DOCSLIB.ORG

The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: a Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race During the Special Period 1995-1997

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: a Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race During the Special Period 1995-1997 University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2003 The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: A Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race during the Special Period 1995-1997 Michael W. Cornebise University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Cornebise, Michael W., "The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: A Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race during the Special Period 1995-1997. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2003. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1987 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Michael W. Cornebise entitled "The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: A Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race during the Special Period 1995-1997." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Geography. Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Thomas Bell, Ronald Foresta, Todd Diakon Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Michael W. Cornebise entitled “The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: A Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race during the Special Period.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Geography. Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Thomas Bell Ronald Foresta Todd Diakon Acceptance for the Council: Anne Mayhew Vice Provost and Dean of Graduate Studies (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) The Social Construction of Tourism in Cuba: A Geographic Analysis of the Representations of Gender and Race during the Special Period A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Michael W. Cornebise December 2003 Copyright 2003 by Michael Cornebise All rights reserved ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my wife, Roxanne, and our son, Sammy, for all of their patience and support during the final stages of completion. They have inspired me to achieve my goals through their active encouragement. iii Acknowledgments Without the help of many people, this project would not have been realized. I would like to thank my advisor, Lydia Pulsipher, for all of her time and effort in helping me formulate the project and encouraging me to stay on task. Her countless hours of reading and re-reading many stages of revisions are greatly appreciated. I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, Ronald Foresta, Thomas Bell and Todd Diakon, for their contributions to this work and their willingness to accommodate my hectic schedule. I wish to especially thank Joseph Scarpaci who served as an advisory member to my committee. Joe contributed greatly to the final product and he was instrumental in helping me foster contacts in Cuba. Although too numerous to acknowledge here, I would like to thank all of the kind souls in Cuba who helped me gather information and to overcome obstacles in the field. Each one of them contributed a valuable piece of the puzzle and several became good friends in the process. I would like to thank my family for their never-ending support during this process. They provided me with the time and resources to complete this project. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the McClure Fund for International Research at the University of Tennessee for providing financial assistance for my fieldwork in Cuba. iv Abstract The purpose of this dissertation is to critically examine race and gender as they intersect with tourism development in Cuba during the Special Period in a Time of Peace (Special Period), a government imposed austerity program that followed the loss of important Soviet subsidies in 1989. I hypothesize that tourism development in Cuba during the Special Period betrays the Revolution in that it reconstitutes discriminatory practices along lines of race and gender and hence does not deliver benefits to average Cubans. Indeed, I argue that tourism as presently constructed may subvert the well being of ordinary Cubans. I draw from Gramsci’s theory of hegemony and the wider body of theory collectively referred to as the social construction of space to frame my analysis. I posit that Cuba functions as a de facto hegemonic power and thereby challenges the notion that hegemonies are necessarily associated with capitalist regimes. I demonstrate how socially constructed discourses emerged during the Revolution that support the Marxist notion that socialism eliminates discrimination and inequality. Throughout the course of the Cuban Revolution, the Castro regime has maintained that inequalities of race and gender have been eliminated because the “conditions” for discrimination (i.e., the capitalist modes of production) have disappeared. My data suggest that racism and sexism continue to exist in Cuba and v have become more prevalent during the Special Period in a Time of Peace (1989- present). I base the study on data derived from official and non-official sources along with field data conducted over the course of three excursions from 1995-1997. I also conduct a qualitative and quantitative analysis of Cuban tourism literature to examine representations of women and darker-skinned Cubans to test my hypothesis. vi Table of Contents Chapter One: Statement of the Research Problem…………………… 1 A Brief Introduction to the Geography and Colonial History of Cuba ……………………………………………………………... 4 The Cuban Contradiction ………………………………………….. 7 Research Outline …………………………………………………. 29 Chapter Two: Methodology and Theoretical Focus of the Study ….. 32 Methodology ……………………………………………………. 33 A Note on Representational Narratives and Interview Data …… 36 Setting the Theoretical Context: Social Constructions of Space and Gramsci’s Theory of Hegemony …………………………….. 38 The Social Construction of Space ……………………………… 39 The Gramscian Notion of Hegemony …………………………… 43 Chapter Three: Setting the Stage: The Rectification Process and the Special Period in a Time of Peace ……………………………….. 48 The Rectification Process ………………………………………… 50 The Rectification Process and the Changing Status of Women… 57 A History of Dependency ………………………………………… 59 The Economic and Social Side Effects of the Special Period…….. 62 Self-Employment and Jineterismo during the Special Period ……. 68 Chapter Four: The Construction of Race, Racism and Gender in Revolutionary Cuba ……………………………………………… 73 Racial Constructions from the Colonial Period to the Revolution... 74 Race and Revolution ……………………………………………… 84 vii Race and the Special Period ……………………………………… 93 Personal Profile: Race and the Revolution ……………………… 99 Gendered Spaces: Women in Revolutionary Cuba ……………… 107 Gender Relations in Pre-Revolutionary Cuba and the Rise of the Federation of Cuban Women (FMC) ……………………… 112 Gender Roles in the Special Period …………………………… 125 Chapter Five: Cuba’s Tourism Industry: An In-Depth Analysis…. 130 A Brief History of Cuban Tourism …………………………….. 131 The Period of Initial Tourism Development: 1919-1931…… 131 The Heyday of Cuban Tourism: 1946-1959…………………… 135 Tourism from 1959-1989: The Soviet Era…………………….. 138 The Tourism Industry During the Special Period…………….. 143 The Structural Components of Cuba’s Tourism Industry…….… 148 The Ascendancy of Enclave Tourism………………………… 148 Personal Profile: Cuban Youth and the Tourism Industry…… 152 Apartheid Tourism in Cuba………………………………….. 154 The Social Production of Tourism Space in Cuba during the Special Period…………………………………………………. 159 The Campismo popular: Nature-Oriented Tourism Facilities for Cubans…………………………………………………….. 164 The Discourse of Tourism in the Special Period: The Case of Varadero …………………………………………………… 175 Varadero as Symbol…………………………………………. 177 Personal Profile: A Changed Varadero………………………. 181 viii Personal Profile: Varadero’s Shifting Geography and Lived Spaces ………………………………………………… 183 Varadero and the Crackdowns of 1996……………………….. 185 Personal Profile: Jineterismo in Varadero……………………. 187 Sex Workers and the Castro Regime in the Special Period…….. 192 The Spatial Patterns of Sex Work in Cuba……………………. 197 Some Final Thoughts on Sex Work in Cuba………………….. 200 Chapter Six: Representations of Race and Gender: The Social Construction of Tourism Space through Brochures and Guidebooks……………………………………………………… 204 “Representation” in the Tourism Literature……………………. 205 The Image as a Tool for Scholarship…………………………. 209 Framing the Analysis ………………………………………….. 218 Establishing the Matrix……………………………………….. 222 Discussion of Findings……………………………………….
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Políticas Sociales Y Reforma Institucional En La Cuba Pos-COVID
    Políticas sociales y reforma institucional en la Cuba pos-COVID Bert Hoffmann (ed.) Políticas sociales y reforma institucional en la Cuba pos-COVID Verlag Barbara Budrich Opladen • Berlin • Toronto 2021 © 2021 Esta obra está bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0), que permite su uso, duplicación, adaptación, distribución y reproducción en cualquier medio o formato, siempre que se otorgue el crédito apropiado al autor o autores origi- nales y la fuente, se proporcione un enlace a la licencia Creative Commons, y se indique si se han realizado cambios. Para ver una copia de esta licencia, visite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/. Esta obra puede descargarse de manera gratuita en www.budrich.eu (https://doi.org/10.3224/84741695). © 2021 Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH, Opladen, Berlín y Toronto www.budrich.eu eISBN 978-3-8474-1695-1 DOI 10.3224/84741695 Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH Stauffenbergstr. 7. D-51379 Leverkusen Opladen, Alemania 86 Delma Drive. Toronto, ON M8W 4P6, Canadá www.budrich.eu El registro CIP de esta obra está disponible en Die Deutsche Bibliothek (La Biblioteca Alemana) (http://dnb.d-nb.de) (http://dnb.d-nb.de) Ilustración de la sobrecubierta: Bettina Lehfeldt, Kleinmachnow – www.lehfeldtgraphic.de Créditos de la imagen: shutterstock.com Composición tipográfica: Ulrike Weingärtner, Gründau – [email protected] 5 Contenido Bert Hoffmann Políticas sociales y reforma institucional en la Cuba pos-COVID: una agenda necesaria . 7 Parte I: Políticas sociales Laurence Whitehead Los retos de la gobernanza en la Cuba contemporánea: las políticas sociales y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas .
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21St Century
    California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations Office of aduateGr Studies 6-2015 Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21st Century Arah M. Parker California State University - San Bernardino Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd Part of the Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Tourism Commons Recommended Citation Parker, Arah M., "Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21st Century" (2015). Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 194. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/194 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of aduateGr Studies at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RACE AND INEQUALITY IN CUBAN TOURISM DURING THE 21 ST CENTURY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Social Sciences by Arah Marie Parker June 2015 RACE AND INEQUALITY IN CUBAN TOURISM DURING THE 21 ST CENTURY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Arah Marie Parker June 2015 Approved by: Dr. Teresa Velasquez, Committee Chair, Anthropology Dr. James Fenelon, Committee Member Dr. Cherstin Lyon, Committee Member © 2015 Arah Marie Parker ABSTRACT As the largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba boasts beautiful scenery, as well as a rich and diverse culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Keys Sanctuary 25 Years of Marine Preservation National Parks Turn 100 Offbeat Keys Names Florida Keys Sunsets
    Keys TravelerThe Magazine Keys Sanctuary 25 Years of Marine Preservation National Parks Turn 100 Offbeat Keys Names Florida Keys Sunsets fla-keys.com Decompresssing at Bahia Honda State Park near Big Pine Key in the Lower Florida Keys. ANDY NEWMAN MARIA NEWMAN Keys Traveler 12 The Magazine Editor Andy Newman Managing Editor 8 4 Carol Shaughnessy ROB O’NEAL ROB Copy Editor Buck Banks Writers Julie Botteri We do! Briana Ciraulo Chloe Lykes TIM GROLLIMUND “Keys Traveler” is published by the Monroe County Tourist Development Contents Council, the official visitor marketing agency for the Florida Keys & Key West. 4 Sanctuary Protects Keys Marine Resources Director 8 Outdoor Art Enriches the Florida Keys Harold Wheeler 9 Epic Keys: Kiteboarding and Wakeboarding Director of Sales Stacey Mitchell 10 That Florida Keys Sunset! Florida Keys & Key West 12 Keys National Parks Join Centennial Celebration Visitor Information www.fla-keys.com 14 Florida Bay is a Must-Do Angling Experience www.fla-keys.co.uk 16 Race Over Water During Key Largo Bridge Run www.fla-keys.de www.fla-keys.it 17 What’s in a Name? In Marathon, Plenty! www.fla-keys.ie 18 Visit Indian and Lignumvitae Keys Splash or Relax at Keys Beaches www.fla-keys.fr New Arts District Enlivens Key West ach of the Florida Keys’ regions, from Key Largo Bahia Honda State Park, located in the Lower Keys www.fla-keys.nl www.fla-keys.be Stroll Back in Time at Crane Point to Key West, features sandy beaches for relaxing, between MMs 36 and 37. The beaches of Bahia Honda Toll-Free in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Coastal Tourism in Cuba: Roles of Environmental Assessments, Certification Programs, and Protection Fees Kenyon C
    Sustainable Coastal Tourism in Cuba: Roles of Environmental Assessments, Certification Programs, and Protection Fees Kenyon C. Lindeman James T.B. Tripp Daniel J. Whittle Azur Moulaert-Quiros Emma Stewart* I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 592 II. COASTAL MANAGEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE IN CUBA..................... 593 III. COASTAL TOURISM IN CUBA ............................................................ 596 IV. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS AND POST-PROJECT DOCUMENTATION ............................................................................. 600 A. Planning and Licensing.......................................................... 601 B. Public Comments, Availability of Draft EIAs, and Siting Decisions ...................................................................... 603 C. Independent Peer Review and Cumulative Impacts.............. 605 D. Long-Term Analyses and Environmental License Compliance Reports ............................................................... 606 E. Incentives for Voluntary Disclosure of Noncompliance Information.............................................................................. 608 V. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND MARKET-BASED INCENTIVES ...................................................................................... 608 A. The Cuban Environmental Recognition Program................. 608 B. Environmental Protection Fees to Fund Sustainable Management...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • CUBA-U.S. Culture Spotlight Sports
    © YEAR VIII THE Nº 24 DEC 30, 2018 HAVANA, CUBA ISSN 2224-5707 Price: avana eporter 1.00 CUC H YOUR SOURCE OF NEWSR & MORE 1.00 USD A Bimonthly Newspaper of the Prensa Latina News Agency 1.20 CAN CUBA-U.S. Culture Spotlight Sports P. 4 P. 6 P. 7 P. 15 Many Sectors Call Magical Havana Latin American Film Cuban Baseball-MLB for Closer Ties on the Road to 500 Years Festival Moved by Cuba’s Agreement Welcomed in Productions Havana At 60, the Revolution Remains on Course P. 2 2 CUBA At 60, the Revolution Remains on Course this year, including tourism, whose to improve this collective work, stressing By JoelMichelVARONA number of rooms increased as a result that no suggestion was left out. of the opening of new facilities and the “Each Cuban should feel proud of the HAVANA.- Against all odds, the Cuban restoration of others. Constitution,” said the secretary of the Revolution will celebrate on January 1 its The Cuban people are also celebrating Council of State, who added that hard 60th anniversary with great achievements another anniversary of their Revolution work will continue in order to improve reached by a nation that has to overcome with great altruism and solidarity. In this the legal system. new challenges in order to preserve its sense, over the past 50 years, Cuba has Acosta referred to positive topics social progress. provided assistance to 186 countries, and included in the document, such as the It’s amazing to see how Cuba, a third- more than one million Cubans rendered role and importance of state-owned world country, has reached notable services abroad, either in Latin America companies, which will gain autonomy achievements in about half a century, and the Caribbean or in Africa and Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Outlook of 2021 Sargassum Blooms in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf Of
    Outlook of 2021 Sargassum blooms in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico* May 31st, 2021, by University of South Florida Optical Oceanography Lab ([email protected]) The maps below show Sargassum abundance, with warm colors representing high abundance. In May 2021, the Sargassum amount continued to increase across the central west Atlantic (CWA) and the Caribbean Sea (CS), which also sets a new historical record for the month of May. Large amount of Sargassum was observed in CWA, i.e., the region east of the Lesser Antilles in the maps below, and in the entire CS. Moderate amount has been transported from the CS to the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), the Straits of Florida, and along the east coast of Florida following the Loop Current, Florida Current, and the Gulf Stream, respectively. Correspondingly, small amount of Sargassum was observed in the Straits of Florida and along the east coast of Florida with possible beaching events. On the other hand, significant beaching events may have occurred around most of the Caribbean nations and islands. Looking ahead, 2021 will be another major Sargassum year, and the Sargassum amount in the CS will likely increase continuously into the summer, accompanied with more beaching events. Meanwhile, Sargassum transport to the GoM will also continue, indicating more beaching events in the Florida Keys and along the east coast of Florida. We will keep a close eye on how Sargassum in the CS and GoM as well as in the tropical Atlantic may evolve in the next two months. More updates will be provided by the end of June 2021, and more information and near real-time imagery can be found under the Sargassum Watch System (SaWS, https://optics.marine.usf.edu/projects/saws.html).
    [Show full text]
  • THE LEGALIZATION of PROSTITUTION: a Violation of International Law Dianne Post 1826 E Willetta St Phoenix, AZ 85006-3047 602-271-9019 Pho/Fax Email
    THE LEGALIZATION OF PROSTITUTION: A Violation of International Law Dianne Post 1826 E Willetta St Phoenix, AZ 85006-3047 602-271-9019 pho/fax email: [email protected] www.diannepost.net www.diannepost.com October 2010 Introduction ―The prostitution of women and girls for profit is one of the fastest growing global enterprises, …‖1 It is now ranked by the United Nations as number two in international crime, tied with illegal arms sales and only trailing illegal drug sales. 2 “ Trafficking in women and children is a growing worldwide problem that needs to be tackled on a global and national level. Women and children are particularly vulnerable to this modern form of slavery. Of the estimated 600,000 to 800,000 people trafficked across international borders each year approximately 80 percent are women and girls and up to 50 percent are minors. The rate of paid-for sex with women has doubled in a decade, reveals research in Sexually Transmitted Infections. The findings are based on the results of two national surveys of 11,000 British adults in 1990 and 2000 (Natsal). Respondents were asked about their sexual lifestyles and attitudes to sex. Men were asked if they had ever paid for sex. In 1990, 5.6 percent of the men said they had paid for sex at some time during their lives, with two percent saying they had done this within the previous five years, and 0.5 percent within the past year. Ten years later, the comparable figures were twice as high.3 The increase in trafficking and prostitution coincides with more countries suggesting that legalization and thus normalization of prostitution is permissible.
    [Show full text]
  • Corruption in Cuba from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Corruption in Cuba From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Political corruption Concepts Bribery Cronyism Kleptocracy Economics of corruption Electoral fraud Legal plunder Nepotism Slush fund Plutocracy Political scandal Corruption by country Europe Albania Armenia Austria Belgium Bosnia Denmark Finland France Germany Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Georgia Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Cambodia China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Myanmar North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Thailand Uzbekistan Vietnam Africa Angola Botswana Cameroon Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Liberia Mauritius Morocco Nigeria Senegal Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe North America Canada Cuba Haiti Mexico Nicaragua United States South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Peru Venezuela Oceania and the Pacific Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea Transcontinental countries Russia Turkey v t e The 2013 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index ranked Cuba 63rd out of 177 countries, tied with Ghana and Saudi Arabia,[1] and therefore lower than most of the other countries in the Caribbean and Central America, but higher than most of the countries in the Western world. The state ownership has contributed to rampant corruption. The book Corruption in Cuba says that "As in other former socialist countries, when given opportunity, few citizens hesitate to steal from the government. Since the bulk of the productive resources are owned and managed by the state and the vast majority of Cubans work for state-owned enterprises, these petty crimes are widespread".
    [Show full text]
  • Scrs/2014/176 Do Western Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Spawn Outside of the Gulf of Mexico?
    SCRS/2014/176 DO WESTERN ATLANTIC BLUEFIN TUNA SPAWN OUTSIDE OF THE GULF OF MEXICO? RESULTS FROM A LARVAL SURVEY IN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN IN 2013 John T. Lamkin1, Barbara A. Muhling1,2, Estrella Malca1,2, Raúl Laiz-Carrión3, Trika Gerard1, Sarah Privoznik1,2, Yanyun Liu1,4, Sang-Ki Lee1,4, G. Walter Ingram Jr.1, Mitchell A. Roffer5, Frank Muller-Karger6, Josefina Olascoaga7, Laura Fiorentino8, Woody Nero1 and William J. Richards1 In 2013, a larval survey was conducted north and east of the Bahamas aboard the NOAA Ship NANCY FOSTER. Sampling areas were selected based on larval habitat model predictions, and daily satellite analysis of surface temperature and ocean color. Samples were collected at 97 stations, and 18 larval BFT (Thunnus thynnus) were found at 9 stations. Six of these stations came from oceanographically complex regions characterized by cyclonic and anticyclonic gyres. Larvae ranged in size from 3.22mm to 7.58 mm, corresponding to approximately 5-12 days in age. Analysis of satellite derived surface currents and CTD data suggest that these larvae were spawned and retained in this area. Larval habitat models show areas of high predicted abundance extending east to 650 W, but the actual extent of spawning in this area remains unknown. Key words Habitat, Spawning Grounds, Spawning Migrations, Fishery Oceanography 1Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami FL 33149, USA. 2Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA. 3Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 29640 Fuengirola, Málaga, Spain 4NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Metereological Laboratory, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA 5Roffer’s Ocean Fish Forecasting (ROFFSTM), Melbourne, FL 32904, USA 6College of Marine Science, University of South Florida 140 Seventh Ave.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Sources of the Florida Current
    Dttp.S.a Rrsrarch. Vol 3M . Suppl I. pp 5379-S409. 1991. OtQ~1141j19t $3 no + (l.OO Pnnted in Great Bntaln. © I~t Pergamon Press pic On the sources of the Florida Current WILLIAM J. SCHMITZ, JR* and PHILIP L. RICHARDSON* (Received 3 February 1989: in revised form 14 June 1990: accepted 15 June 1990) Abstract-In our opinion roughly 13 Sv or 45% of the transport of the Florida Current is of South Atlantic origin. as compensation for the cross-equatorial flow of North Atlantic Deep Water. Of the R. 9 Sv moving through the Straits of Florida with temperatures above 24°C in the upper 100 m of the water column, 7.1 Sv is composed of comparatively fresh water coming through the southern Caribbean passages from the tropical South Atlantic. Saltier surface water. 1.8 Sv. enters from the North Atlantic through Windward Passage. as does most of the 18° Water in the Rorida Current. A South Atlantic contribution for the uppermost layer is clear-cut because the surface water in the open Atlantic north of the Caribbean is comparatively cold and salty and intrudes south as Subtropical Underwater or Salinity-Maximum Water below a comparatively warm and fresh layer 50-toO m thick. which could hardly he transported from the North Atlantic. Of the 13.8 Sv transported through the Caribbean in the 12-24°C temperature range. 13.0 Sv is of North Atlantic origin. with about 0.8 Sv of comparatively fresh South Atlantic water on the western side of the Florida Straits having entered the Caribbean on the southern side of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 163 / Wednesday, August 23, 1995 / Notices 43825
    Federal Register / Vol. 60, No. 163 / Wednesday, August 23, 1995 / Notices 43825 12. If you were a Cabinet Secretary, The Commission cannot assume Therefore, the Department of State on would you hire this person to be a key responsibility for the return of applications behalf of the Government of the United member of your staff? or supporting documents. Applicants are States hereby announces the limits of therefore advised to retain copies of their the exclusive economic zone of the 13. What would you expect this application forms and not to submit candidate to be doing in 15 to 20 irreplaceable documents or other materials United States of America, within which years? with applications. the United States will exercise its [FR Doc. 95±20947 Filed 8±22±95; 8:45 am] sovereign rights and jurisdiction as Privacy Act and Paperwork Reduction Act permitted under international law, BILLING CODE 6325±01±M Statements pending the establishment of permanent Pursuant to the Freedom of Information maritime boundaries by mutual Act (5 U.S.C. 552, as amended) and the agreement in those cases where a Privacy Act (5 U.S.C. 552a), the President's DEPARTMENT OF STATE boundary is necessary and has not Commission on White House Fellowships already been agreed. operates its competitive application process [Public Notice 2237] and collects personal information for its use Publication of a notice on this subject which is effective immediately upon in evaluating applicants under authority of Exclusive Economic Zone and publication is necessary to effectively Executive Order 11183, as amended. Maritime Boundaries; Notice of Limits Submission of the information is voluntary; exercise the foreign affairs responsibility however, failure to furnish all the requested By Presidential Proclamation No.
    [Show full text]
  • Where Does Cuba Stand?
    WHERE DOES CUBA STAND? Enrique A. Baloyra January 14, 1994 ******* The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ******* Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA 17013-5050. FOREWORD The crisis of the Cuban revolution has once again raised a number of security issues for the United States, along with important questions about the effectiveness and wisdom of the three- decade-old U.S. policy of containment and punishment. Many observers believe that the Castro regime is in its final hour, and that its passing may be accompanied by massive bloodshed and a new wave of refugees to southern Florida. Given the potential explosiveness of the Cuban crisis and the possibility that it might lead to U.S. military involvement, it would seem appropriate to take a closer look at the Cuban situation. In particular, we need a better understanding of those forces promoting both political stability and instability. In this report, the distinguished Latin American scholar Enrique Baloyra argues that Castro's current policy of "re-equilibration" is unlikely to succeed and that his options will increasingly boil down to two choices: One, he can deepen the process of government-led reform, or, two, he can continue the current policy, with growing chances of violence and turmoil.
    [Show full text]