DOCSLIB.ORG

Prostitution in Havana, Cuba, a Conflict Analysis of “The Phenomenon of Jineterismo in Havana, Cuba.” a Narrative Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Prostitution in Havana, Cuba, a Conflict Analysis of “The Phenomenon of Jineterismo in Havana, Cuba.” a Narrative Study Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations 2020 Prostitution in Havana, Cuba, A Conflict Analysis of “The Phenomenon of Jineterismo in Havana, Cuba.” A Narrative Study Nery Roman Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd Part of the Peace and Conflict Studies Commons Share Feedback About This Item This Dissertation is brought to you by the HCAS Student Theses and Dissertations at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Conflict Analysis of “The Phenomenon of Jineterismo in Havana, Cuba.” A Narrative Study by Nereida Roman A Dissertation Presented to the Halmos College of Arts and Sciences of Nova Southeastern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Nova Southeastern University 2020 Copyright © by Nereida Roman October 2020 Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation was submitted by Nereida Roman under the direction of the chair of the dissertation committee listed below. It was submitted to the Halmos College of Arts and Sciences and approved in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conflict Analysis and Resolution at Nova Southeastern University. Approved: Acknowledgments This process was possible thanks to the gracious generosity of seven individuals in Havana, Cuba, who shared their precious life stories. I recognize your willingness to be vulnerable and for trusting me with your experiences. I want to extend my sincere thanks and appreciation to Dr. Toran J. Hansen, for his support at the beginning of this journey, who brought back my confidence in this dissertation. To Dr. Mary Hope Schwoebel for her guidance and encouragement throughout this project. I appreciate her open-mindedness and willingness to support this research and for her expertise and thoughtful notes and for not giving up. I thank Dr. Robin Cooper for her collaboration as a committee member and her expertise. The insight and assistance she provided have been invaluable and have facilitated the process. I am grateful for working with Dr. Elena Bastidas, who pointed me in the right direction with exceptional explanations that allowed me to pursue my passion and this research; thank you. I want to thank Dr. Ismael Muvingi for his patience, coordination, and assistance throughout the process. Finally, I wish to extend my most profound appreciation and gratitude to Ramon J. Cubenas, who helped me at the beginning with notes, ideas, and feedback. To my two artistic daughters who kept my spirit alive in the world, by understanding and having compassion. I would not have been able to complete this journey without the encouragement, love, and the support of my family. I want to mention my dogs Paprika and Smokey and the cats' Cookie, and Wasabi, they are all so precious. Gracias por todo y que Dios nos bendiga. Table of Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................. v Abstract ........................................................................................................................... vi Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ................................................................................ 1 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................. 3 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................................... 5 Guiding Research Questions .................................................................................. 6 Research Design..................................................................................................... 6 Organization of the Study ...................................................................................... 7 Definition of Terms.............................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2: Literature Review: History of Women in Cuba ........................................... 13 Colonial Background History ................................................................................... 13 Status of Women ....................................................................................................... 14 Neo-Colonialism & Batista Regime ......................................................................... 15 Fidel Castro & Communism Era History.................................................................. 16 El Periodo Especial .............................................................................................. 17 Obama Re-opening & President Trump’s Policies ................................................... 18 Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................. 20 Social Conflicts and Structural Violence ............................................................. 20 Feminization of Poverty ....................................................................................... 22 Theories of Sex Workers and Trafficking ........................................................... 23 i Sex Tourism ......................................................................................................... 28 Human Needs Theory ............................................................................................... 31 Feminist Theory ........................................................................................................ 35 Feminism in International Relations .................................................................... 37 Epistemological Stance and Social Constructivism .................................................. 41 Chapter 3: Methodology ................................................................................................ 43 Narrative Inquiry ....................................................................................................... 43 Research Sample .................................................................................................. 43 Data Collection .................................................................................................... 44 Data Analysis and Holistic Process ..................................................................... 48 Limitations ................................................................................................................ 53 Role of the Researcher, Assumptions, and Ethical Considerations ..................... 53 Chapter 4: Results .......................................................................................................... 56 Jinetera Profiles ......................................................................................................... 56 Themes and Subthemes............................................................................................. 64 Narrative of Jintereas Stories ............................................................................... 64 Jineteras Survived and Persevere in Hardship times ........................................... 65 Empowerment is Perceived by Jineteras as a Form of Freedom ......................... 67 Continuing to Pursue Education while Working as Jineteras .............................. 79 Jineteras Believe They Are Not Respected or Protected ..................................... 83 Some Jineteras Experienced Abandonment from Family Members and Others ............................................................................................................ 91 Government Conflicts are Grounded on Lack of Assistance and Abuse............. 94 ii Being a Single Mother is One of the Reasons for Working in Jineterismo ....... 107 HIV/AIDS Protection Relies Mostly on what is Available to Protect ............... 112 Chapter 5: Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations ...................................... 116 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 126 References .................................................................................................................... 133 Appendix A: Jineteras Interviews in Spanish .............................................................. 138 Appendix B: Jineteras Translated into Color-Coding Holistic Process ....................... 174 Appendix C: Map of the Interview Locations in Havana, Cuba.................................. 234 Appendix D: Interview Questions for Jineteras in English and Spanish ..................... 235 iii List of Tables Table 1. A Coding Sample for Jineteras ........................................................................ 51 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Maslow's Hierarchic of Needs ........................................................................ 33 v Abstract This narrative inquiry discovered the phenomenon of jineteras and jineterismo in Havana, Cuba. Jinetera (single) or jineterismo (group) refers
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE LEGALIZATION of PROSTITUTION: a Violation of International Law Dianne Post 1826 E Willetta St Phoenix, AZ 85006-3047 602-271-9019 Pho/Fax Email
    THE LEGALIZATION OF PROSTITUTION: A Violation of International Law Dianne Post 1826 E Willetta St Phoenix, AZ 85006-3047 602-271-9019 pho/fax email: [email protected] www.diannepost.net www.diannepost.com October 2010 Introduction ―The prostitution of women and girls for profit is one of the fastest growing global enterprises, …‖1 It is now ranked by the United Nations as number two in international crime, tied with illegal arms sales and only trailing illegal drug sales. 2 “ Trafficking in women and children is a growing worldwide problem that needs to be tackled on a global and national level. Women and children are particularly vulnerable to this modern form of slavery. Of the estimated 600,000 to 800,000 people trafficked across international borders each year approximately 80 percent are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors. The rate of paid-for sex with women has doubled in a decade, reveals research in Sexually Transmitted Infections. The findings are based on the results of two national surveys of 11,000 British adults in 1990 and 2000 (Natsal). Respondents were asked about their sexual lifestyles and attitudes to sex. Men were asked if they had ever paid for sex. In 1990, 5.6 percent of the men said they had paid for sex at some time during their lives, with two percent saying they had done this within the previous five years, and 0.5 percent within the past year. Ten years later, the comparable figures were twice as high.3 The increase in trafficking and prostitution coincides with more countries suggesting that legalization and thus normalization of prostitution is permissible.
    [Show full text]
  • The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: a Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race During the Special Period 1995-1997
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2003 The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: A Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race during the Special Period 1995-1997 Michael W. Cornebise University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Cornebise, Michael W., "The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: A Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race during the Special Period 1995-1997. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2003. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1987 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Michael W. Cornebise entitled "The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: A Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race during the Special Period 1995-1997." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Geography. Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Thomas Bell, Ronald Foresta, Todd Diakon Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Michael W.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex and State Making in Revolutionary Cuba, 1959-1968
    SEX AND STATE MAKING IN REVOLUTIONARY CUBA, 1959-1968 Rachel M. Hynson A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2014 Approved By: Kathryn J. Burns Emily Susan Burrill John Charles Chasteen Miguel La Serna Raúl Necochea López Lars Schoultz ©2014 Rachel M. Hynson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT RACHEL M. HYNSON: Sex and State Making in Revolutionary Cuba, 1959-1968 (Under the direction of Kathryn J. Burns) This dissertation explores the construction of the revolutionary state in order to trace the entwinement of familial health and national security during the first decade of the Cuban revolution. It analyzes campaigns deployed by government officials to remake sexual norms and produce families deemed healthier than those under capitalism. More specifically, my dissertation examines state efforts that normalized patriarchy by criminalizing abortion, legitimized marriage through collective weddings, schematized the workforce by condemning female prostitution, and restructured economic gender roles via the rehabilitation of chulos (loosely translated as “kept men”). Through close analysis of print media, speeches, travel narratives, and oral histories, my work makes two major contributions to the study of Cuban sexuality. First, by joining prerevolutionary context to an analysis of revolutionary policies, I demonstrate that the sexual behaviors lauded by state officials as new measures of revolutionary well-being were in fact traditional criteria recycled from prior Cuban regimes. Second, I assert that revolutionary leadership of the 1960s attempted to remake the state by challenging popular definitions of terms such as marriage, family planning, sex worker, and chulo.
    [Show full text]
  • Murder in San Isidro: Crime and Culture During the Second Cuban Republic Author(S): MAYRA BEERS Source: Cuban Studies, Vol
    University of Pittsburgh Press Murder in San Isidro: Crime and Culture during the Second Cuban Republic Author(s): MAYRA BEERS Source: Cuban Studies, Vol. 34 (2003), pp. 97-129 Published by: University of Pittsburgh Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24487879 Accessed: 30-03-2019 19:37 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms University of Pittsburgh Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Cuban Studies This content downloaded from 129.171.178.63 on Sat, 30 Mar 2019 19:37:34 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms MAYRA BEERS Murder in San Isidro: Crime and Culture during the Second Cuban Republic ABSTRACT This article uses the murder of a well-known politician in Cuba, Alberto Yarini y Ponce de Leôn, who was also a celebrated pimp, to delve into questions of national identity and nationalist discourse. The theoretical framework relies on the importance of gender images and prostitution in nation-building rhetoric, arguing that these matters have been used in support of political interests. Its methodology analyzes the tensions and ambiva lence surrounding Cuban national identity in the first two decades of the republic.
    [Show full text]
  • “¿Qué Dice Usted?”: Discourses of Femininity in Nueva Trova
    “¿QUÉ DICE USTED?”: DISCOURSES OF FEMININITY IN NUEVA TROVA CUBANA by JULIANNE L. GRAPER A THESIS Presented to the School of Music and Dance and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts June 2014 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Julianne L. Graper Title: “¿Qué Dice Usted?”: Discourses of Femininity in Nueva Trova Cubana This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the School of Music and Dance by: Juan Eduardo Wolf Chairperson Loren Kajikawa Member Carlos Aguirre Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research and Innovation; Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2014 ii © 2014 Julianne L Graper iii THESIS ABSTRACT Julianne L. Graper Master of Arts School of Music and Dance June 2014 Title: “¿Qué Dice Usted?”: Discourses of Femininity in Nueva Trova Cubana Following the Revolution of 1959, the Cuban government implemented policy reforms geared towards increasing women’s rights. Despite these efforts, however, sexism persists in Cuban society. This difference between rhetoric and reality is reflected in the song genre, nueva trova, which foregrounds a progressive agenda for women’s rights but continues to marginalize their participation. Prominent nueva trova performers Silvio Rodríguez and Pablo Milanés advocate women’s rights in their songs, but their music remains couched in patriarchal structures that prevent women from speaking for themselves. Sara González, one of the first prominent female nueva trova composers, was able to integrate into government-supported trova institutions by adopting a masculine, revolutionary aesthetic, which she then adapted to feminist themes to combat the ideological disparity.
    [Show full text]
  • Privatization Reforms and the Cuban Tourism Industry: a Reflection on the Benefits and Consequences Blair Bradford
    University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound International Immersion Program Papers Student Papers 2015 Privatization Reforms and the Cuban Tourism Industry: a Reflection on the Benefits and Consequences Blair Bradford Follow this and additional works at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/ international_immersion_program_papers Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Blair Bradford, "Privatization Reforms and the Cuban Tourism Industry: A Reflection on the Benefits nda Consequences," Law School International Immersion Program Papers, No. 4 (2015). This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Papers at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Immersion Program Papers by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Blair Bradford Privatization Reforms and the Cuban Tourism Industry: A Reflection on the Benefits and Consequences During the second-half of the twentieth-century, Cuba’s tourism industry experienced multiple cycles of expansion and contraction. Before Castro’s Revolution in 1959, the Cuban tourism industry was entirely privatized, often with American ownership. After 1959, the country immediately nationalized the industry and then experimented with a mixture of state-owned and privatized models, each having a varying degree of success. Because privatization is generally disfavored by communist governments, it is unsurprising that privatization in the Cuban tourism industry has been limited and has usually only occurred in times of desperate economic need. Previous growth of the tourism industry produced two negative consequences: the growth of inequality among the Cuban population and the resurgence of prostitution and sex tourism. Because of these phenomena and other ideological concerns, the Cuban government has been wary of further growth through privatization.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolution Is Such a Beautiful Word! Literary Journalism in Castro's Cuba
    9 Revolution Is Such a Beautiful Word! Literary Journalism in Castro’s Cuba Juan Orlando Pérez González University of Roehampton, U.K. The predictable discourse of Cuba’s communist news media has occasion- ally been challenged by literary journalists who have offered some surpris- ingly rich, and politically uncomfortable, interpretations. here were a few people in Havana, around the end of the 1980s, who Tknew who Tom Wolfe was. How they had come to know him is difficult to explain. None of the books written by Wolfe until that time had been pub- lished in Cuba. Neither The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby nor The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. Neither The Pump House Gang, nor The Right Stuff, nor, crucially, The New Journalism. Yet, some people knew who Tom Wolfe was and were also somewhat knowledgeable about the New Jour- nalism itself. Spanish translations of Wolfe’s manifesto had found their way into Castro’s Cuba, and some writers, journalists, and university lecturers had read it. Wilfredo Cancio, then a young student at the Faculty of Journalism of the University of Havana, has recalled how he and his classmates got hold around 1987 of a Spanish edition of The New Journalism on which they put a cover with the uninviting title Minutes of the Congress of the Union of Cuban Journalists.1 At the time, being in possession of a foreign book was still some- thing most people would wisely not boast about. Contemporary American writers were not the kind of authors the ideologues of the Party would recom- mend to the younger generation.2 And literary journalism, those ideologues would have said, was most likely another dangerous foreign creation that had nothing to do with journalism in a socialist society.3 Literary Journalism Studies Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing Tourist Hearts: Love, Money and Ambiguity in Relationships Between Cuban Women and Foreign Men by Anne-Mette Groth
    Managing Tourist Hearts: Love, Money and Ambiguity in Relationships between Cuban Women and Foreign Men by Anne-Mette Groth Hermansen B.A., University of Copenhagen, 2006 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Anthropology Anne-Mette Groth Hermansen, 2010 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Managing Tourist Hearts: Love, Money and Ambiguity in Relationships between Cuban Women and Foreign Men by Anne-Mette Groth Hermansen B.A., University of Copenhagen, 2006 Supervisory Committee Dr. Hülya Demirdirek, Department of Anthropology Supervisor Dr. Margo Matwychuk, Department of Anthropology Departmental Member Dr. Annalee Lepp, Department of Women’s Studies Outside Member iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Hülya Demirdirek, Department of Anthropology Supervisor Dr. Margo Matwychuk, Department of Anthropology Departmental Member Dr. Annalee Lepp, Department of Women’s Studies Outside Member As a consequence of Cuba’s severe mid-1990s economic crisis and the government’s attempt to remedy it by investing in the tourism sector, a new interactional space has opened up, providing Cubans with the opportunity to form economically advantageous relationships with foreigners. This thesis contributes to the anthropological understanding of the lifeworlds of Cuban women who engage in relationships with foreign men that are sexualized and commercialized to various degrees. These touristic encounters are morally and ideologically contested in late socialist Cuba. They are also characterized by an ambiguous tension, as the women have to manage foreign men’s expectations regarding exchanges of love and money.
    [Show full text]
  • Feminists, Queers and Critics: Debating the Cuban Sex Trade*
    J. Lat. Amer. Stud. 40, 721–742 f 2008 Cambridge University Press 721 doi:10.1017/S0022216X08004732 Printed in the United Kingdom Feminists, Queers and Critics: Debating the Cuban Sex Trade* NOELLE M. STOUT Abstract. Cuban scholars and women’s advocates have criticised the widespread emergence of sex tourism in post-Soviet Cuba and attributed prostitution to a crisis in socialist values. In response, feminist scholars in the United States and Europe have argued that Cuban analysts promote government agendas and demonise sex workers. Drawing on nineteen months of field research in Havana, I challenge this conclusion to demonstrate how queer Cubans condemn sex tourism while de- nouncing an unconditional allegiance to Cuban nationalism. By introducing gay Cuban critiques into the debate, I highlight the interventionist undertones of fem- inist scholarship on the Cuban sex trade. Keywords: tourist sex trade, feminism, homosexuality Introduction On a warm October evening in Havana, I sat with Fredi, a gay 27-year-old medical student from Cienfuegos, and we watched as pingueros, jineteras, gays and tourists crowded the Maleco´n.1 Next to us, a group circled around the resident guitarist as he improvised English lyrics to the Eagles’ Hotel California. An 18-year-old pinguero, wearing a threadbare pullover that read ‘Thank God It’s Friday’ and holding the arm of a middle-aged Canadian Noelle M. Stout is Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology at New York University. Email: [email protected] * I would like to thank Dr. Janet Davis, JLAS editors, and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive criticism on previous drafts.
    [Show full text]
  • US Efforts to Combat Sex Trafficking of Minors
    Children's Legal Rights Journal Volume 35 Article 10 Issue 1 2015 1-1-2015 Around the World: U.S. Efforts to Combat Sex Trafficking of Minors Laura Smith Follow this and additional works at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/clrj Part of the International Humanitarian Law Commons Recommended Citation Laura Smith, Around the World: U.S. Efforts to Combat Sex Trafficking of Minors, 35 CHILD. LEGAL RTS. J. 94 (2015). Available at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/clrj/vol35/iss1/10 This Featured Practice Perspectives is brought to you for free and open access by LAW eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Children's Legal Rights Journal by an authorized administrator of LAW eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Smith: Around the World: U.S. Efforts to Combat Sex Trafficking of Minor Around the World: U.S. Efforts to Combat Sex Trafficking of Minors in Cuba By Laura Smith In 2013, with the release of the annual Trafficking in Persons (“TIP”) Report, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry spoke out against sex trafficking, stating that, “[w]hen we bring victims out of exploitation, we are helping to create more stable and productive communities.” The TIP Report was created alongside the enactment of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (“TVPA”). In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the TVPA to fight human trafficking both at home and abroad. The TVPA promotes a policy of Prosecution, Protection and Prevention. To aid the government in doing so, the U.S. Department of State (“State Department”) created an annual TIP Report, which studies the government response to human trafficking in approximately 150 countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Representing Sexual Transactions in Times of the ´Cuban Thaw´
    Representing Sexual Transactions in Times of the ´Cuban Thaw´ The Legitimisation of Sexuality Regulation in Cuba´s Anti-Trafficking and HIV Prevention Strategies A Research Paper presented by: Maria Wagner (Germany) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Major: Human Rights, Gender and Conflict Studies: Social Justice Perspectives (SJP) Specialization: Women and Gender Studies Members of the Examining Committee: Silke Heumann Rosalba Icaza The Hague, The Netherlands November 2017 ii Contents List of Tables iv List of Figures iv List of Appendices iv List of Acronyms v Acknowledgements vi Abstract vii Chapter 1 | Introduction 1 Chapter 2 | Context 4 1. Hardships in Revolutionary Cuba 5 2. ´Inventar´: Making Ends Meet 5 3. Framing and Policing Transactional Sex After 1959 6 4. Framing Transactional Sex After the Special Period 7 Chapter 3 | Theoretical Considerations 12 1. Sex Positivity 12 2. Sexual and Gender Justice 13 3. Intersectional Feminism 14 4. The State: Policing Sexuality on the ´Other Side of the Line´ 15 Chapter 4 | Methodological Considerations 17 1. Restrictions on Doing Social Science Fieldwork in Cuba 17 2. Understanding ´Transactional Sex´ 17 3. Critical Discourse Studies 18 Chapter 5 | The Representation of Transactional Sex 22 1. Anti-Trafficking Approach 22 2. HIV-Prevention Approach 30 Chapter 6 | Conclusion 38 1. Summary 38 2. Adverse Consequences for Social, Sexual and Gender Justice 39 3. Contributions of this Research 39 4. Final Remarks 40 Chapter 7 | References 41 Appendix 52 iii List of Tables Table 1: Mentions of Most Relevant Terms Related to the Sexual-Affective Economy in Selected Written Media Available Online (as of 24 October 2017, own elaboration.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformations in Cuba After the Special Period 1
    Brittany Bond Transformations in Cuba After the Special Period 1 Brittany Bond SIS-498-003H Senior Honors Thesis Ambassador Anthony Quainton University Honors in International Studies Fall 2007 Transformations in Cuba After the Special Period: Economic Demographic Societal * *Tomás Sánchez. Relación . Museo de Bellas Artes, Havana, Cuba Brittany Bond Transformations in Cuba After the Special Period 2 Table of Contents Chapter One: Introduction & Background 1 Chapter Two: Economic Transformations 7 Chapter Three: Demographic Transformations 19 Chapter Four: Societal Transformations 37 Chapter Five: Conclusion 60 Appendix 63 Works Cited Workers’ Day Parade in Plaza de la Revolución Havana, Cuba 1 May 2007 Brittany Bond Transformations in Cuba After the Special Period 3 Chapter 1: Introduction & Background If the socialist camp breaks up we will continue constructing socialism in our country…If the USSR were to break up, if the USSR were to disappear, we would continue constructing socialism in our country! Fidel Castro, 1990 1 Cuba became linked to the Soviet bloc both politically and economically in the early 1970’s, as was demonstrated in its membership in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA; also, COMECON) beginning in 1972. The trade agreements in this economic council tied Cuba’s economy to that of the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. Cuba sold most of its sugar to COMECON and in return imported goods and raw manufactures at below-market prices. It was clear that the Cuba received a good deal in this agreement through the preferential treatment from the Soviet Union. Changes within the Soviet Union during the eighties, however, particularly the appointment of Mikhail Gorbachev as leader, began to worry Cuban President Fidel Castro and strained the long-distance relationship.
    [Show full text]