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African American Women and Same-Sex Desire from Reconstruction to World War II

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African American Women and Same-Sex Desire from Reconstruction to World War II “The Famous Lady Lovers:” African American Women and Same-Sex Desire from Reconstruction to World War II by Christina Anne Woolner A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History and Women’s Studies) in the University of Michigan 2014 Doctoral Committee: Professor James W. Cook Jr., Co-Chair Professor Regina M. Morantz-Sanchez, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Sherie M. Randolph Associate Professor Gayle S. Rubin Copyright © 2014 Christina Anne Woolner All rights reserved Acknowledgements I often marvel at the irony that I had to move away from my queer community in San Francisco to study the history of queer communities. However, through entering the world of scholars engaged with race, gender and sexuality in American culture, and the archives that help me undertake this work, I have met and been supported by more people than I can thank here. My dissertation co-chairs, Jay Cook and Gina Morantz-Sanchez, have been wonderful mentors since I arrived at Michigan. Jay equipped me with the tools to transition from a cultural studies scholar to a cultural historian, has urged me to think bigger, and to engage with the messiness and complexity of the past. He has supported every aspect of my career, from the job market to publishing, and works to cultivate a community among his students. Since my first seminar paper, Gina has pushed me towards more lucid analysis of my historical subjects and helped me contextualize my work through introducing me to the rich historiography of women’s history. My other committee members, Gayle Rubin and Sherie Randolph, have been indispensible during my time at Michigan as well. Gayle has helped me complicate common historical narratives about gender and sexuality while Sherie introduced me to the historiography of African American women’s history and pushed me to further engage with race and power in all their complexity. My entire committee supported me throughout this long process ii even as my topic shifted from my prospectus and I am grateful for their confidence in me and thankful for their guidance. Many other people and institutions at the University of Michigan have helped me get here. In Women’s Studies: Deborah Keller-Cohen, Nadine “Dean” Hubbs, Elizabeth Wingrove, Adela Pinch, Valerie Traub and Aimee Germain. In History I thank Matt Lassiter, Scott Spector, Mary Kelley, John Carson, Howard Brick, Matthew Countryman, Deirdre de la Cruz and Kathleen King. At Michigan I have been very lucky to receive exceptional financial support through the Rackham Graduate School as well as the Institute for Research on Women and Gender and the Institute for the Humanities. The latter two ushered me into vibrant intellectual communities that helped my project grow, where I received support and critique from Hannah Rosen, Sidonie Smith and many exceptional grad students and professors. The Institute for the Humanities was an ideal environment in which to complete this dissertation and introduced me to new colleagues and dear friends such as Jennifer Johnson and Maria Hadjipolycarpou who helped alleviate the stress of the academic job market with much camaraderie and kettle bells. Michigan’s American History Workshop has been a crucial venue for receiving feedback on this project. Thanks to smart and lovely folks such as Lauren Gutterman, David B. Green, Scott DeOrio, Rabia Belt, Katie Lennard, Nora Krinitsky, Tiffany Bell, Aston Gonzalez, Marie Stango, Patrick Parker, and the many others who gave me AHW feedback over the years. For feedback, editing help and friendship, I also thank Sara Lampert, Sarah Hamilton, Emma Amador, Chelsea Del Rio, and Thera Webb. Jay Cook’s cultural history dissertation workshop this past year helped me fine-tune some of my chapters, and colleagues such as Holly Rapp and Jacques Vest gave me particularly iii thoughtful critiques. This project has also been strengthened through feedback received at many conferences from people such as Chad Heap, Cheryl Hicks, Heather Love, Paul Amar, and Catherine Conner, among many others. I am also in Catherine’s debt because she sheltered me during one of my archive trips, as did The Lady Ms. Vagina Jenkins, Katie Kretzmann and Michelle Morgan. Many archives and several archive-based fellowships also supported this project. An African American History and Culture Fellowship from Emory University’s Manuscript, Archives and Rare Book Library allowed me to spend two weeks in Atlanta while I worked on my prospectus. Serving as a Martin Duberman Visiting Scholar for the summer of 2011 was my gateway to spending two fabulous years researching and writing in New York City, so I thank the New York Public Library for this enriching opportunity. This project fundamentally shifted after a wonderful month of research in the summer of 2012 in Chicago, where I served as a Black Metropolis Research Consortium Short-Term Fellow. I offer gratitude to numerous archivists and librarians at Emory, the Manuscripts and Archives Division of the New York Public Library, the Lincoln Center Performing Arts branch of the NYPL, the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Special Collections at the University of Chicago, the Chicago History Museum, the Center for Black Music Research at Columbia College, the Chicago Public Library, the Southern Folklife Collection at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Duke University, the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Columbia University, the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University, the New York Municipal Archives, the Lesbian Herstory iv Archives, the GLBT Historical Society, and the Bentley Library at the University of Michigan. Lastly, thanks to my family, who put up with me being practically broke for the entire decade of my 30s. I can only hope to treat them all to dinner someday. And so much thanks to old friends who have been with me from the beginning, like Kat Case and Joey Stevenson, as well as dear friends I met along the way, like Jina Kim, Randa Jarrar and Donia Jarrar. Above all, thank you to the incredible, indomitable women who came before me that I have the honor of writing about – I can only hope to do justice to their lives. v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii Abstract ............................................................................................................................ viii Introduction: “Have We a New Sex Problem Here?” ......................................................... 1 Chapter One: Bosom Friends and “Unnatural” Passions: African American Women Who Loved Women Before the Great Migration ............................................................. 33 Chapter Two: “Woman Slain in Queer Love Brawl:” The Violent Emergence of Lady Lovers in the 1920s Northern Black Press .............................................................. 97 Chapter Three: “The Famous Lady Lovers” in the Early-Twentieth Century Black Popular Entertainment Industry ...................................................................................... 151 Chapter Four: “A Freakish Party:” Queer African American Women, Vice and Space in the Prohibition-Era Urban North ...................................................................... 220 Epilogue .......................................................................................................................... 271 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 275 vi List of Figures Figure 1: Image from "Queer Love Affair," The Wichita Tribune, 1898. ........................ 39 Figure 2: Image from the Chicago Defender, Dec. 12, 1928, pt. 2, p. 10. ..................... 134 Figure 3: 1928 Chicago Defender advertisement. .......................................................... 214 Figure 4: Rent party advertisement given to Mabel Hampton by Lillian Foster on the day they met, 1932. .............................................................................................. 236 vii Abstract: “The Famous Lady Lovers:” African American Women and Same-Sex Desire from Reconstruction to World War II This dissertation examines the emergence of social networks created by African American women who loved women, and the public discourse that swirled around them. Focusing on specific urban locales in Chicago and New York, it examines the representation of such women nationally in the black press and the entertainment world. It highlights a variety of factors, which, by the 1920s, led to the increasing visibility of African American “lady lovers.” The Great Migration – the mass exodus of southern blacks to the North and West beginning with World War I – was a key stimulus to the communities these women helped to build in vibrant and heterogeneous segregated urban spaces. The overlap of vice districts with black neighborhoods brought a preponderance of boarding houses filled with single people, which helped stimulate the rise of mass culture and the entertainment industry. Black newspapers were especially important in disseminating what became common representations of lady lovers. Their narratives often included stories of violent “queer love triangles” occurring
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