectors which on in their clocks,’’ depending that and vortices genes shown held, can is interacting or have it string waves which Scientists under violin form tension agitations. a the can in experience: water differences everyday minor and on inherent from depending their familiar not, to or due quite vibrate organization is in develop- The changes properties ones. abrupt evolutionary complex physical undergo from highly can albeit materials emerging materials, that physical currently idea are is tissues Living that biology. innovation mental of view incisive 0,20,p 328. p. 2003, 301, eydfeetloigfrscnb ut but uhefcsaea increasingly an are effects Such biology. abrupt. developmental modern quite of be aspect can explanatory forms prominent looking different very suepeerdfrsb iteo hi neetpyia rprisi nw as known is properties physical inherent their of virtue ‘‘self-organization.’’ by forms preferred assume eedn ntn aitosi h osiun ee n hi products, their and genes constituent the in variations tiny on depending lve Pourquie Fundamentalism,’’ Olivier ‘‘Darwinian Gould, J. Stephen e,gnrly laPioieadIael Stengers, Isabelle and Prigogine Ilya generally, See, inherent Newman, the A. view, Stuart newer and this Forgacs in Gabor But well. as to appeals neo-Darwinism what course, of are, variations Tiny emnaini utoeeapeo o h rgnto fpeoyi novelties phenotypic of origination the how of example one just is Segmentation h xml fsgetto nvrertsilsrtstesiniial more scientifically the illustrates vertebrates in segmentation of example The 9 ´ 11 ‘h emnainCok ovrigEbyncTm noSailPattern,’’ Spatial into Time Embryonic Converting Clock: Segmentation ‘‘The , ic ie oeua-eei ewr a c sa siltro not, or oscillator an as act can network molecular-genetic given a Since h aaiyo eti aeil,nnlvn swl slvn,to living, as well as non-living materials, certain of capacity The 12 h aueo uhpoessi uhta rniin between transitions that such is processes such of nature The ilgclPyiso h eeoigEmbryo Developing the of Physics Biological VLTO 101 EVOLUTION 8 e okRve fBooks of Review York New re u fCas a’ e ilgewt Nature with Dialogue New Man’s Chaos: of Out Order p cit. op. o plctoso hsconcept this of applications for , o.4,19,p 34. p. 1997, 44, Vol. , Cmrde Cambridge (Cambridge: Science Vol. , 10 Downloaded By: [Newman, Stuart A.] At: 18:37 22 February 2008 nalbttbosbetwti vltoayter uigte20 the during theory evolutionary within becoming subject after incorrect) biology all-but-taboo reentering entirely now not an only is and concepts, mischaracterized evolutionary (generally pre-Darwinian Lamarck’s Jean-Baptiste for om uigeryeouin(h ‘ucutos’,te h ai us of burst years billion rapid a the half than then more occurred ‘‘punctuations’’), explosion’’ ‘‘Cambrian that (the innovating (the animals ago and of evolution originating evolution in early morphological efficacious was during tissues forms living of self-organization the vlto yntrlslcinwst agnlz h ocp fphenotypic of limbo. phenomena concept theoretical all a established, the to consigned was of marginalize were hegemony description theory to scientific this different Darwin’s fit theory’s on was of that take the impact selection could Once major organism natural plasticity. a same the Indeed, by the on conditions. seen which evolution types different in distinct cases under morphological, biologically has avoided forms of inherited, population, array planet, small, natural entire of the any the face generate in to to encountered marginally sufficient respect variations been individuals with behavioral between or another competition physiological, one the that from holding different in theory, Darwin’s niomna hneadee uhgntcatrto te‘eulbi’ of evolutionary ‘‘equilibria’’ progressive this (the of result alteration ‘‘canalization.’’ the termed genetic against trajectories, be developmental species, to of much thought animal reinforcement even is in equilibria), particularly and punctuated phenotype, change the remarkable reinforce The of environmental triggers. can ‘‘robustness’’ original it the or of pathways, independent stability them developmental make alternative and realization these their on fashion incremental utclua Forms,’’ Multicellular o.10 92 .563. p. 1942, 150, Vol. Eberhard, Origination,’’ 0 TATA NEWMAN A. STUART 102 16 15 14 13 hc a prcae ymn 19 many by appreciated was which environmental even or changes, evolution genetic its minor of stage by given triggered a changes. at alternatively constitution be organism’s can an to inherent phenotypes genes. its by determined early uniquely at not particularly are also anatomical forms, evolution, organism’s alternative phenomenon its between an in transitions consequence, a stages and a variability, properties As other plasticity.’’ condition-dependent and ‘‘phenotypic other In as exhibit genes. to their must referred from apart determinants they and forces words, to subject be must behaviors tatA emn ao ogc,adGr .Mu B. Gerd and Forgacs, Gabor Newman, A. Stuart Gould, J. Characters,’’ Stephen Acquired of Inheritance Mu the and B. Development of ‘‘Canalization Gerd Waddington, H. and Conrad Newman A. Stuart see examples, For hntpcpatct,arltvl omnpoet fdvlpn organisms, developing of property common relatively a plasticity, Phenotypic disparate that implies thus innovation organismal of view EvoDevo The and forms their materials, physical self-organizing are tissues living Since eeomna lsiiyadEvolution and Plasticity Developmental 13 ora fEprmna olg Ml e.Evol.) Dev. (Mol. B Zoology Experimental of Journal aua eeto a oehr,bti sasaiiigoe yatn nan in acting by one: stabilizing a is it but here, role a has selection Natural odru Life Wonderful nentoa ora fDvlpetlBiology Developmental of Journal International NwYr:WW otn 1989). Norton, W.W. York: (New 15 eoe uhmr understandable. more much becomes ) th etr ilgssadwihpoie h basis the provided which and biologists century Ofr n e ok xodUiest rs,2003). 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Nature Downloaded By: [Newman, Stuart A.] At: 18:37 22 February 2008 ilgclcaatr.A uh tfcsso the on focuses it such, As for characters. biological valid case. the law not ‘‘the demonstrably Mendel as is even it findings deep-seated But and famous this, histories. a most suggest evolutionary not his their to all did of described peas,’’ to stages led cautiously applicable all essentially who This at was himself, organisms inheritance organisms. all of in mode other traits Mendelian in the that pathways) conviction to regard biochemical with (particularly correlations simple gene-trait strict identified also strategy, similar fseii ee.Mc eei eerhi h is afo h 20 the of half first the states in alternative to research tied genetic uniquely Much were genes. versions specific different of whose carefully study plants, to various on traits experiments picked remarkable his performing in Mendel, Gregor eeatdmisudrie n oiaini h cetfcmisra to mainstream scientific its the in in approach Mendelian motivation framework. the expanded any of an successes were undermined consider biology the systems domains Consequently, of invented. pursuit relevant the be for for to required methods are yet computational that and complexity techniques of quantitative management the mid-century, in biology hc h oeo eeto npeevn n enocn ucsfl agnlydsiciepeoye was phenotypes distinctive marginally novelties. successful, generating in reinforcing processes and developmental preserving of dynamics in the selection by of complemented role the which cutr 1995). 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Daniel h edla aaimdaswt atr,o ee,ta r soitdwith associated are that genes, or factors, with deals paradigm Mendelian The h te ao cetfcrao o h agnlzto ftecnetof concept the of marginalization the for reason scientific major other The te tan fery20 early of strains Other awnsDneosIe:EouinadteMaig fLife of Meanings the and Evolution Idea: Dangerous Darwin’s th etr ilgclsine rpuddb such by propounded science, biological century VLTO 103 EVOLUTION 18 17 uigteeegneo gene-centered of emergence the During logic fitreeainltransmission intergenerational of mechanisms th NwYr:Smn& Simon York: (New th etr,uiga using century, etr monk, century fcharacter of Downloaded By: [Newman, Stuart A.] At: 18:37 22 February 2008 h oceeacut fdvlpetlpoessta ea oeeg uigthe during emerge to began 20 despite that the that Mendelian processes of entrenched so developmental decades resulting of was last alternative, of thinking of accounts the of entrenchment way scientists concrete This consequent mainstream effectiveness, the noted. by rarely the ridicule and is views, even by ‘‘systems’’ and force dismissal biology considerable with Western exclusivity, had of thus distortion Lysenkoism into suocec’ n rmtdnngntctcnqe,sc sepsr fsest odadfriies to fertilizers, and cold to (ed.), seeds Bukharin of exposure as such yields. techniques, agricultural non-genetic increase promoted and pseudoscience’’ ee rv Development Drive Genes n ehnss h nieetrrs a oehls enportrayed been nonetheless has methodologies enterprise genetic adhesion, entire to cell-cell addition the (e.g., accurately in mechanisms, mechanisms oscillation) and chemical physical diffusion, acting molecular conditionally employing 0 TATA NEWMAN A. STUART 104 22 21 20 19 elhva‘bte’ rp n csses n liaey‘bte’ epe ee are genes people, of ‘‘better’’ production ultimately the large-scale and for engine ecosystems, and an quantity, and into development into crops nature quality ‘‘better’’ transform individual to collapses via drive economies, wealth both its market separable, In symbol. of of into into nexus life levels life cash for the of the account like to parceling evolution, at genes its on focus change in exclusive nearly to, biological The capitalism. life advanced new of worldview gave and like ideology view, determinist rejected swappable this genetic both Although the socialism: managers. vanished, it social has top-down it, of that engendered to aims that other the system generic to nature political molded inherent the as be no to with of capacity systems a thought living than wild; be gone may determinism environmental that biology evolutionary 20 late to mid in approach systems the of giutrlplc eehrl os hntoeo h ale Mendelism-inspired earlier the of those than worse policies, hardly were policy agricultural aaeshdiiilyapae oater feouinta incorporated that sophisticated evolution in of warrant legitimate theory a science. a had of that philosophy to approach post-Revolutionary scientific appealed an Soviet The plasticity, initially system. phenotypic corruption political-economic the had controlled of centrally example managers a vivid by a presented science institutes, of scientific the from geneticists etr uoe h dpinb h oitUino h niMneindoctrine anti-Mendelian the of Union Soviet Lysenkoism the by of adoption The Europe. Western rs,1985). Press, e,freape h eetacutb h oe araeCrsin Nu Christiane laureate Nobel Mikhail the by in account recent Evolution,’’ the example, Organic for See, of Lewontin, Process C. the Richard in and ‘Biological’ Levins Richard the ‘‘bourgeois and a ‘Physical’ genetics declared ‘‘The mid-1960s, Zavadovsky, the B. through 1930s the from Union, Soviet the in policy This hl h rpgnitcue aeb h oitUinsciiso t descent its of critics Union’s Soviet the by made uses propagandistic the While h oitdcrn fLsnos ersne nielgcldsoto of distortion ideological an represented Lysenkoism of doctrine Soviet The suppression total nearly the in part important an played also politics War Cold 21 * * oitbooywssvrl aae yLysenkoism. by damaged severely was biology Soviet stetimho h edla paradigm. Mendelian the of triumph the as cec tteCrossroads the at Science n otipraty patentable importantly, most and 19 narclue n hnrsac ilg,adteprigof purging the and biology, research then and agriculture, in NwHvn aeUiest rs,2006). Press, University Yale Haven: (New th etr sc stesgetto xml ecie above) described example segmentation the as (such century Lno:FakCs n o,13) p 69 pp. 1931), Co., and Cass Frank (London: h ilcia Biologist Dialectical The th 20 etr ilg nteUie ttsand States United the in biology century n hl h alrso Lysenkoist of failures the while And * oue,cmot elwt the with well comports modules, Cmrde A avr University Harvard MA: (Cambridge, ¨ 22 sslein-Volhard, 80. oigt Life to Coming * : How in- Downloaded By: [Newman, Stuart A.] At: 18:37 22 February 2008 h ulctlvso ouetr ‘ugetDy nelgn eino ra’ NV n Vulcan and (NOVA Trial’’ on Design Pennsylvania Intelligent Dover, the Day: See against classroom. ‘‘Judgment lawsuit biology the 2004 documentary in the 2007). presented Productions, be of television Design strategy Intelligent public of the alternative in the the that seen decree be Education’s of can Board phenomena these of theory 26 25 24 evolution. human 23 Humanity,’’ of for course Genes the the over rapidly on changed In has ‘‘Homing gene titled the is because speculation,’’ simply involved, journal ‘‘wild scientists the the of of in one matter to report a according is, news function unknown recent whose gene a identified spirit, similar a In in and levels dominant educational all the culture. at for model broader reigning the it, the to makes alternative unattractive requirements an resist classes, commercial may systems to living according that implication reconfiguration a its but framework, biology, developmental theoretical evolutionary coherent a systems. developmental is of missing evolution the is of What materialism historical currency. preferred the aet ese stemdu ywihbooia hrceitc ol be could the characteristics by talk biological a E.O. from which biologist statement evolutionary following Eisner: by The the Thomas another. approvingly medium entomologist, not also quotes to instance, the organism is genes for of that it as Wilson, type 1980s, changes, one seen the genetic from in transferred be to feasible reducible to became thus engineering came are genetic changes once evolutionary surprising, all that and n oprtn ihntrlssesmtvtsti n-iesoa view. one-dimensional this understanding motivates than systems rather natural appropriating theory with evolutionary and cooperating of Dominating and charge fashion. the Which not morphological this are to in phyla, there?). which conceived new and even is phenotype or of species, in which else new variations evolution, innovations, minor of gene what course to such the amount over (because that changes changing these assertion are change organism the an evolutionary plus of features space, qualitative explain and time fully over changes populations in variants gene .302. p. 02,frtecneto ewe eutoitaddmntoitdsore rudntrlsystems. natural around discourses dominationist and reductionist between connection the for 2002), er mt,‘Hmn no h ee o Humanity,’’ for Genes the on In ‘‘Homing Smith, Kerri Wilson, O. 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STUART 106 27 ‘asema’ h edn fteErhb iefrsfo te ie nteUniverse. of the scenarios in sites instead other from suggesting forms life material, by Earth genetic compatible the the of were seeding of Earth active of the prebiotic ‘‘panspermia,’’ structure evolution chemically the the chemical on macroscale of conditions the the co-discoverer of with that the physics convinced Crick, not the was Francis DNA, or Even above. chemistry discussed classic materials either obviously not by are present that soluble cell scenarios the incrementalist within neo-Darwinian to ‘‘machines’’ challenges molecular additional nanoscale complex, highly of operation having its animals farm of with and ones. stages replete mice, predicted different is from plants, two literature different bacteria, at properties scientific engineered organism The genetically given dramatically. of a examples vary two in in can gene or identical history, an organisms, evolutionary of role of the kinds that fact different the including organisms, within function nutv aso unu ehnc,idpnety n12.Bfr hs however, this, Before 20 early 1925. the in of physicists independently, best mechanics, the quantum of laws intuitive rni Crick, Francis eiino rdtoaitsgeto h ulcfrntimdaeyjumping immediately not for public the of segment traditionalist a of Derision ahrta nelgn einsceuospstn fannegne God, nanoengineer a of positing credulous Design’s Intelligent than Rather h rainss o hi at aesalrfs ofy h rsneand presence The fry. to fish smaller have part, their for creationists, The gene of context-dependence the about everything ignores life of view This ¨ igradWre esnegdvlpdteupeeetdadanti- and unprecedented the developed Heisenberg Werner and dinger ieIsl:IsOii n Nature and Origin Its Itself: Life th etr a h org oakoldeta h old the that acknowledge to courage the had century NwYr:SmnadShse,1981). 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