Chocolate 2 Janet Hardy-Gould Introduction

STAGE Chocolate 2 Janet Hardy-Gould Introduction

This ungraded summary is for the teacher’s use only and should not be given to students.

Chapter summary Chapter 1 (The world of chocolate) is a short introduction to chocolate and its history. The cacao tree first grew in the rainforests of Central and South America, but is now cultivated in many tropical regions. The biggest consumers of chocolate are in Europe. The chapter also mentions some books and particularly cheap milk chocolate – contains large films on the theme of chocolate. amounts of unhealthy sugar and fat. Chapter 2 (The first chocolate) outlines the early Chapter 8 (Types of chocolate) gives a summary history of chocolate, starting with the Olmecs of of the three basic types of chocolate – dark, milk, and Central America who used the sweet pulp from cacao white. It goes on to describe some of the inventions pods. Later the Maya started to grind the beans of famous chocolatiers, such as pralines and truffles. themselves, using the resulting paste in a drink. The Chapter 9 (Special days and presents) explains Aztecs after them, who also valued cacao beans the importance of chocolate on birthdays and other highly, named the drink chocolatl. festivals. Different countries have different traditions; Chapter 3 (Chocolate comes to Europe) for example, chocolate skulls are often given to describes the arrival of explorers and conquistadors in children on the Day of the Dead in Mexico, and parents Central and South America, ultimately leading to the in the UK sometimes give chocolate money to their downfall of the Aztec rulers. The conquistador Cortés children on Christmas Day. took cacao beans back to Spain. Despite attempts to Chapter 10 (Cooking with chocolate) describes keep the process of chocolate making secret, the the origins of some famous cakes and biscuits made drink eventually became popular all over Europe. with chocolate, including Sachertorte, Black Forest Chapter 4 (Machines and makers) talks about gateau, éclairs, and chocolate chip cookies. It mentions the invention of the cocoa press, which meant that that, in Mexico for example, chocolate is also used in cocoa solids could be extracted from the beans, savoury cooking. There is also a recipe for American producing a powder that was ideal for making drinking chocolate chip cookies. chocolate. People experimented with the leftover Chapter 11 (Chocolate places to visit) is about cocoa butter, and it was at this time that big names various visitor attractions related to chocolate. These like Fry, Cadbury and Hershey started producing the include museums of paintings and buildings made of first chocolate bars. chocolate. China and Korea have very large chocolate Chapter 5 (From cacao pod to chocolate bar) is museums, and people can also visit factories like about the process of producing chocolate, starting Cadbury World in Birmingham. Perugia in Italy has a with the picking of ripe cacao pods, followed by the nine-day chocolate festival every October. drying, blending, cooking, and shelling of the beans, Chapter 12 (Changing chocolate) finishes with a and ending with the addition of flavours. summary of the development of chocolate from a Chapter 6 (The darker side of chocolate) covers strong hand-made drink over a thousand years ago to the use of slaves and children in cacao plantations, the vast range of chocolate products we now have. both in the past and now. It also describes the work of New flavours are continually being developed, and Fairtrade, which tries to achieve a better deal for new markets (such as China and India) are being farmers and workers. explored. Chocolate is big business, and is likely to get Chapter 7 (What is in chocolate?) gives details of bigger. some of the stimulants and beneficial chemicals in chocolate. It also mentions that some chocolate –

1 © Oxford university press STAGE Chocolate 2 Pre-reading activity Word search

Match these words with the definitions below. Use the glossary at the back of Chocolate to help you. bubble, century, cream, Easter, explore, farmer, grow, invent, jam, melt, mix, shell, slave, welcome

DEFINITIONS 1 a person who keeps animals or grows plants for food ______2 to put different things together to make something new ______3 a time of one hundred years ______4 to show a visitor that you are happy to see them ______5 to travel around a new place to learn about it ______6 to put plants in the ground and look after them ______7 the hard outside part of a nut ______8 a Christian festival on a Sunday in March or April ______9 to make something for the first time ______10 a little ball of air in a liquid ______11 to become liquid after becoming warmer ______12 the thick yellow-white liquid on the top of milk ______13 sweet food made from fruit and sugar ______14 a person who must work for another person for no money ______

Now find the words in the word search below.

O S T M O M G S L A V E B H W I B E R A C X Y A U E E X P L O R E I P S B L L O R T W H N N A T B L C R E A M U T V U E L K O D J Y E L U E F R E A M F A R M E R N Y N W V E Y M P S O Y T A E

To the teacher Aim: To introduce some of the key vocabulary. students to find the fourteen words in the word search. Time: 10–15 minutes When students have finished, ask students to discuss Organization: Give a copy of the worksheet to each how some of the words might relate to chocolate. student or group of students. Ask students to match the Key: 1 farmer, 2 mix, 3 century, 4 welcome, 5 explore, 6 words and definitions. During class feedback, check the grow, 7 shell, 8 Easter, 9 invent, 10 bubble, 11 melt, 12 pronunciation and meaning of all the words. Then ask cream, 13 jam, 14 slave.

2 © Oxford university press photocopiable STAGE Chocolate 2 While reading activity Spot the mistakes

There are nine mistakes in the text. Find them and correct them. The first one is corrected for you.

thousand The first people who used the cacao tree were the Olmecs three hundred years ago. Later, the Maya people grew cacao trees. They made a strong chocolate drink from the leaves. The Aztecs liked chocolate, too. Their last ruler, Moctezuma the Second, drank five cups a day. In the early sixteenth century, conquistadors from England started to explore Central and South America. Hernán Cortés was one of these. He became ruler of the Aztec people, and when he went back to Spain he took some cacao beans for the queen. Soon, news of this wonderful drink went from country to country. Later, a Swiss inventor called Conrad Van Houten invented the cocoa press. This machine took most of the cocoa butter out of the chocolate. J.S. Fry used this cocoa butter to make the world’s first chocolate bar in America. Growing cacao trees and getting the beans needs a lot of work. The first plantation owners needed large numbers of new workers. People went to Australia to get slaves, and they sold them to plantation farmers. Between nine and twelve thousand Africans went across the Atlantic as slaves, and the slave traders became very rich.

To the teacher Where: At the end of Chapter 6 (The darker side of the mistakes. There are nine in total. Go through the chocolate). answers with the class, and see how many other related Aim: To revise and consolidate some of the key facts details students can remember. and vocabulary so far. Key: hundred – thousand; leaves – beans; five –fifty ; Time: 15–20 minutes England – Spain; queen – king; Swiss – Dutch; America Organization: Give each student, or pair of students, a – England; Australia – Africa; thousand – million. copy of the summary, and ask them to find and correct

Read the clues and fill in the word grid. Find the hidden name of a country. CLUES 1 Children in Germany often put their ___ near the door on 5 December. 2 ___ chocolate is made without cocoa solids. 3 ___ is the American word for ‘biscuit’. 4 ___ helps farmers to get fair money when they sell cacao beans. 5 The ___ made a drink called chocolatl. 6 In the 1890s, ___ opened a large modern factory in the USA and began to make hundreds of thousands of milk chocolate bars. 7 In Japan and Korea, the most important day of the year for chocolate is 14 ___. 8 In 1492, Christopher ___ left Spain and sailed across the Atlantic. 9 The ___ in chocolate bars is bad for your teeth. 10 Chocolate is made from the ___ of the cacao tree. 11 On special days, the Maya people gave chocolate to their ___.

1 S H O E S

To the teacher Aim: To revise some of the main facts about chocolate will then find the hidden country. When checking the described in the book. answers with the class, ask them to give as much detail Time: 15–20 minutes as they can about each answer. Organization: Give each student, or pair of students, a Key: 1 shoes, 2 white, 3 cookie, 4 Fairtrade, 5 Aztecs, copy of the worksheet. Look at the first example with 6 Hershey, 7 February, 8 Columbus, 9 sugar, 10 beans, the class and explain that students must complete the 11 gods. The hidden word is SWITZERLAND. grid with the words missing from the sentences. They