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A Case Study of Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal GIS Ostrava 2008 Ostrava 27.-30.1.2008 __________________________________________________________________________________ URBAN GROWTH AND LAND USE CHANGE IN THE HIMALAYAN REGION: A CASE STUDY OF POKHARA SUB-METROPOLITAN CITY, NEPAL Khagendra Raj Poudel Teacher Tribhuvan University Department of Geography Prithvi Narayan Campus, Pokhara, Nepal Email: [email protected] KEY WORDS: Himalaya, Mountain Region, Urban Growth, Land Use Change, Sustainable Development, GIS/RS. Annapurna Himalayan Range & Fewa Lake view from Pokhara, Nepal Abstract Land is basic natural resource to human being which is available every corner of the world. The concept of changing landuse pattern is often considered a holistic approach of land surface, which is related to the use of land in a certain region at a certain time. Pokhara Sub-Metropolis is located in central part of the country directly falls under the shadow and in the south-facing lap of the majestic Mt. Machhapuchhre and Mt. Annapurna. Urban growth and land use transformation are affecting sustainable use of the bio-physical resources for the food, fuel wood, fodder, clothing and shelter. This study analyzed the relationship between the urban growth and land use changes and their impact on the Pokhara Sub-metropolis. Primary and secondary sources of information- Topographical and aerial photographs were used to document land use changes. All the information was digitized and changes were evaluated quantitatively using GIS and RS. Analysis of the study shows that eradication of endemic of malaria, tourism development, education institutions, hospitals, air and road network and pension paying camps have contributed the rapid urban development of Pokhara Sub-metropolis in one hand and the natural phenomena- lakes, river, suitable climate and beautiful scene and sceneries of Himalayas have added the urban growth and resultant the change in urban land use on the other. 1. Background Urban land use, which deals with surface utilization, is an important aspect of urban geography (Ranjitkar, 1983). Growth and development of a city is reflexive to urban land use changes because effects of urban growth visualize in the shape, size, function, uses and urban environmental condition. It is related to urban population growth, number of places, economic growth and change (Dickens, 1973: 45-60). Functional 1 GIS Ostrava 2008 Ostrava 27.-30.1.2008 __________________________________________________________________________________ establishments and provision of urban amenities attract more and more population to move onto the towns and cities, and settle there. In Nepal, the history of origin of towns goes back to medieval period (Shrestha, 1981: 127) but the process of urbanization began only in the decade of 1950s. Besides these, Nepal has still low level of urbanization in terms of a number of towns and proportion of population. Nepal remains one of the least urbanized countries in the world and also in South Asia. While this low level of urbanization is a matter of considerable concern for the economic development of the country, the present state of urbanization and urban development also manifests distinctive characteristics and problems that demand urgent attention. Urbanization and the consequent process of economic, social and even political changes that it entails has to be very much part of Nepal’s development vision because a large proportion of population live in far-flung settlements without adequate infrastructure, facilities and services, and depend on traditional agriculture as a source of livelihood. Diversification of agriculture, creation of off-farm employment opportunities, creation of conditions where the comparative resource advantages of particular regions can be fruitfully realized, and dealing with issues of gender and ethnicity, among others, is facilitated by the process of urbanization. While the nature and form of urban development may be debated, the fact that urbanization has to be an integral part of Nepal’s development agenda can hardly be contested. In the case of developed countries, there is intense use of urban areas. Non-commercial functions occupy space mainly in the peripheral zone. But in developing countries like Nepal, core area of the city is still devoted to agriculture. Consequently, urban economy is primarily based on agriculture. However, the present scenario of the major towns of Nepal shows a rapidly changing pattern of urban land uses. 2. Study Area Pokhara Sub-Metropolis lies in the broad valley of Seti River covering an area of 5645.74 hectare located on the southern foot of the Mt. Annapurna and Mt. Fishtail Himalayan region (83° 58' 30" to 84° 2' 3" east longitudes and 28°10' north to 28° 16' north latitudes). It is situated on the. Seti River dissects it into two parts. Enchanting natural beauty and its unique social and cultural heritage are responsible for the present development of town (Poudel, 1982: 21). Population of Pokhara Sub-Metropolis is 156312. The dominant community groups are Brahmin, Chhetri, Gurung, Magar, and Newar. Pokhara is formed due to quaternary deposits of different formations. The quaternary deposits consisted of mostly the calcareous, these rocks are karstified in the form of sinkholes, caverns solution chimneys and pinnacles. The valley is one of the heaviest rainfall recipients of the country, sometimes both conditions weak lithostructure and heavy downpour of rainfall together work to bring hazardous situation. Pokhara valley had experiences of frequent seismicity M > 4 to > 7 magnitudes (Bajracharya, 1994). Considerably, these factors determine the planning of the valley (Fig. 1). Being the regional headquarters of western region and the second tourist center after the Kathmandu, it has attracted a large population from the surrounding areas. It accounts for the highest growth rate of population among the designated towns in the country. Pokhara Sub-Metropolis is selected as the study area because of its rapid process of urbanization and fast changing land uses. 2 GIS Ostrava 2008 Ostrava 27.-30.1.2008 __________________________________________________________________________________ Pokhara NEPAL Sub-metropolitan City # Simpani Bagar Physiography High Mountain # Himalaya Middle Mountain Siwalik 100 0 100 Kilometers Terai Mahendrapool # N Fewa Lake Lakeside # # # Prithwi Chowk Pokhara Sub-metropolis Highway Urban Road Gully # Chhorepatan Municipal Boundary # Chhinedanda 1 0 1 2 Kilometers Source: Topographical Map of Nepal, 1998 Fig.1: Location of study area. (Map by author) 3. Objectives of the Study The main objective of this study is to trace out the urban growth and land use changes of Pokhara Sub- Metropolis. The specific objectives are: - to outline the trend of urban development of the city, and - to analyze the changing land use pattern from 1978 to 2000. 4. Methodology 4.1 Data sets The study is based on both primary and secondary information. The primary information were obtained through field observation and interview with knowledgeable persons as key informants. The secondary information were collected from Pokhara Sub-Metropolis office, publications of Central Beaureu Statistical, and published and unpublished reports. Spatial analysis relies on 2 land use data sets. Firstly, data of 1978 are obtained from land use maps (scale 1:50,000) complied from ground-verified aerial photographs (scale 1:50,000) by Land Resources Mapping Project (LRMP). Secondly, data of 1999 are obtained from topographic maps (scale 1:25,000) published by Survey Department, government of Nepal in 19999 and field verification of 2000. The topographic map contains the information on land use and topography. Because land use information contained in both data sets (1978 and 2000) are based on the aerial photographs at the same scale (1:50,000), the error arising from the map scale is speculated to be minimal. The identification and classification of land cover types adopted from Pokhara Physical Development Plan 1974, was classified on 8 categories for analysis. The maps were digitized using ARC/INFO TM . 4.2 GIS Analysis GIS software ARC/INFO has been applied to analyze the data. All the coverage has been UNION one by one. Each coverage consists value, which would have been added into the table operation. The final union 3 GIS Ostrava 2008 Ostrava 27.-30.1.2008 __________________________________________________________________________________ coverage consists the total score value in each of the polygon. Their value is summed up in the table operation. The land use changes value is derived from the total land use changed value. Overlaying the 2 land use layers created a 1978-2000 land use change map. This map shows the change in land use over the period of 22 years. 5. Analysis and Result 5.1 Growth Pattern of Urbanization Nepal has low level of urbanization in terms of both urban population and number of towns. Out of the total population of the country only 13.4 per cent population live in the urban areas whilst more than 15 per cent population are urban in South and South-East Asian countries. In the 18 th century, urban centers in Nepal were developed mainly in Kathmandu valley. After the unification of Nepal, Pokhara, Butwal, Tansen Ilam etc. were emerged as the trade centers outside Kathmandu valley. Most of them were developed at the break-of-bulk- points along the Indian and Tibetian trade routes (Blaikie, et al, 1982: 123). Consequently, different level of administrative centers developed at the strategic locations and
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