Staking Their Claim: The Search for Equality and Justice in History Wittenberg University • Springfield, Ohio Volume XL Spring 2011 The Wittenberg History Journal 2011-2012 Editorial Board Senior Editors ..................................................... Charlotte Bauer ’11 Haley Brown ’11 Amy Walp ’11 Junior Editors .......................................................Abigail Cengal ’12 Lauren Cengel ’12 Adam Paine ’12 Amber Lopez ’12 Faculty Advisor ....................................................... Scott Rosenberg The Hartje Paper The Martha and Robert G. Hartje Award is presented annually to a senior in the spring semester. The History Department determines the three or four finalists who write a 600 to 800 word narrative essay dealing with an historical event or figure. The finalists must have at least a 2.7 grade point average and have completed at least six history courses. The winner is awarded $500 at a spring semester History Department colloquium and the winning paper is included in the History Journal. This year’s Hartje Paper award was presented to E.T. Strong. On behalf of all Wittenberg history students past and present, we dedicate this year’s history journal to Margaret Debuty, for her thirty years of service to the history department, its students and this journal. The History Journal Editorial Board Staking Their Claim: The Search for Equality and Justice in History [Table of Contents] Hartje Award Winner: Dying for the Cause: General James Wadsworth and his Legacy by Edward Trowbridge Strong ......................................................................................... 1 Framing Kingship: Directed Conceptions of Kingship in Twelfth-Century England and France by Adam Matthews ........................................................................................................ 3 To What Extent do the Ballads of Robin Hood Reflect the Ideals of Political Justice in the Later Middle Ages? by Lauren Cengel .......................................................................................................... 8 Societal Transformations in Iceland Through Christian by Kristin Wright .......................................................................................................... 12 Toil and Trouble: Reproductive Health and Accusations of Witchcraft During the European Witch by Amy Walp ............................................................................................................... 19 Reclaiming Jezebel by Amber Lopez ............................................................................................................ 38 For the Love of a Child: The Care and Protection of Feudal Wards in Medieval England by Lauren Cengel ......................................................................................................... 48 “To Make Others Happy” The Changing Perspectives on Childhood in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries by Abigail Cengel ......................................................................................................... 54 Defective Men: Shell-Shock and the Individual British Soldier During World War I by Loren Higgins............................................................................................................62 Globally Connected, Locally Developed by Amanda Trepanier ....................................................................................................67 Address correspondence to: Editor The Wittenberg University History Journal Department of History Wittenberg University PO Box 720 Springfield, OH 45501-0720 Vol. XXXL, Spring 2011 • 1 Hartje Paper: Dying for the Cause: General James Wadsworth and his Legacy Edward Trowbridge Strong “No man has given himself up to the war with such self-sacrificing patriotism as Gen. Wadsworth” ~ John Hay The entire flank had been crushed and his that he could. There he lay, passed over and left for division was in full panic. He must have seemed dead by the rebels as they gave chase to his fleeing terribly out of place, commanding general of the brigades. What he must have thought and dreamed 4th division of the V Corps riding with his aide of for hours before he was discovered by a passing Lieutenant Rogers1 trying to reorganize his troops confederate officer. Thinking back on the glory his to make a stand. A man who only a few days division had won at Gettysburg or perhaps his loss before had been nominated for promotion to in the New York Gubernatorial Race of 18625. But Major General2 now galloped along the front lines more than likely his thoughts must have turned of the chaotic inferno that was the Battle of the to his family, to his son James who at that very Wilderness, rallying his men to stand and fight. He moment was also fighting for his father’s cause of was beginning to feel his age and at fifty-six, he was Union and abolition. nearly a decade older than any other officer in the Confederate surgeon James Claiborne6 was Union Army.3 He was on his third horse, the first the first to treat him and immediately determined two having been shot out from under him.4 The the wound to be mortal. Claiborne did all he could summer’s humidity could be felt even through the to ensure that he was comfortable, dressing the dense shade of the vast wilderness which he found wound and giving him water and morphine. The himself in. His mind raced as he turned to see an dying general lay resting against a tree, conscious advancing column through the smoke and dust; their but unable to speak or move. After being identified grey uniforms merely confirmed the fact that had by Union prisoners, his presence received great been slowly dawning on him, retreat was the only curiosity from the many passing Confederates. He option. His thoughts oddly turned to home as he was reputed to have more money than the entire turned his horse, his sprawling estate in the peaceful Confederate government.7 Union prisoners spoke of Genesee Valley of upstate New York. Images of the a man who refused pay for his entire military service home he had built and family he had raised passed and spent his own money to shelter and supply his through his mind and then, darkness. He likely troops. He would linger on for another two days did not here the shot but the ball entered into the before finally succumbing to his wounds. His body back of his skull and smeared blood onto Lt. Roger’s was returned to the Union army and transported chest. Dazed and blood soaked, Rogers desperately home to be buried in his family plot in the town he fell to his generals side but, with the enemy closing and his brother had founded, Geneseo. on them fast he was forced to abandon him and flee. His family, community, and country deeply Wadsworth had always been a rebel in his mourned his loss but took heart from his convictions own right and unafraid to fight for what he believed to duty and public service. His son and Grandson in. The staunch abolitionist had supported and would both go on to become United States campaigned both the Free Soil and Republic parties. Senators; his great-grandson Jeremiah became a Despite his age and wealth, he offered his services in United Nations Ambassador. But it was Jeremiah’s whatever capacity the Federal government wished daughter, Alice Hay Wadsworth who would marry upon the outbreak of the war. It is not surprising a young man who had just been discharged from then, that he would fight for every second of life the Army Air Force following World War II by the 2 • The Wittenberg History Journal name of Trowbridge Strong. They would have he married and had four children. The youngest five children together, the oldest named Michael. of those four was named for his two grandfathers, Michael would go to law school, as General Edward Trowbridge Strong and grew up in the Wadsworth had, and met a woman there whom house the general built in Geneseo, New York. Works Cited Krumviede, John F. Old Waddy’s Coming The Military Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative Vol. III. New Career of Brigadier General James S. Wadsworth. York: Random House, 1974. Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 2002. Endnotes 1 John F. Krumviede, “Old Waddy’s Coming” The 3 Shelby Foote, The Civil War: A Narrative Vol. III (New Military Career of Brigadier General James S. Wadsworth York: Random House, 1974), 171-172. (Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 2002), 110. 4 Krumviede, 107. 2 Krumviede, 119. 5 Foote, 172. 6 Krumviede, 111. Vol. XXXL, Spring 2011 • 3 Framing Kingship: Directed Conceptions of Kingship in Twelfth-Century England and France Adam Matthews actions and policies. In February 1119, a dispute over the Norman As the chronicler Orderic Vitalis asserts, the castle of Ivry escalated into a major rebellion of king needed to be mindful of the sentiments and the son-in-law of Henry I of England and ended opinions of the great lords of his realm. One of his in a personal tragedy which has long cast a dark fundamental challenges was to keep them pacified. cloud over Henry’s reign. The fortress of Ivry was In the wake of the landing of Henry I’s elder brother held by the king, but belonged, by hereditary right, and rival, Duke Robert of Normandy, at Portsmouth to Eustace of Breteuil, who had married Henry’s and with the threat of a possible coup, Orderic daughter Juliana. While Henry was not yet ready to provides some retrospective advice through his return Ivry, he pledged that it would be handed over chronicle’s speech from Count Robert of Meulan: in the future and gave the son of Ivry’s castellan, “placate every