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Biocronología, Paleobiogeografía Y Paleoecología De Macromamíferos Del Neógeno Tardío De Norte

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Biocronología, Paleobiogeografía Y Paleoecología De Macromamíferos Del Neógeno Tardío De Norte Memoria de Tesis Doctoral: BIOCRONOLOGÍA,. PALEOBIOGEOGRAFÍA Y PALEOECOLOGÍA DE MACROMAMÍFEROS DEL NEÓGENO TARDÍO DE NORTEAMÉRICA MERIDIONAL Por: ROBERTO EMMANUEL HERNÁNDEZ JASSO Directores: Dr. Manuel Hernández Fernández Dr. Jorge Morales Romero Departamento de Paleobiología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid BIOCRONOLOGÍA, PALEOBIOGEOGRAFÍA Y PALEOECOLOGÍA DE MACROMAMÍFEROS DE NORTEAMÉRICA MERIDIONAL DEL NEÓGENO TARDÍO. Memoria Tesis para la obtención del grado de Doctor en Paleontología presentada por: ROBERTO EMMANUEL HERNÁNDEZ JASSO Bajo la dirección de DR. MANUEL HERNÁNDEZ FERNÁNDEZ y DR. JORGE MORALES ROMERO V° B° de los directores: Manuel Hernández Fernández Jorge Morales Romero V° B° del Tutor: Angela Delgado Buscalioni Madrid Mayo de 2015 BIOCRONOLOGÍA, PALEOBIOGEOGRAFÍA Y PALEOECOLOGÍA DE MACROMAMÍFEROS DE NORTEAMÉRICA MERIDIONAL DEL NEÓGENO TARDÍO. Memoria de Tesis Doctoral presentada por: Roberto Emmanuel Hernández Jasso Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Bajo la dirección de los Doctores: Manuel Hernández Fernández Jorge Morales Romero Departamento de Paleontología, Facultad Departamento de Paleobiología, Museo de Geologia, Universidad Complutense de Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Madrid Bajo la Tutoría de la Doctora: Angela Delgado Buscalioni Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturalez, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Programa Doctorado interuniversitario en Paleontología: Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares Agradecimientos A MIS PADRES. Por su incondicional apoyo. Agradecimientos “Hay grandeza en esta concepción de la vida,... que mientras este planeta ha ido girando según la constante ley de la gravitación, se han desarrollado y se están desarrollando, a partir de un comienzo tan sencillo, infinidad de formas cada vez más bellas y maravillosas”. Charles Darwin (1859) El origen de las especies “El presente es la viviente suma total del pasado.” Thomas Carlyle (1843) Pasado y Presente Agradecimientos AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradezco a numerosas personas el apoyo generoso brindado durante el proceso de la investigación doctoral. Hago hincapié que la ausencia de algunos nombres, no es de ningún modo a causa del olvido, sino por la imposibilidad de agregar mayor espacio a este texto. Agradezco de manera muy especial a mi familia, quien desde México me ha brindado siempre su apoyo incondicional. En especial a mis padres Roberto y Aracely quienes me brindaron una educación muy esmerada desde época temprana, despertando en mí una gran pasión hacia el mundo de la ciencia; y un inagotable deseo de conocer y admirar a la naturaleza, especialmente el mundo animal. Tambien estoy profundamente agradecido con mi hermana Karel, quien desde pequeño me ha dado su apoyo y motivación. Estoy en deuda moral con los doctores Manuel Hernández Fernández y Jorge Morales Romero, mis directores de tesis. Sus inestimables aportaciones teóricas y metodológicas y las atenciones brindadas a mi persona tuvieron central importancia en el desarrollo de la investigación. A ellos les debo prácticamente todo lo que sé del mundo de la paleontología de macromamíferos. De igual forma externo mi agradecimiento a todos los profesores del Programa del Doctorado en Paleontología; y de manera especial, a la Dra. Ángela Delgado Buscaleoni, mi tutora y amiga; quien me tendió la mano desde mí llegada a España. Recuerdo también con beneplácito y amistad a mis compañeros del Departamento de Paleontología de la Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas. Varios investigadores me proporcionaron valiosa información sobre sus publicaciones personales, enriqueciendo el fondo bibliográfico de esta investigación. Agradezco a María del Mar Peinado Cortés, por facilitarme los listados faunísticos actuales de las localidades del Suroeste de Estados Unidos y México. A los Doctores Ana Fabiola Guzmán del laboratorio de Zooarqueología del INAH. A Richard H. Madden, del Departamento de Antropología Biológica y Anatomía de la Duke University Medical Center, por facilitarme referencias bibliográficas imprescindibles para el desarrollo de este trabajo. Hago mención especial a mis compañeras de despacho y amigas Blanca A. García Yelo por facilitarme los listados de faunas actuales y Ana R. Gómez Cano por ayudarme con los resultados preliminares del análisis de Alroy. A mis compañeras Ana Gómez Cano y Blanca García Yelo por proporcionarme la información Agradecimientos climática de las faunas actuales. También no me podría olvidar del resto de mis compañeros de despacho, que compartimos momentos increibes. Igualmente tengo un grato agradecimiento a todos los miembros del Investigación UCM-CAM 910607 sobre Evolución de Mamíferos y Paleoambientes Continentales Cenozoicos, dirigido por María Ángeles Álvarez Sierra. Mi oportunidad de estudiar en el extranjero no se hubiera logrado sin el apoyo del Ing. José María Leal Gutiérrez, rector de la Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas (México). Quien gracias a su confianza se me brindo la beca de manutención del programa PROMEP-UAT. Igualmente al Profesor M.C. Pedro Espinoza Baca, director de la Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria de Ciencias, quien brindó todo su respaldo y confianza para realizar mi estudio doctoral; y a la Dra. María Teresa de Jesús Guzmán Acuña, representante institucional ante PROMEP-UAT, por su ayuda y orientación durante los mencionados estudios. Dedico además un espacio para reconocer a las instituciones y centros de investigación mexicanos que me abrieron las puertas durante mis indagaciones paleontológicas. En particular al MC. Daniel Romero Méndez y al Ing. Cristóbal Rosales, encargados del Museo de Ciencias de la Tierra del Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Madero, por permitirme el acceso al material paleontológico bajo su resguardo. Igualmente a la Dra. María del Carmen Perrillat Montoya, del Instituto de Geología de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, por la ayuda que me brindó para revisar el material de la Colección Nacional de Paleontología. Por último, al Dr. Joaquín Arroyo Cabrales y al Biol. Oscar Polaco por su generoso permiso para revisar la colección paleontología del Laboratorio de Arqueozoología del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Dedico también una mención a todos los profesores de la licenciatura en Biología del Instituto de Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria que participaron en mi formación como biólogo y naturalista. Tengo gratos recuerdos de las frecuentes experiencias en campo y laboratorio que compartí con ellos durante mis estudios de Licenciatura; y las amables invitaciones que me hicieron durante mis visitas a México, para organizar excavaciones, exploraciones y seminarios con los alumnos de la carrera de Biología. A todos muchas gracias Roberto Hernández. TABLA DE CONTENIDO AGRADECIMIENTOS .......................................................................................................................... 8 RESUMEN .................................................................................................................................................. 11 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................... 13 1. BIOCRONOLOGIA DE MAMÍFEROS DE NORTEAMÉRICA: SISTEMA NALMA‟S. ........................ 17 Edades NALMA‟s del Neógeno tardío: Henfiliano, Blancano, Irvingtoniano y Rancholabreano. ............. 19 2. PALEOBIOGEOGRAFÍA DE LAS FAUNAS DE MAMÍFEROS DE NORTEAMÉRICA DURANTE EL NEÓGENO TARDÍO. ...................................................................................................................................... 26 3. PALEOECOLOGÍA DE LA ESTRUCTURA DE COMUNIDADES ......................................................... 28 i. Espectros de Diversidad Ecológica........................................................................................................... 30 II. Patrones de Diversidad: Dinámica de Comunidades............................................................................... 32 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ..................................................................................................................................... 35 HIPÓTESIS Y OBJETIVOS ......................................................................................................................... 38 CAPÍTULO 1 BIOCRONOLOGÍA Y PALEOBIOGEOGRÁFIA DE MAMÍFEROS DEL NEÓGENO TARDÍO DE NORTEAMÉRICA MERIDIONAL ............................................................................................................. 42 INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................................................... 43 METODOLOGÍA .......................................................................................................................................... 44 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIONES: .............................................................................................................. 50 CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................................................................ 140 CAPÍTULO 2 PALEOECOLOGÍA DE LA ESTRUCTURA DE COMUNIDADES DE MAMÍFEROS DEL NEÓGENO TARDÍO DE NORTEAMÉRICA MERIDIONAL .............................................................. 146 INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................................................................................ 146 METODOLOGÍA .......................................................................................................................................
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