The Truth About Factory Farming

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Special report Canada lags behind the EU The truth about in treatment of animals factory farming raised for food

Immigration: • Minister Alexander's plans • The experts on problems and fixes • A brief history of immigration in Canada

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Volume 24, Number 4 PUBLISHER Donna Jacobs PUBLISHER EMERITUS Neil Reynolds EDITOR Table of Jennifer Campbell ART DIRECTOR Paul Cavanaugh BOOKS EDITOR CONTENTS George Fetherling CONTRIBUTING EDITOR DIPLOMATICA| Don Cayo Political cartoons from around the world ...... 11 CULTURE EDITOR Margo Roston Fen Hampson and Derek Burney on democracy ...... 14 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Questions Asked with Nigerian envoy Ojo Uma Maduekwe . . . . 16 Chris Alexander Notes from the Field: ACCESO International ...... 21 James Bissett Monica Boyd Diplomatic Agenda: Korea’s ambassador on its foreign policy . . . 22 Stephanie Brown Good deeds: The EU gives back with a concert ...... 24 Edana Brown Derek Burney Trade: South Africa, Poland and Colombia ...... 25 Cho Hee-yong Debate: Middle East lessons learned from the Reformation . . . . . 28 Wolfgang Depner Margaret Dickenson Sean Dunagan DISPATCHES| Sonya Fiorini Special report/ Immigration Christine Gervais A history of Canada’s immigrants ...... 32 Fen Osler Hampson Zenon Kosiniak-Kamysz Immigration in practice: policy gone wrong? ...... 36 Nicolas Lloreda-Ricaurte Immigration Minister Chris Alexander on his priorities ...... 39 Frank McMahon Membathisi Mphumzi S . Mdladlana Migration management: what the future holds ...... 40 Mark Milke Laura Neilson Bonikowsky Special report/ Factory farming Pieter Van den Weghe The UN Year of the Family Farm ...... 54 Anthony Wilson-Smith The lot of livestock — a global perspective ...... 58 Konstantin Zhigalov CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHERS Loblaw led grocers to take action ...... 62 Ulle Baum Raising, transporting, slaughtering ...... 64 Larry Dickenson Sam Garcia Uruguay’s revolutionary drug policy ...... 45 Frank Scheme Top 10: the world’s healthiest countries ...... 46 Lois Siegel Dyanne Wilson Business Management DELIGHTS| Jessie Reynolds Books: John Hay, Japan and SWAT teams ...... 69 WEBMASTER Gilles Laberge, www .redrocket .ca Entertaining: Ireland’s eats ...... 73 Distribution Canadiana: Crusader Emily Murphy ...... 76 Pierre Pagé and Peixian Han ADVERTISING INQUIRIES Wine: the beauty of Pinot Noir ...... 77 Contact Donna Jacobs Residences: Croatia's ByWard Market condo ...... 78 donnajacobs@gmail .com National Day listing ...... 83 SUBSCRIPTIONS Diplomat & International Canada is published four Envoy’s album ...... 87 times a year . Subscription rates: individual, one year $35 .70 . For Canadian orders add 13 per cent HSt . DIGNITARIES| U .S . orders please add $15 for postage . All other orders please add $25 . New arrivals in the diplomatic corps ...... 84 SUBMISSIONS Diplomat & International Canada welcomes DIPLOMATIC LISTINGS ...... 91 submissions . Contact Jennifer Campbell, editor, at editor@diplomatonline com. or (613) 231-8476 . PRINTER destinations| Diplomat & International Canada is printed by Dollco The Lowe Martin Group . Fascinating Kazakhstan ...... 96 DIPLOMAT & INTERNATIONAL CANADA P .O Box 1173, Station B ALL RIGHTS RESERVED . The publisher assumes no responsibility for unsolicited material . Ottawa, Ontario Canada K1P 5R2 No part of this magazine may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the pub- Phone: (613) 422-5262 lisher . © 2007 ISSN 1190-8343 Publication Mail # 40957514 . Return undeliverable Canadian copies to: E-mail: info@diplomatonline .com Diplomat Magazine, P .O . Box 1173, Station B, Ottawa, ON K1P 5R2 www.diplomatonline.com The views expressed in the articles are those of the authors. Published by Sparrow House Enterprises Inc .

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immigrants — who they are and where CONTRIBUTORS they were before coming to Canada . Re- tired diplomat James Bissett tackles the Stephanie Brown tricky topic of immigration policy — what and Edana Brown Canada’s policy has been and why — while political science professor Monica Boyd considers what the future should hold . And, newly minted Immigration Minister Chris Alexander, a former dip-

jennifer campbell lomat himself, shares his priorities for his latest posting . In Diplomatica, columnist Fen Hamp- Down on the farm son teams up with Derek Burney to offer n advance of 2014, which the United some thoughts on democracy . They invoke Stephanie Brown is a co-founder and Nations has designated as The Year such thinkers as John Stuart Mill and a director of the Canadian Coalition Iof the Family Farm, Diplomat takes an Alexis De Tocqueville to explain that de- for Farm Animals, a non-profit based in-depth look at the farming industry in mocracy is a complex process that requires in Toronto . The CCFA is dedicated Canada and compares it to that of the EU, specific conditions and perhaps, most im- to promoting the welfare of animals among other countries . portant, time . raised for food in Canada through The way Canada treats the domestic In Delights, columnist George Fether- public education, legislative change livestock that ends up on our plates mat- ling looks at books on two Lincoln aides, and consumer choice . To learn more, ters to potential customers all over the one of whom (John Hay) held diplomatic visit www .humanefood .ca . world . Practices such as confining sows to postings before he became secretary of Edana Brown is a Toronto-based stalls where they can’t even turn around state . He also reviews a book by Anne writer and Ryerson journalism gradu- while pregnant and while nursing their Shannon, who used to work at the Cana- ate who spent several years writing for piglets, are viewed as inhumane by plenty dian embassy in Tokyo and wrote a book magazines such as Toronto Life before of Canadians and consumers in other about the Canadians who helped establish moving into production and news countries . Already, the EU and Russia, trade and diplomatic relations with Japan . writing at CTV, and then marketing among others, won’t allow most of Cana- Food columnist Margaret Dicken- communications . Now a full-time da’s beef or pork because some Canadian son writes about Irish cuisine in her copywriter, she is also a director with farmers use a growth-boosting drug called latest piece, while culture editor Margo the Canadian Coalition for Farm Ani- ractopamine, which can cause restlessness Roston and photographer Dyanne Wilson mals . (The two writers aren't related .) and anxiety, and possibly even cardiac ef- dropped by the Sussex Drive condo of fects in humans . Croatian Ambassador Veselik Gubrisic and James Bissett Our package examines these issues, and his wife, Marta . takes a careful look at the way animals In our travel section, Kazakh Ambas- raised for food are treated in Canada . It sador Konstantin Zhigalov takes us on a moves from birth through raising and narrated tour of his beautiful, varied and then looks at how they’re transported to ancient land . slaughterhouses and finally, how they’re And finally, we’ve decided to turn slaughtered . It will be eye-opening for our back page over to a photograph, spe- some of our readers . cifically one of wildlife . Our late associate Related to the expression “you are publisher, Neil Reynolds, loved nature’s what you eat,” is Wolfgang Depner’s Top creatures and we dedicate this page to him . James Bissett is a retired diplomat 10 list of the world’s healthiest people by Each issue will feature wildlife, sometimes with 36 years’ experience . He was country . Who’s on top? Small, but mighty from Canada and often elsewhere and we Canadian ambassador to (at the time) Singapore . He also lists the world’s least- invite you to share your submissions for Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Albania, and healthy countries, where corruption, inter- the page . In this issue, we feature a red fox high commissioner to Trinidad and nal strife and a lack of infrastructure hurt (Vulpes vulpes) that Kingston photographer Tobago . From 1985 to 1990, he was their citizens’ health . David Barker found lounging on a warm executive director of the Canadian Im- In Dispatches, we also look at Canada’s March afternoon near the Kingston airport . migration Service . During this period, immigration system . Writer Laura Neilson he served on the prime minister's in- Bonikowsky offers a history of Canada’s Jennifer Campbell is Diplomat’s editor . telligence advisory committee . Upon leaving the foreign service in 1992, he worked for the International Or- UP FRONT ganization of Migration as its chief of Pork is the most widely consumed meat in mission in Moscow, where he worked the world, and this pig, photographed by for five years helping the Russian gov- Bernhard Richter (Dreamstime .com), is on ernment establish a new immigration his way to a slaughterhouse in Canada . Our service, and draft new immigration series on factory farming practices in Canada legislation and a new citizenship act . and around the world begins on page 54 .

10 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC CARTOONS |DIPLOMATICA

Political commentary from around the world

“A moderate mullah in Iran” by Patrick Chappatte, Le Temps, Switzerland

“Fatigued” by Christopher Weyant, The Hill, U.S. “Syria's war economy” by Paresh Nath, The Khaleej Times, UAE

diplomat and international canada 11 DIPLOMATICA|CARTOONS

“Confrontation in Egypt” by Luojie, China Daily, China “Egypt and democracy” by Tom Janssen, Netherlands

“Putin Op-Ed” by Bob Englehart, The “Help from Russia” by Tom Janssen, The “Obama and Aid to Egypt” by Daryl Cagle, Hartford Courant, U.S. Netherlands CagleCartoons.com

“Revolution” by Adam Zyglis, The Buffalo News, U.S. “Broken Spring” by Steve Sack, The Minneapolis Star Tribune, U.S.

12 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC CARTOONS|DIPLOMATICA

Courtesy of Caglecartoons.com

“Desertification” by Pavel Constantin, Romania “Egypt” by Bob Englehart, The Hartford Courant, U.S.

“China's One-child policy and pension issues” by Luojie, China “World's cop” by David Fitzsimmons, The Arizona Star, U.S. Daily, China

“Obama War” by Steve Sack, The “Putin angel” by Tom Janssen, The “North Korea restarts nuclear program” by Minneapolis Star Tribune, U.S. Netherlands Patrick Chappatte, The International Herald Tribune

diplomat and international canada 13 DIPLOMATICA|democracy

Restoring Democracy’s Lustre By Fen Osler Hampson and Derek Burney

Egypt, like the rest of the Arab world, impose, by other means than civil penal- may turn in one of several directions . It ties, its own ideas and practices and rule may return to military rule if the generals of conduct on those who dissent from maintain their grip on power . There could them .” According to Mill, the unleashing be reconciliation if the Muslim Brother- of majoritarian rule in societies where hood abandons its call for civil disobedi- there is no tradition of democracy — as in ence and protest and Egypt’s military, in the case of France under the rule of Maxi- return, allows for a return to politics and milien Robespierre and the Jacobins and free elections . In the worst-case scenario, their brief “reign of terror” in the late 18th there could be civil war if the military Century or, for that matter, Egypt today n Aug . 14, Canadians and the rest crackdown fails and the Brotherhood and — poses just as much a threat to personal of the world woke up to the news other Islamic groups acquire the means liberty as authoritarian rule . Mill was not Othat hundreds of Egyptians had and wider political support to challenge alone in expressing this concern . Alexis died when security forces stormed two military rule . de Tocqueville expressed similar reserva- encampments where supporters of ousted Whatever the outcome, there is another tions about majoritarian rule, as did James Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi had narrative at play that has broader impli- Madison and Alexander Hamilton in The been holed up to protest his overthrow by cations for the West and its support for Federalist Papers . Egypt’s military . The scenes on television democracy and nation-building, not just Today, we must heed Mill’s warning of hundreds of dead Egyptians, many of in the Arab world, but throughout the that efforts to transplant democracy to them young teenagers, were appalling . developing world . societies and cultures that have no real Yet the bloodshed that day was simply The first implication is that democracy history or experience with this form of the beginning of an escalating pattern is not the automatic outcome of the “great government make for a problematic enter- of violence that has engulfed the Arab awakening” of the newly politically mobi- prise . There is every risk that the outcome world’s most populous country . Marking lized populations of the developing world will be tyranny or mob rule (or some al- a return to the repressive rule of Egypt’s who are throwing off the yoke of years of ternating combination of the two) — what former dictator, Hosni Mubarak, the gov- tyranny and repression . There are other CNN’s Fareed Zakaria has referred to as ernment declared a state of emergency, political values and models out there in “illiberal democracy .” giving Egypt’s security forces the licence the world that rival democracy for their Democratization is a process of cul- to use whatever means they deemed affections, in part because western de- tural, social and political development necessary to crack down on the Muslim mocracies have sullied their copybook that does not simply revolve around the Brotherhood and its Islamic allies . through clumsy, inconclusive military exercise of the franchise and the holding Egypt’s military coup, which no one interventions in the developing world of free elections . It also involves the estab- wanted to call a coup, but was a coup just and through the mismanagement of their lishment of a civic culture in which citi- the same in everything but name, marks own economic affairs as evidenced by the zens learn to become active and intelligent the end of the Arab Spring . We are now United States and Europe in the run-up to participants in society and the political life witnessing the whirlwind . the financial crisis and recession of 2008- of their country . And it involves develop- When the movement first began, many 09 and its aftermath . ment of “habits of negotiation” whereby, in the West saw it through the prism of Secondly, if western countries, includ- as in the case of apartheid South Africa, the American Revolution and as being ing Canada, are serious about promoting key social and economic groups such motivated by liberal values and a desire pluralism and democracy in the world, as businesses, labour unions and even to establish a new political order based on they will need a new strategy that relies elements of the government learn to deal human dignity, justice, equality, represen- on concerted diplomacy and much greater with one another before there is political tative democracy and the rule of law . But, levels of co-operation among themselves change and free and open elections . as we have now seen, there were other to promote stability and to advance demo- Critically, democracy can likewise motivations clearly at play . The pent-up cratic values of pluralism, above all, in the only develop in societies with a strong, desire to get rid of bad leaders and quasi- world’s trouble spots . well-functioning administrative state ap- military authoritarianism that had lost As John Stuart Mill argued, democracy paratus that is generally responsive to the legitimacy transformed power abruptly, is not for everyone . Although he believed needs and welfare of the public . but precariously, to the next best orga- that democracy is the best form of gov- In recent years, many of Canada’s nized force in Egypt — militant Islam in ernment because it allows individuals to development assistance policies have the form of the Muslim Brotherhood . The pursue their self-interests and maximize focused on public-sector outputs and the counter-clash in the name of secularism their own happiness or welfare, he wor- requirements of good governance, such gave the veneer of pluralism bolstered by ried openly about the tyranny of majori- as improving systems of public finance the iron fist of military might . tarian rule and “the tendency of society to in developing countries, providing bud-

14 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC democracy|DIPLOMATICA

getary support, strengthening systems of Centre for Global Pluralism, established and peace in the world and to promote accountability, ending corruption and pro- by the Aga Khan, which describes itself human rights . The U .S ., despite massive moting democracy, human rights (espe- as “an independent, not-for-profit inter- military assistance to Egypt, has become cially gender equality) and the rule of law . national research and education centre” little more than a bewildered, some say This emphasis is well placed and we located in Ottawa . In its own words, the humbled, bystander in both countries . have generally delivered well on these Centre was “[i]nspired by the example As for Egypt, benefactors with even policies . But what many countries, espe- of Canada’s inclusive approach to citi- deeper pockets, such as Saudi Arabia and cially those of the Arab world, also need zenship” and “works to advance respect the Gulf States, have a greater stake in is external assistance to promote the prin- for diversity worldwide, believing that regional stability and will not shy away ciples of freedom of religion, tolerance openness and understanding toward the from helping those most likely to deliver and inclusion . Although there was much cultures, social structures, values and stable outcomes . The seeds of pluralistic criticism when the government of Canada faiths of other peoples are essential to the democracy will take years, not months, to established an office of religious freedom survival of an interdependent world .” take root . in the Department of Foreign Affairs, Both of these instruments, along with International Trade and Development in others, can serve as important tools of This article is adapted from the au- February 2013, the decision to do so was Canadian foreign policy and our own ef- thors’ forthcoming book, BRAVE NEW entirely consistent with Canada’s long- forts to promote and restore the allure of CANADA, which will be published by standing leadership in advancing human democratic, pluralist values . However, McGill-Queen’s University Press in early rights and taking “principled positions to be effective, Canada will have to work 2014 . to promote Canadian values of pluralism more closely with other countries that are and tolerance throughout the world .” The also prepared to speak out against viola- Fen Osler Hampson is Distinguished office’s mandate to “protect, and advocate tions of freedom of religion and defend Fellow and Director of Global Security at on behalf of religious minorities under basic human rights . the Centre for International Governance threat; oppose religious hatred and intol- That said, we also need to understand Innovation (CIGI) and Chancellor’s erance; and promote Canadian values of the limitations of such activity in the face Professor at Carleton University . Derek pluralism and tolerance abroad” is sound . of events bordering on civil war . Syria is H . Burney is senior strategic adviser for In fact, a similar office exists in the U .S . an even more horrific example than Egypt Norton Rose Fulbright, an international Department of State where it has been of the failure of global diplomacy and of commercial law firm, and a Senior Re- operating for many years . institutions such as the UN, which were search Fellow at the Canadian Defence Canada has also been supportive of the intended primarily to maintain stability and Foreign Affairs Institute (CDFAI .)

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diplomat and international canada 15 DIPLOMATICA|QUESTIONS Asked

Eliminating Nigerian corruption: ‘a work in progress’

Ojo Uma Maduekwe came to diplomacy women . One of the places of choice for from politics. He was a member of the Nigerians who wish to study abroad is national assembly of Nigeria in the 1980s Canada . Canada’s been very welcoming . and was part of a constituent assembly So there’s a need for government to pro- that wrote a constitution for Nigeria fol- tect these close ties . lowing a military coup. He spent two years as an adviser to the chairman of the Social DM: Nigeria is the most populous coun- Democratic Party and was adviser to try in Africa and one that’s had some the minister of foreign affairs before recent successes in terms of economics, becoming Nigeria’s minister of culture including a recent trade mission from and tourism and then minister Canada . Where do you see the economy of transport. Prior to coming to going? Canada, he spent three years OUM: The economy is inherently strong . as Nigeria’s foreign minister. A Sixty percent of the population of Nigeria lawyer by profession, he was also is young people below the age of 20, so deputy director-general of Goodluck you have a huge demographic dividend Jonathan’s presidential campaign there, which we believe can translate before being posted to Canada in into real potential for creating wealth . September 2012. I’m looking beyond the huge resource endowment in terms of natural resources . Diplomat magazine: What are your We have virtually every metal in the priorities for your time in Canada? world, and also oil, but we’re looking Ojo Uma Maduekwe: My priorities beyond oil to see where the young people are many — to build on the tradi- can create non-oil wealth, which is far tional foundations between the two less finite . For instance, Nollywood em- countries and expand trade and ploys far more people than Hollywood . investment exponentially . Then, The Toronto International Film Festival there’s what I have come to call the was a big event to display the possi- Canadian brand, which I define as bilities for the Nigerian film industry . the Canadian capacity to get stuff We work closely with Canada to see how done, something that has been this diamond called Nollywood can now globally acknowledged and re- become the No . 1 film industry globally . sulted in the very impressive or- The economy is also strong because of ganization of Canadian society in good governance . We are lucky to have terms of economics, politics and the former president of the World Bank rule-of-law, human rights, mul- — she is now our minister of finance for a ticulturalism . I want to see, as a second term . She comes to her office with fellow Commonwealth country, global best practices in accountability, re- how we can interact with that source management, responsibility . All of Canadian brand and fast-track that helps our economy to remain strong . Nigerian capacity in fields of human endeavour . Thirdly, there’s DM: Can you talk about the country’s the enormous goodwill which burgeoning democracy? Do you aspire to Canada enjoys in my country . become a model for the region? When I was foreign minister, I OUM: It can be a model, but I’ll be hon- met (then-foreign minister) Law- est, we’re not yet there because we need rence Cannon on the margins of to move away from political debates that the UN and I told him, ‘Our citizens focus narrowly on ethnicity . I often say, are ahead of our government’ sometimes tongue-in-cheek, what is the in terms of people-to-people colour of his cap? The colour of your cap diplomacy . There’s been a is a geographic indicator . The red cap substantial presence of [the one the high commissioner wears] Canadian doctors, Ca- is from the eastern part of Nigeria . These

Dyanne wilson Dyanne nadian teachers, Cana- are beautiful caps, lovely cultural state- dian business — men and ments, but they should not be political

16 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

statements . We are moving away from geography determining who occupies what positions in Nigeria . Our differences and challenges and difficulties are best addressed through the open space of democracy . If we have challenges arising from democracy, the solution is to have more democracy . We are moving away from democracy interpreted solely in terms of elections, but also in terms of rule-of-law — to truly be a nation with rule-of-law and where transparency and accountability will be second nature for all who are in public life — to be a nation where you live and work and pay your taxes . That’s what determines your status, not what language you speak or where you came from . Recently, there was a huge event honouring President Goodluck Jonathan for what he has done for women . He has the highest number of women in the cabinet, in the history of Nigeria and we’re not talking about just membership in cabinet but critical portfolios such as finance, petroleum resources . The director-general of the Nigerian Stock Exchange, the ambassador to the UN, the chief justice and minister of education (who has the biggest budget) are all women . We are becoming more inclusive and we consider democracy a rising tide that can lift everybody .

DM: What kinds of policies should your government develop around oil wealth? OUM: We have to keep doing what we’re doing, but create more transparency, U N photo more openness . And, of course, the great work that has been done already — the Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan has more women in his cabinet than any Nigerian extractive industry’s transparency initia- president in history. tive — is a big thing that opened up the oil sector . The petroleum industry bill formalizes the achievements and will they think corruption . Maybe those im- nomic and Financial Crimes Commission] make it more globally competitive and pressions are exaggerated, but there’s no and the ICPC [Independent Corrupt Prac- more attractive to investors . So we want question it’s a problem . Can you tell me tices and Other Related Offences Commis- to look at the oil sector, not just in terms what the government’s doing to combat sion] have also been established . So we of the big oil companies that can extract it? have an impressive, if mixed, resource . and just sell raw material . There are a OUM: A lot . When I was minister of trans- The arrow has left the bow and it huge number of things that come from port, I told the president we had to tackle cannot be returned; nobody can stop it . oil — pharmaceuticals, plastic . We need this . I started the first anti-corruption unit Government will be held more and more to include the value chain rather than just in Nigeria and we had a zero-tolerance accountable . This issue may not have been exporting it and being subject to the vola- policy on corruption and heads rolled all taken seriously 50 years ago, but it is now tility of the market . We’re looking at how over the place . That was applauded and part of mainstream discourse in Nigeria . we can derive more value . he took the example and made it man- It’s progress . It could be faster and it’s But it’s not all about oil . We can also be datory for every other ministry . There something we have to look at all the time, a major service provider for the continent . were about 20 at last count . I created it, I but the corrupt Nigerian now knows that started it and it’s now official . the era of impunity is over, that there’s a DM: So we could be calling Bell Canada Have we done enough? Definitely not . price to be paid . and reach someone in Lagos? Are we making considerable progress? I OUM: Yes [smiles] . would say yes . It’s a national consensus DM: On the human rights front there are that we lose our capacity as a nation to extrajudiciary killings, arbitrary arrests, DM: When many Canadians hear Nigeria, play at our full weight . The EFCC [Eco- torture of prisoners, human trafficking

diplomat and international canada 17 DIPLOMATICA|QUESTIONS Asked

for prostitution, female genital mutila- have a law, and a law is a law is a law . It don’t know where they will be tomorrow . tion . Can you tell me what your govern- was passed by the National Assembly . It Remember that it hasn’t been that long ment is doing about this list? does not recognize same-sex marriage, since Canada has recognized [same-sex OUM: Work in progress . Yep . That’s my but there’s not been any witch-hunting of relationships .] answer . people who are gay . There have been no efforts to prosecute or put people behind DM: But there’s no law in Canada to send DM: What is the work that’s in progress? bars . same-sex lovers to prison . OUM: First, we already have a human OUM: No one has gone to prison . This rights commission and it is indicative of DM: But the law says they could be jailed . should not mark the relationship between the president’s political will in dealing OUM: They have not yet been put behind Canada and Nigeria . with the issue that he appointed a very bars . That law is new . It was written to fine gentleman who was known for being give a signal to other jurisdictions . You DM: Does it? Do you hear about it? one of the strongest critics of government need to respect the culture of each coun- OUM: There are bigger issues and ties that on human rights issues . Dr . Ben Angwe try . At the end of the day, any law that is bind us . There are bigger commonalities . is highly regarded . He worked with not culturally best, that doesn’t have the Where there could be problems, I would George Soros . He’s not the kind of guy nurturing environment of the culture of prefer dialogue . Let’s enrich the under- the government can tell what to do . that place, will suffer from rejection . We standing . This whole thing should be The issue here — and I’m making ex- are a religious people . Mainstream Chris- dialogue-driven and not banality-driven . cuses for where there will be lapses — the tianity and mainstream Islam in Nigeria issue is to go through the cultural process are of the opinion that same-sex couples DM: How is the government dealing with of protecting human rights . Even the ju- are not recognized by any churches in organized crime and drug trafficking? dicial system needs that process . And we Nigeria . That’s where they are today . I OUM: We’ve made a lot of progress in the need to let the enforcement agents [police] know that there will be consequences if they don’t follow them .

DM: What happens to same-sex couples who marry? OUM: The Nigerian position on that has been clearly stated and that is that we

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18 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC QUESTIONS Asked|DIPLOMATICA

area of human trafficking . The National Agency for the Prohibition of Traffic in Persons is making progress .

DM: What about drug trafficking? OUM: The numbers have been reduced . There’s more thorough training of drug- enforcement officers, better scrutiny for drugs and we’ve had excellent co-operation with Canada that has also resulted in better intelligence . Also, our own passport regime has improved .

DM: What about the notorious 419 scams? [so named because the fraudster’s lure of sharing wealth illegally spirited out of the country violates Section 419 of the Nigerian Criminal Code .] OUM: Again, that is reducing consider- ably . Those gullible victims are also Nigerian . I’m in sympathy with them, d reamstime A street in downtown Lagos, the most populous city in Nigeria. The country has oil wealth but some must also take responsibility but still has a very low GDP per capita. for believing that someone writing from Nigeria about 10 million Canadian dol- lars available to be shared, if they receive catching up with growth . The economy terrorist organization based in Nigeria’s a card number… C’mon . Why should is doing quite well . The GDP growth is northeast, and the cause of much of the people in Canada, who know that in their about 6 .5 percent and projected to be religious unrest in the country? own country that would be criminal, higher next year . OUM: It’s doing well . The use of carrot believe that in Nigeria it’s possible? It and stick has worked . The government takes two to tango . One is not blaming DM: But the GDP per capita isn’t great . has offered amnesty to members of Boko the victim, but it’s to say that the environ- OUM: The population is big . We have Haram who are ready to lay down their ment for 419 would have been far more not been able to get policies in place that arms . The government has promised to hostile for the criminals if there weren’t would make growth normal and that’s deal with it . There are elements of the some corroborating greed . That greed has being done now . We also need to address terror infrastructure — we have splinter lessened because people are now sharing the brain drain . I met a doctor in Calgary groups — who were not interested in dis- experiences . That is helping . a month ago and he was educated in cussion and they continue to inflict a fair medical school in Nigeria . He said half of amount of suffering on innocent civilians, DM: For all its oil wealth, Nigeria still has the people in his class left Nigeria . so the government declared a civil emer- one of the lowest life expectancies at 52 gency on the three northeastern states years . What can be done about that? DM: What is the government doing about and it moved in troops [in May 2013] . OUM: It’s a question of development Boko Haram, the Islamic jihadist militant They’re doing a good job to bring peace .

diplomat and international canada 19 DIPLOMATICA|QUESTIONS Asked

The good thing about what’s going on in those states is that the local people, Muslims, are working with the joint task force because they’ve had enough of the violence, which they say is not part of Is- lam . They’re risking their lives to flush out the terrorists so there’s ownership of the effort to remove the terror infrastructure .

DM: What effect do travel advisories such as the one Canada has issued [which ad- vises avoiding all non-essential travel to Nigeria] have on tourism? OUM: We are of the opinion that allies like Canada can find the right balance between the responsibilities of government and citizens to keep themselves secure as they travel around the world . And we need not raise undue alarm that can be counterproductive to the growing trade and investment opportunities that exist, even in supposedly conflicted places like sections of Nigeria . There must be a presumption that the Nigerian government is responsible enough to do everything it can to ensure that visitors to Nigeria do not come into harm’s way . So a travel advisory that is purely unilateral, that does not engage the Nigerian government, could be counterproductive because if we work on these things together, we can take responsibility to say: ‘We discourage you from going to A, B or C and we will inform you of when it’s safe to go there .’ The Nigerian government can provide some security corridors, but the way this has been handled, and I’m careful not to criticize, gives a confus- ing signal to punish our investors . Grow- ing the economy and creating jobs will help solve the security problem in Nigeria . It’s a difficult balancing act, but I want to see greater creativity on both sides of the Atlantic .

DM: Are you dealing with Canadians on this matter? OUM: We have met on this point and we’ve made our feelings known . My minister made this point to [Foreign] Minister [John] Baird . There has been some adjustment and they’re doing a better job than some countries .

DM: Has anything resulted from the recent Canadian trade mission that went to Nigeria? DM: We are expecting a Nigerian delegation to come here soon, to meet with Bombardier about providing products to the airport in Uyo, in western Nigeria, so that is the low-hanging fruit . D

20 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC NOTES FROM THE FIELD |DIPLOMATICA

Inspiring through educational opportunity

By Christine Gervais

founded ACCESO International in 1996 to address the disparity between Imy own educational and scholarship opportunities and those of underprivi- leged students in developing countries of the Americas, a disparity that struck me during my travels in the region . ACCESO International is an Ottawa- based Canadian charitable organization that is completely volunteer-operated . In my work with Acceso, an impressive team of educators, lawyers, accountants, engineers, social workers, journalists, researchers and administrators has joined me . Together, we promote greater access to education by providing bursaries and learning materials at all levels of education — from preschool to post-secondary — in the Bahamas, Bolivia, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salva- dor, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Yamileisy, a young woman from Dominican Republic, received help from ACCESO Interna- Nicaragua and Peru . tional. She is now pursuing post-secondary studies in communications. We operate non-hierarchically by focusing on equality, consensus-building and particularly proud of students such as 300 guests at a fundraising event titled collegiality among our volunteers, donors Marcial, the very first student we spon- The Sounds & Tastes of the Americas . The and beneficiaries . Our founding principles sored in 1996, who through our support, dinner, auction and show celebrate the of solidarity, human rights, peace and completed his high school and university food and culture of Latin America and the social justice enable our students, partners studies and is now working as a teacher Caribbean . and supporters to collaborate in meaning- and principal in a poor rural community Since 2003, several embassies, including ful and successful ways . in the Dominican Republic, where he those from Bolivia, Costa Rica, Dominican In addition to our annual commitment organizes community-enhancing projects Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, to schools, summer camps, homework and inspires other young people . Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Spain and Ven- centres, daycares, libraries, computer On our project visits to the Dominican ezuela have supported this event . They centres, skills-training workshops, play- Republic in 2012, he helped us identify have contributed traditional dishes to the grounds, vocational centres, orphanages, two high-achieving high school gradu- dinner and donated handicrafts to the as well as to pre-natal and health-oriented ates whose families’ limited financial silent auction as well as a dinner at an am- workshops in various countries, we have situation prohibited them from continuing bassador’s residence . In recent years, Pe- also provided support for the reconstruc- their studies . He drew our attention to ruvian Ambassador Jose Antonio Bellina, tion and replenishment of schools in the Yamileisy, a young woman, and Amado, a and his wife, Rosa Luz, have generously aftermath of natural disasters, including young man . Both are now pursuing their donated a Peruvian dinner for 10 guests . hurricanes and earthquakes in the Domin- post-secondary studies in communication Since 1996, ACCESO International has ican Republic, El Salvador, Haiti and Peru . and medicine respectively . This is just one worked in 12 countries and supported After almost two decades, we enjoy of numerous examples of how the seed 42 pre-schools and daycares, 22 primary seeing the life-changing impacts of our planted by generous donors and Ottawa schools, six high schools, two vocational ongoing support to thousands of students . volunteers is bearing fruit . centres, two orphanages, six libraries, six Many of our projects focus on girls and We work primarily in Latin America homework centres, 14 summer camps and women because we know empowerment and the Caribbean, but we also strive to four playgrounds . It has given bursaries to through education leads to greater dignity, create greater access to education in our more than 4,250 students . economic independence and ultimately own community by providing back-to- poverty reduction . school support (school bags, lunch boxes Christine Gervais is the founder and We also celebrate the progress of our and shoes) for low-income refugee and president of ACCESO International and post-secondary graduates, many of whom immigrant children living in Ottawa . an associate professor of social sciences are working as doctors, nurses, teachers, Our local and international projects at the University of Ottawa . Contact her engineers, psychologists and social work- have benefited from private, corporate at info@accesointernational .ca or visit ac- ers with local and international projects and diplomatic support in Ottawa . At the cesointernational .ca to learn more . based within their own countries . We are end of April each year, we host more than

diplomat and international canada 21 DIPLOMATICA|diplomatic agenda

Reunification is always the goal for Korea

nately, over the rity Council resolutions and joint state- past six decades, ments from the G8 and ASEAN summits, FIRST NAME: Hee-yong North Korea has the international community has demon- LAST NAME: Cho not made this job strated unprecedented unity in condemn- Korean easy for us . ing North Korea and urging it to change . CITIZENSHIP: As part of Korea, along with the international BECAME ambassador TO CANADA: President Park’s community, firmly adheres to maintaining Sept. 13, 2012 vision, the gov- strong deterrence against North Korean Japan, ernment seeks threats and nuclear development . To make previous postings: a trust-building substantial progress on denuclearization, China/Taiwan, Washington, process on the necessary pre-steps must be taken . We Philippines Korean Pen- will not tolerate their continued tactic of insula . Trust provocations, after which the international is a powerful community sends food aid . Then they lead instrument to to yet further confrontations . bring about genuine and sustainable In order to start building trust on the peace . As such, the goal of this process is peninsula, it is important that both Koreas he year 2013 is the 60th anniversary to establish co-operation on the Korean commit to respecting agreements made of the Korean War Armistice and a Peninsula and within the region, and with each other and with the international Ttime to pay tribute to the young sol- eventually lay the foundation for peaceful community . The Park Geun-hye govern- diers, including nearly 27,000 Canadians, reunification . ment will continue its efforts to develop who came to Korea to defend a people Trust-building strives to utilize instru- inter-Korean relations in such a manner . It they’d never met . ments of security and deterrence, as well also seeks to work with the international This year also marks the 50th anniver- as dialogue and co-operation, to induce community to promote positive change sary of the establishment of diplomatic positive change in North Korea . within North Korea, so that it can become relations between Korea and Canada . To North Korea’s provocations over the a responsible member of the global vil- mark these milestones, our governments past year, from launching long-range lage . We cannot turn a blind eye to the declared 2013 the Year of Korea in Canada missiles to conducting a nuclear test in an hunger and human rights violations fac- and the Year of Canada in Korea . Canada attempt to advance its weapons-of-mass- ing the Korean people on the other side of also designated 2013 as the Year of the Ko- destruction (WMD) capability, pose a seri- the peninsula . Regardless of the political rean War Veteran . ous threat to the peace and security of the situation, we will continue our humanitar- Over the past six decades, Korea and international community . ian assistance and exchanges . Canada have developed a special partner- Faced with such threats, Korea’s allies Overall, if North Korea makes the ship based on shared history, common have shown unwavering solidarity and right choices, Korea and the international values, robust economic ties and close support . In particular, through UN Secu- community will provide the necessary people-to-people connections . We have also achieved countless successes together as staunch allies and like-minded countries . With this momentous year in mind, I would like to discuss Korea’s foreign policy toward North Korea and Northeast Asia . For the first time in our modern history, Korea saw its first female president, Park Geun-hye, take office in February, signalling a “new era of hope” for our country . In her inauguration address, President Park laid out her vision . This vision de- fines the new government’s foreign policy, which has been labelled trustpolitik . With regard to the two Koreas, though we commemorate a 60-year-old armistice

agreement, we recognize it is a fragile J. A . d e R oo peace, at best . The task of all Koreans over this period has been to transform this frag- North Koreans bow in front of the statues of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il on Mansu Hill in Pyongyang. ile truce into a sustainable peace . Unfortu-

22 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC diplomatic agenda|DIPLOMATICA

assistance . Even if it takes time, the trust- terrorism, which can develop into habits maintaining peace and stability on the Ko- building process will be steadily pursued of co-operation . Eventually, this prolonged rean peninsula and within Northeast Asia . as our best means for establishing South co-operation can be nurtured into a sus- In addition, Korea will seek to stabilize Korea-North Korea relations that align tainable peace . its relations with Japan by enhancing co- with common sense and international Of course, signs of co-operation in operation in as many areas as possible, norms, and for carving out true trust and Northeast Asia are already taking place . while maintaining a principled and firm peace on the peninsula . The Korea-China-Japan Trilateral Sum- stance on historical issues . Still, the challenges confronting the mit has developed into an independent Finally, for more than six decades, Ko- Park Geun-hye government are not just annual forum and in 2011, a permanent rea and Canada have stood shoulder-to- North Korean nuclear and WMD issues . secretariat was established in Seoul to shoulder as staunch allies in dealing with Many daunting challenges arise from co-ordinate activities of trilateral co- North Korea . When North Korea commits the region and the world . In Northeast operation . acts of aggression, Canada consistently Asia, the degree of political and security As for the bilateral relations of Korea takes a principled stand in condemning co-operation remains at a nascent stage, in the region, maintaining our firm and its reckless actions and has imposed some despite the ever-increasing economic in- strong alliance with the United States will of the toughest sanctions yet through its terdependence . Territorial and historical remain the bedrock of our foreign policy . controlled-engagement policy . Overall, disputes are still troubling countries in this This ensures our frontline is secure and Canada firmly supports our efforts to im- part of the world . We call this phenom- our society remains calm and stable . prove relations with North Korea, advance enon the “Asia Paradox .” Over the next Korea is also nurturing its “strategic human rights and achieve a peaceful re- few years, the way in which we deal with co-operative partnership” with China . unification on the Korean Peninsula . this paradox will determine Asia’s new In June, China’s support for the Korean All of these efforts at enhanced co-oper- world order . trust-building process was reconfirmed ation are instrumental in laying the foun- The Park Geun-hye government seeks during the summit meeting between our dation for the eventual reunification of to contribute to peace, stability and co- two countries . At the same time, our lead- Korea . A unified Korea will benefit all operation in Northeast Asia . Through ers reaffirmed their shared understanding partners in Northeast Asia . Rather than this vision, we can achieve small, yet that they will not accept a nuclear-armed threaten the interests of others, peaceful significant exchanges in areas of mutual North Korea . They agreed to work more reunification will create greater opportuni- interest, such as the environment, disaster closely to attain their shared strategic ties for growth, long-term stability and relief, nuclear-power safety and counter- goals of denuclearizing North Korea and happiness in the region . D

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diplomat and international canada 23 DIPLOMATICA|good deeds

A little Christmas ‘gift to Ottawa’

his year, for the sixth year in a row, the delegation of the European TUnion will present a unique Christ- mas concert, free of charge, to Ottawans . The concert, which attracted 1,300 Ot- tawans last year, has become a well-loved tradition, featuring Christmas carols from many of the European Union’s member states . It gives Canadians a chance to enjoy the continent’s carols, some of which they may know well; others they may never have heard . It also gives the EU delegation a chance to engage the community because it asks local school choirs to sing the carols . This year, the Ottawa Children’s Choir, the Ottawa University Calixa Choir and the Chorale de la Salle will perform . In all, that represents about 100 choir members who will sing carols that originated in Europe . “Our motto is United in Diversity,” said Manfred Auster, minister-counsellor and chargé d’affaires at the delegation of the European Union . “And I think the Christ- mas concert symbolizes that because it brings together musical history from many of the member states . “We can’t have songs from all 28 member states — that would make a rather long program — but we try to be quite representative .” Now a well-known event, it usually attracts more than the church can hold, Mr . Auster said . Often there are people standing at the back, and there are frequently manfre d a u ster queues to get in . The EU Christmas Concert 2012: From left, Robert Filion, director of the Chorale de la Salle; The concert, organized by Ottawa Jackie Hawley, director of the Ottawa Children's Choir; organizer Ulle Baum; former EU Am- resident Ulle Baum, who is originally from bassador Matthias Brinkmann. Estonia, is important for Ottawans like her, who are members of the European director Robert Filion said he gives his One of Ms Baum’s favourite parts of diaspora . students YouTube videos to watch so they the event is the last song on the play list, “They can come and hear their coun- can learn the basic pronunciations . which is Silent Night . For that song, all try’s music,” Ms Baum said . “It’s free of “The first year it was tough,” Filion members of the choirs sing with the or- charge; it’s the EU’s gift to Ottawa, to said . But they sometimes do the same gan and the entire audience is invited to community — a wonderful way to build songs as the previous year, which makes sing along . “It’s absolutely beautiful,” Ms bridges between countries and people .” it easier . It’s become an important event Baum says . She noted that nearly all of those who for choir members and learning new lan- She credited musical directors Rob- attended last year’s concert left with an- guages is part of the thrill . ert Filion, Jackey Hawley and Laurence other gift, a more tangible one — a ball “The singers learn these Christmas Ewashko, “who work with great passion cap from the European Union . songs in complex new languages in just and very hard with the students to teach The concert is unique in that the choirs few months,” Ms Baum said . “If they new songs and prepare the choirs for this learn the songs in the native language of need extra help, a representative from important concert . It is a great team ef- the country from which they hail so they the embassy in question comes to the re- fort .” might be singing Danish for one song hearsal and helps with pronunciation of The concert takes place Dec . 6 at Notre and Greek for another . Chorale de la Salle the words .” Dame Basilica at 7 p .m .

24 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC Trade winds|DIPLOMATICA

South Africa: Inspiring new ways

upgrades to the national road network . Bombardier was awarded with a $112-million Cdn signalling contract for the main commuter rail corridors in and around Durban . The Chinese information and communication technology giant Huawei was awarded the contract for a mod- ernised digital signalling radio system for train communication and management that meets modern safety requirements . The Gautrain line, the first high-speed train A fund to improve dams and water de- in Sub-Saharan Africa. livery systems, at an estimated $267 mil- By Membathisi Mdladlana lion Cdn has been allocated for regional High Commissioner for SouthAfrica rica consist mainly of machinery, cereals, bulk water infrastructure, in this financial poultry and pork, while South African year with an additional $195 million Cdn n April 2013, South Africa launched exports to Canada include motor vehicle to top up the municipal water infrastruc- its industrial policy action plan (IPAP) components, precious stones, fruit and ture grant . Another $154 million Cdn has Iwith a goal of supporting the country’s nuts, machinery and wine . There has been earmarked to complete the De Hoop growth . IPAP is a framework of collective been growing interest from Canadians for Dam in the Limpopo Province . These proj- strategies that are part of the national South African products such as rooibos ects will go a long way towards providing development plan (NDP), the new growth tea, spices and organic lamb . the much-needed jobs in line with the path (NGP) and the national industrial On the bilateral investment front, en- New Growth Path to create five million policy framework (NIPF) policies . ergy and chemical company SASOL’s jobs by 2020 . These infrastructure projects These policies guide South Africa’s inroads in the Canadian energy market have been backed up with a massive in- socio-economic development by address- are worth mentioning . SASOL completed vestment in building an expanded energy- ing challenges such as unemployment, a feasibility study on a proposed gas-to- generation capacity to meet the growing inequality and underdevelopment . The liquids plant and will build a facility in need for power as the country grows . NDP has identified six areas of focus: Alberta . Anglo-American, through its sub- In 2012, South Africa won a bid to host tourism, infrastructure development, agri- sidiary, De Beers, has committed a huge the Square Kilometre Array (SKA), the culture, mining, manufacturing and green investment in its Yukon mining opera- largest radio telescope in the world and economy . The IPAP has identified priority tions . From the Canadian side, Bombardier with Canada being admitted to the SKA sectors: metals fabrication, capital and has successfully developed an 80-kilo- Board, the opportunities for collaboration transport equipment, green and energy- metre Gautrain line, the first high-speed between the two countries abound . In ad- saving industries and agro-processing . train in sub-Saharan Africa, allowing pas- dition, the potential of shale gas develop- Interventions in sectors such as automo- sengers to zip between Johannesburg and ment in the Northern Cape’s Karoo Basin tives and components; medium and heavy Pretoria in as little as 26 minutes . More is estimated to be 485 trillion cubic feet . vehicles; plastics, pharmaceuticals and than 100,000 daily passengers will use this With Canadian investment and expertise chemicals; clothing, textiles, footwear and system . Future high-profile investment in in this energy sector, avenues for collabo- leather; bio-fuels; forestry, paper, pulp and various other sectors remains a priority . ration remain strong . These developments furniture; creative and cultural industries; South Africa is focusing on infrastruc- create a solid foundation for investment and business services have been ear- ture development as a catalyst for eco- and co-operation in various economic sec- marked for expanded economic growth . nomic growth and development and to tors and will support the South African Other sectors for increased investment improve life for all South Africans . Build- government’s efforts at addressing unem- include nuclear, advanced materials, aero- ing on the infrastructure legacy of the 2010 ployment in a meaningful way . space and defence and electro-technical FIFA World Cup, we are creating better The visit of Gov .-Gen . David Johnston and ICT, all of which are part of South Af- rail, ports, roads, energy and broadband with President Jacob Zuma in May 2013, rica’s innovation and knowledge economy . capacity . provided renewed vigour for bilateral co- The Canadian private sector sees South In his 2013 budget presentation, Fi- operation in areas such as youth develop- Africa as a gateway to the African market nance Minister Pravin Ghordhan enu- ment, education, science and technology . because of its stable democracy, rule of merated a number of opportunities for The upcoming bilateral annual consulta- law, world-class banking system and good investment in infrastructure . Opportuni- tion scheduled in October, will add an infrastructure . The bilateral trade between ties are many, one of which is with the impetus to our growing co-operation . the two countries reached approximately government’s $326-million Cdn fund for $1 .6 billion in 2011, but a great deal more rail signalling . The South African National Membathisi Mphumzi S . Mdladlana can be done to realize this relationship’s Roads Agency Ltd . also received an ad- is high commissioner for South Africa . potential . Canadian exports to South Af- ditional $142-milion Cdn to fund urgent Reach him at 613-744-0330 .

diplomat and international canada 25 DIPLOMATICA|Trade winds

Poland and Canada: A dynamic and growing trade relationship

By Zenon Kosiniak-Kamysz Former ambassador of Poland

note with great satisfaction that my term as the Ambassador of Poland to P olish em b assy Canada has witnessed an intensifica- I Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk visited Canada and met with Prime Minister Stephen tion of co-operation between our coun- Harper in May 2012. tries . The political dialogue blossoms, an- on co-operation in shale gas exploration, million members, has representatives in chored in common democratic principles which was attended by top-ranked repre- the highest levels of Canadian business and respect for human rights . Perhaps sentatives of the oil and gas industry . Dur- circles . more important, however, we observe ing the visit, the prime ministers of Poland Trade, however, remains the corner- much progress being made in the area of and Canada issued a statement on energy stone of our mutual relations . In Janu- economic co-operation . co-operation that will guide our future ary 2010, when I assumed my post, the In part, we owe this to the positive state joint endeavours . volume of our mutual trade amounted of the Polish economy — especially when Shale gas is an issue of foremost im- to almost $990 million . In 2012, estimates compared to the grim state of the world portance, since it constitutes the key to put it at more than $1 .5 billion, a result economy . In 2009, Poland was the only Poland’s aspirations for increased energy even more impressive if we take into ac- country in the European Union to avoid security and reduced dependency on oil count the effects of the global economic the recession; two years later, we experi- and gas imports . We are therefore most slowdown . Key Polish exports to Canada enced a 4 .3-percent GDP growth followed pleased to observe the involvement of include aircraft engines and their parts, by an estimated 2 5-per. cent growth in Canadian oil and gas companies in Po- various other aircraft and helicopter con- 2012 . These results were made possible by land — we have welcomed, among others, struction components, mink skins, furni- such factors as our sound macroeconomic Nexen and LNG Energy . Talks with other ture and medicine . policy and sustainable public finance potential partners are in progress . We also Polish imports from Canada total $383 management . treasure our co-operation with the Energy million, consisting mainly of aviation- We also ensured Poland’s attractiveness Resources Conservation Board of Alberta, sector products such as aircraft, jet and as a place to invest . The UNCTAD World which supports us with its renowned in- turboprop engines, as well as zinc ore . In Investment Report ranked our country ternational experience in creating new le- 2012, Poland signed a contract with Bom- sixth worldwide for attractiveness when gal frameworks to regulate the extraction bardier Aerospace for eight Q400 NextGen it comes to foreign direct investment . The of Polish shale gas . aircraft, with an option for 12 more . Financial Times placed us third globally Our co-operation reaches far beyond Despite this impressive record, we are for FDI in the processing sector, while the the oil and gas sector . Canada’s Bombar- aware that the current level of trade falls Hackett Group ranked Poland the third dier Inc . and Pratt & Whitney Canada short of our potential . For that reason, we most attractive country in the world for fi- have been present in Poland for many look with great hope towards the success- nancing, accounting and advisory centres . years . Last year, Polish mining giant ful conclusion of the ongoing EU-Canada These are potent signals for global and KGHM Polska Miedź purchased a $3-bil- CETA negotiations, which constitute an Canadian investors alike . lion Canadian company — Quadra FNX unparalleled chance for development of A perfect expression of yet closer ties Mining Ltd ., making Polish investment not just trade, but also wider economic between our countries was an official visit in Canada much larger than Canadian co-operation . Poland will welcome this by Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk investment in Poland . agreement with great enthusiasm . to Canada in May 2012 . The visit’s pro- The co-operation between our coun- gram was dominated by economic issues, tries is facilitated by the Polish diaspora Zenon Kosiniak-Kamysz was Poland’s including events such as a round table in Canada which, with more than one ambassador to Canada until August 2013 .

26 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC Trade winds|DIPLOMATICA

Colombia and Canada have never been closer

infrastructure of the country . That includes transportation, energy, water and solid- waste management, hospitals, schools, jails and public libraries and buildings . The first public initiative for PPP scheme projects was announced in Feb- ruary 2013 . As of this date, the relevant Colombian agencies have tendered invi- tations to prequalify for five large public initiative PPP transportation projects . The first four projects involve transportation concessions that are divided into four Nicolas Lloreda-Ricaurte groups of highway areas: centre-south; Ambassador of Colombia colom b ia flower association centre-west; centre-east and north . The Cut flowers are one of Canada’s main im- fifth PPP project is the recovery of the ver the course of 60 years of ports from Colombia. Magdalena River for navigation of larger diplomatic ties, the bilateral re- vessels . Just in transportation alone, the Olationship between Colombia government, delivered the hardest blows estimated total investment required is and Canada has never been as strong as to the guerrillas, has, since becoming $24 .4 billion in order to improve or build it is now, nor has it had as extensive an president, implemented a security agenda more than 8,000 kilometres of national agenda . Yet, there are still many new op- that has reduced the number of homicides roads, nearly half the current total of portunities, such as in large infrastructure and serious crimes to levels not seen in 17,000 kilometres . projects, that shouldn’t be missed . decades . His government’s historic land An additional large number of major When it comes to economics, the restitution and victims compensation projects will be launched during 2013 and numbers are impressive . Bilateral trade law, along with the peace process he be- 2014 for highways, airports, rail, urban reached an all-time high of more than gan with the guerrillas to end the armed mobility, real estate, large penitentiaries, US$1 .5 billion for 2012 . Indeed, Canadian conflict, has put Colombia on a new path urban developments and social infrastruc- exports to Colombia rose by more than 19 towards prosperity . ture . percent in 2012, bringing the total to more Besides the opportunities that exist in As Colombia strives to diversify its than US$1 billion . Canada imports mainly the mining, energy, tourism and finance exports and improve its competitiveness, coffee, oils, coal, roses and other cut flow- sectors, there are new opportunities aris- under President Santos, the country has ers, cane sugar and beet sugar and chemi- ing in Colombia’s infrastructure sector finally made a long-term commitment cally pure sucrose and fungicides . From due to recent changes in the regulatory to develop its infrastructure . The PPP Canada, Colombia's main imports include framework of public-private partnerships . mechanism was chosen as the ideal pub- wheat, potassium chloride, newsprint, len- The 2010-2014 National Development lic contracting system that, on one hand tils, aircraft, medication, motor vehicles, Plan identifies transportation infrastruc- opens opportunities for investors who barley and machinery . ture as a strategic engine for growth and have expertise in large infrastructure, and, In addition, Canadian investments estimates that at least US$35 billion is re- on the other, provides the government in Colombia are now present in all of its quired in private investment in infrastruc- with a financially sound mechanism to provinces, covering oil and gas, mining, ture between 2010 and 2014 . pay for the required investments . banking and many other services . Ca- President Santos's national develop- The Colombian governmental agencies nadian companies keep coming because ment plan identifies public-private alli- in charge of implementing PPPs should they find a country with many similar ances as a key element for the country have solid partners in the Canadian com- priorities for business: Free enterprise, to be competitive . Currently, there is a panies that already enjoy broad and recog- free trade, respect for the rule of law and wide gap in public, economic and social nized experience in these kinds of projects . predictable rules . infrastructure due mainly to previous: (a) Colombia will develop better institutions The fact that Colombia has been ap- deficient structuring of projects (b) weak- and practices, significantly improving the plying sound macro-economic policies, ness in the legislative framework for infra- country’s infrastructure, while the Cana- including keeping inflation under control, structure projects, and (c) lack of adequate dian private sector will continue to benefit honouring public debt obligations and incentives allowing long-term investors to from its investments in our country . This having an independent Central Bank is offer quality services . could be the beginning of a win-win rela- one strong reason . The fact that the coun- The Santos's government has imple- tionship in the infrastructure sector . try is a much safer place than it was is mented a new framework for projects, another compelling one . based on public-private partnerships Nicolas Lloreda-Ricaurte is Colombia’s President Juan Manuel Santos, who, (PPPs) for construction, operation and ambassador to Canada . Reach him at as minister of defence in the previous maintenance of the economic and social 613-230-3760 ext . 222 .

diplomat and international canada 27 DIPLOMATICA|debate

Less Martin Luther, more Milton Friedman needed in the Arab world

By Fred McMahon and Mark Milke

artin Luther and Mohamed Bouazizi, the Tunisian fruit Mvendor who set himself ablaze, may not seem to have much in common, but they both dropped a spark into much accumulated dry kindling and timber . That set off blazes that led to sectarian violence, revolution, additional repression and war . Martin Luther’s nailing of his 95 theses to the door of the Castle Church in Witten- berg on Oct . 31, 1517, is usually thought to mark the beginning of the Reformation; Bouazizi’s self-immolation on Dec . 17, 2010, in Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia, led to the Arab Spring, which may become the Arab Reformation — and that is not necessarily a good thing . Following 9/11, it became fashionable, among many westerners and Muslims such as Salman Rushdie, to call for an Is- lamic Reformation . The idea was that the Reformation gave birth to European toler- Writers Fred McMahon and Mark Milke argue that the Arab Spring (shown here in Egypt) may well become the Arab Refomation — “and that’s not necessarily a good thing.” ance, free thought and religious liberty . But few of these commentators understood the cost or how the Reformation permits, even demands, killing your op- In Europe, Catholic versus Protestant; Cal- supposedly led to these outcomes . The ponents; a dissatisfaction with the exist- vinistic, Lutheran, Puritan, often against Reformation was a bloody, massacre- ing power structure; repression and an each other, as well against Catholicism; filled, intolerant affair and now, five underlay of political and power conflicts . in the modern Arab world, Sunni versus centuries later, something similar is being While there are many differences between Shia versus secular; in both, a bewildering played out in the Arab world . A better un- the two, the bloodshed flows from the number of border, political and dynastic derstanding of the similarities along with similarities: a more-or-less common cul- disputes; state power versus religious lifting the rose-coloured view of our own ture uncomfortable with its structures, power versus individual rights — to name past can help provide lessons that may questioning its basis and rife with internal but a few fault lines . spare the Arab world some of the horrors divisions . perpetrated in Europe . In both cases, the proponents of change The “what if?” scenarios want(ed) literally to “re-form” their In the present conflagration, many imag- The Reformation: Anything but genteel world . Luther provided a religious spark, ine “what ifs” leading to a sunny world: Though varying in details and propor- Bouazizi, an economic, political one . But What if the secularists had won in the tions, the tinder and wood for the Refor- in both cases, the conflagration quickly Egyptian presidential election, as they mation and the Arab Spring are largely spread across the spectrum . nearly did; what if Mohammed Morsi had the same — sectarian and ethnic divisions; Internal conflict arose with the many pitched a broad tent; what if the West had holier-than-thou religious conviction that different visions of the “re-formed” world: intervened early in Syria?

28 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC debate|DIPLOMATICA

The “what ifs” are fraught with hazard . After 130 years of horror, even the slow just attitudinal . Many in the West seem to Had the Egyptian secularists won, they learners of Europe began to understand believe that if only Arabs acted sensibly, would have inherited a horrid economy . that no side had the power to defeat or like us, and were full of tolerance, like us, They might have fared better economi- kill all the others — though for each side and had a nice intellectual Reformation, cally than Morsi, but no one would have this would have been the preferred course like us, then all their silly conflicts would known of his incompetence, and the of action — so they had better figure out disappear in rousing choruses of Kumbaya secularists would have suffered might- how to, at least, tolerate one another . This and John Lennon’s Imagine . This attitude ily in public opinion for the lousy situa- resulted in the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, adjustment creates a more realistic view of tion, powering the Muslim Brotherhood which introduced some limited ideas of the Arab Spring and the very long sorting- and further divisions . For Morsi to have religious tolerance . out period that will follow . pitched a broad tent against the obvious The treaty involved great accomplish- Exhortations for tolerance, freedom and inclinations of the Brotherhood, he needed ments by many people in advancing in- democracy from the rest of the world are Nelson Mandela status, but Mandelas are only occasionally useful . They help at the rare and Mandela built his inspirational margin and make it clear which side we power over decades — no such Mandela are on — something that will be remem- existed, or probably could exist, in Egypt . bered if the Arab Spring produces a sem- The West did intervene early in Libya, blance of democracy and greater freedom . yet Libya is descending into chaos and Still, people in the region will have to extremists are gaining strength, intimidat- learn the lesson themselves, as did people ing the opposition and beginning to take in Europe, though much blood is likely to control of territory . flow before that happens . Such “better worlds” are unknowable and are pure speculation; it might well Is the Arab Spring akin to 1848? be that the horrors and dangers would We also need to be prepared for the simply have assumed other forms . This up, downs and disappointments . Marx is because many countries in the Arab thought the revolutions of 1848 would world have yet to experience the deep bring Communist Utopia, but they were fatigue that resulted from Reformation-era quickly defeated . Many compare 1848, conflicts . “the Spring of Nations,” with the Arab Thus, we will argue that the key policy Spring; but the Arab Spring, like the lesson from this is that the West can do Reformation, contains a much broader, little to resolve the deep divisions in the deeper and more existential range of is-

Arab world; the flames of conflict will Lu cas cranach sues . The immediate fires will not be as have to burn themselves out . However, Martin Luther quickly extinguished as they were in 1848 . taking this lesson, we will argue that fo- But there is one hopeful lesson: The 1848 cusing on economic issues can mitigate novative ways of thinking by those who revolutions were crushed, but, within de- divisions and pave the way for stable made the way for a new kind of peace . cades, a period of liberalization followed . democracy . And, to be fair, such ideas began to arise This is a generational problem and op- fairly early in response to the bloodshed . portunity . Young Arabs, brought up in an The Reformation and war Although Pope Paul III gave Imperial era of global communication, may be able The Reformation period was as bloody as honours to the local grandee who raised to make their mark in 20 or so years just as anything yet seen in the Arab world — 25 the troops responsible for the Mérindol the children of 1848 were . to 40 percent of the population of north- massacre; many in Europe were revolted . ern Germany was killed by war, internal One other factor must be noted, albeit A key for tolerance: Free markets violence or disease, which flourishes in briefly . As Luther was hammering his Arabs also have one great opportunity not times of violence . The massacre at Méri- nails in northern Europe, in southern available in the Reformation — the pos- ndol brings to mind the horrors of Syria . Europe, the Renaissance, which would sibility of a reformed economy, and this is Francis I of France ordered the attack to change the perception of the human con- an area in which the West might be able to punish the Waldensians, a Protestant sect, dition, had begun — and 130 years later, make a difference . This was not an option in the Northern Italian Alps . Virtually the Renaissance thought fed into the ideas of for the pre-industrial Reformation, ending entire population of Mérindol and the intolerance in the Treaty of Westphalia . Even more than 100 years before Adam Smith’s habitants of about 25 nearby villages were here, similarities are found: Much new breakthrough understanding of the power slaughtered . Arab thought is bubbling beneath the sur- of free markets . So how did the Reformation become face, all too often suppressed by violence, Nations where democracy and freedom known for introducing tolerance? Euro- just as the powers-that-were attempted to are imposed, but which lack institutions of peans simply burned themselves out after suppress early Renaissance thought . But, tolerance, trust and self-expression, typi- a century-plus of religious war . Catholic still, despite noble thought background cally end up worse off . Democracy and armies marched up and down Europe to the Treaty of Westphalia, it was mainly freedom only flourish where these institu- killing Protestants; Protestant armies blood exhaustion that led to the Peace . tions exist . Free markets have generated marched up and down Europe killing the highest levels of prosperity in human Catholics and, for that matter, other Prot- Lessons from Western history history, and thus through prosperity pro- estants . What are the lessons from this? The first is mote the values institutions required for

diplomat and international canada 29 DIPLOMATICA|debate

democratic evolution . At a conference in Tunis last year, one Also problematic, the shadow of “pan- Ronald Inglehart and Christian Wel- of us was asked by a charming, well- Arab socialism” hangs over the region . zel, two key figures in the World Values educated economics professor at a local Economies are heavily controlled by the Survey, recently wrote in Foreign Affairs, university why Tunisia should turn to state, para-state organizations, like the “a massive body of evidence suggests “neo-liberalism” when it had been tried military, and government cronies, with … economic development does tend to and failed there . bloated public sectors . According to the bring important, roughly predictable, Neo-liberalism has become a pejora- World Bank, between 1980 and 2010, changes in society, culture and politics .… tive for free markets, and Tunisia has tried MENA (Middle East and Northern Africa) [H]igh levels of economic development nothing of the sort . For instance, U .S . No- was the region with the world’s weakest tend to make people more tolerant and bel Laureate economist Douglass North growth at about 0 .5 percent annually, half more trusting, bringing more emphasis has called the Fraser Institute’s Economic the rate of sub-Saharan Africa and one- on self-expression and participation in Freedom Index the “best available” index of ninth the rate of Asia . With low prosperity decision making .” In other words, com- free markets . In 2010, just before the Arab and weak economic freedom associated mercial virtues and tolerance are mutually Spring really got going, Tunisia rated 96th with low tolerance, no wonder the Arab supportive . of the 141 jurisdictions rated — thus, no Spring is bloody and likely to continue to But, prosperity isn’t the full story — if it “neo-liberal” free market existed there . be bloody . were, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait would be leaders in tolerance and democracy . Limited government and limited Western How prosperity is created is important . aims Free markets are based on economic free- The West cannot force factions in the dom at the individual level — the ability Arab world to not hate or kill one another of individuals to make their own eco- (imagine a Turkish force invading Refor- nomic choices . Economic freedom trans- mation Europe to keep Christian factions forms the dynamics of any society that apart) . We mostly cannot impose democ- lacked it . When people make their own racy or bomb people into peace (both economic choices, they gain only when mostly oxymoronic concepts, though pos- they produce products or services desired sible in rare cases .) . in free exchange — in other words, by However, given the success of free-mar- making people better off . Those in other ket economies, nations that are advanced ethnic or sectarian groups become custom- economically may be able to help by ers, suppliers and clients . Over time, this combatting the mistaken identity of crony builds tolerance and a common sense of capitalism for free markets and by encour- citizenship . aging reform . That includes dismantling crony capitalist networks and monopo- Crony capitalism is not the free market lies, removing trade barriers, reducing Open markets matter because when gov- state control of the economy, massively ernments — or government friends under downsizing the civil service, eliminating Zine El Abidine Ben Ali: ousted president of crony capitalism — control the economy, market-distorting subsidies and creating Tunisia the economy grows slowly or not at all . a broad tax base that does not favour the Individuals and groups battle one another powerful and rich . Such reforms will pro- for wealth and privilege . People gain by The Arab world’s economy: often crony duce resistance; they extinguish privileges cultivating connections, suppressing the capitalism, not free markets for those who expect them . The road is opportunities of others and making them Many of the Arab dictators created klepto- difficult, but affluent nations can help with worse off . crony capitalist states while telling their economic support, and such reforms will All too often, the individual gains, not people that they were undertaking free- alleviate other even deeper problems by as an individual, but as a member of a market reforms . Instead, they handed changing societal dynamics . rent-seeking group, whether economic, state assets to friends, relatives and allies Mark Twain (among others) has been ethnic or religious . Groups stand against who made money by suppressing free credited with saying “History doesn’t groups, as is all too evident in much of markets and gaining monopolists’ profits . repeat itself, but it rhymes .” The Arab the world . Without economic freedom, the Given this mistaken notion of free Spring is not a repetition of the Reforma- biggest gains accrue to those who cut a markets, little support exists in the Arab tion, but there are plenty of rhymes . They bigger slice of the existing, limited pie for world today for the concept . Additionally point to the lengthy timeframe and the themselves to the disadvantage of others . problematic, the Islamists’ priority is not understanding that we will have very little That only exacerbates existing tensions . economic, especially not liberalization, as effect on the immediate dynamics, but that With economic freedom, people who they likely prefer state control of the econ- we can help promote change in the nature increase the size of the pie for everyone omy since it increases a regime’s power of the dynamics themselves by promoting achieve the biggest gains . This is a key over the economy and, thus, people’s freer and more open economies . reason why empirical studies show that lives . Many secularists in the Arab world economic freedom promotes tolerance, de- tend to be leftist . For example, in Tunisia, Fred McMahon is Michael Walker Chair mocracy and other freedoms directly and leftist secularists have suffered assassina- of Economic Freedom Research with the indirectly through economic development . tion while left-wing unions have rallied to Fraser Institute; Mark Milke is a senior But this is a hard sell in the Arab world . their cause . fellow with the Fraser Institute .

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PMS PMS PMS PMS PMS FOIL Epstein .125” all around 100% Di spatches|immigration Coming to Canada: An overview of immigration history By Laura Neilson Bonikowsky rary an d A rchives C ana a L i b rary A painting showing a romanticized view of the United Empire Loyalists arriving in New Brunswick circa 1783.

n Statistics Canada’s 2011 National Through 18th-Century British exploration, concept of an “us” and a “them” — signi- Household Survey, the ethnic origin 19th-Century gold rushes and settlement fies exclusion, so it stands to reason that Imost often selected by respondents of the West in the late-19th and early-20th populating the country would involve was Canadian, reported by more than centuries, Canada became a significant including some and excluding others . 10 5. million people . It was followed by immigrant-receiving nation . That exclusions were made on the basis of English, French, Scottish, Irish and Ger- Migration of people from one country race and ethnicity is part of the dark side man . to settle in another has been central to of Canada’s history . As distasteful as the Canada is often called a land of im- Canadian history . Canada has, of late, model of exclusion is, the path to inclusion migrants . And it is true that all Canadians been chastised for the racial and ethnic has contributed to Canada’s reputation for are either from somewhere else, or the de- biases of its immigration history . How- multiculturalism . scendants of people from somewhere else . ever, the very idea of nationhood — the Economic development has always

32 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC immigration|Di spatches

been tied to Canadian immigration . The the farmers needed to support the gar- farmers living in poverty and dependence . fur trade opened the continent to explora- rison . The English made little attempt to In Canada, they were not enthusiastic tion and ultimately impelled immigration colonize the area, renamed Nova Scotia, about farming . They provided a mass of to the New World . Although the first until 1749 . They required the Acadians to cheap labour that helped fuel the eco- migration of people to North America swear an oath of unconditional loyalty; nomic expansion of the 1850s and 60s, but came from Asia 20,000-40,000 years ago, the Acadians would agree only to an oath we tend to begin the history of Canadian of neutrality . Britain, determined to make immigration when Pierre de Monts and Nova Scotia “truly” British, brought in its Samuel de Champlain established a settle- own settlers and deported the Acadians . Immigrant or Refugee? The deportation (1755-62) shipped the Officially, a refugee is a class of population to English colonies along the immigrant. Canada’s immigration east coast as far south as Georgia . Many policy recognizes three main catego- perished from hunger or disease or were ries of immigration, based on the lost at sea . economic, family reunification and The British Conquest (1759-60) gave humanitarian or protective objectives Canada to Great Britain and suspended of the Immigration Act. The refugee migration from France, but did not impel category comprises refugees under English immigration . The Empire paid the UN Convention relating to the little attention to the Quebec colony but Status of Refugees. The Convention soon had to accept thousands of United was created in 1951 and entered into Empire Loyalists, British subjects who had force in 1954. It was an international settled in the original Thirteen Colonies in agreement that defined refugees and the U .S . and were displaced by the Ameri- established protocols to guide rela- can Revolution because of their support tionships between refugees and their for Great Britain . The early Loyalists were host countries. Originally it addressed Canada’s first political refugees, many of the plight of Displaced Persons and whom migrated to Canada because they refugees from the Second World War. feared retribution or did not wish to be- It was expanded in 1967 to include come American citizens . people from other parts of the world The main waves of Loyalist migration who faced broader problems. Canada came in 1783 and 1784, assisted by impe- signed both agreements. rial authority in the form of Sir Guy Car- Refugees are classified as needing M c C or d Mu se u m of H istory leton, governor of the Province of Quebec . protection or relief; they are people Charles Deschamps de Boishébert led several The military gave the settlers supplies and who have been forced to leave their battles against the British and fought to organized the distribution of land . Most country and are afraid to return prevent further deportation of the Acadians. were farmers, not wealthy nor of high because of war, violence or persecu- social rank, and ethnically mixed . They tion due to race, religion, nationality, ment at Île St .croix in 1604, and at Port- included White Loyalists with slaves, free political opinion or belonging to a Royal, Acadia, in 1605 . Blacks and escaped slaves, and Six Na- particular social group. Refugees are The first settlers — or immigrants — to tions Iroquois . The Black Loyalists were expected to take longer to adjust to Canada were the Acadians . These French 3,000 African-Americans drawn north their new circumstances than other settlers established a vibrant colony at by the British promise of “freedom and immigrants. The first refugees to Port-Royal, taming the high tides of the a farm .” It was a promise unfulfilled; the Canada were the Quakers who fled Bay of Fundy with dikes to create rich land grant system became corrupt and the U.S. and England in the 1770s due fields of hay to feed their livestock, irrigat- many received a mere quarter-acre rather to religious persecution. Historically, ing crops, establishing alliances with the than the promised 100 acres for the head groups of refugees have come to Mi’kmaq and the Maliseet and trading of household and an additional 50 for each Canada from around the world: the with English colonists in America . The family member . U.S., England, Germany, Poland, Italy, colony’s administration changed hands Into the mid-19th Century, immigra- Austria, Russia, Ukraine, Palestine, several times, but became English after the tion from England, Scotland and the U S. . Hungary, North Africa, Morocco, War of the Spanish Succession (1701-13), slowly began to fill the best arable land . China, Rwanda, Chile, Myanmar, when the Treaty of Utrecht ceded Acadia These immigrants generally reflected the Tibet, Uganda, Iran, Vietnam, Laos, to Britain . The treaty included the forced heritage and values of the established Cambodia, Bosnia, Yugoslavia, Bhutan departure of the Acadians, who showed community . The arrival of Irish settlers, and Thailand. little inclination to move to the new driven from their homeland by the great French colonies, which were less suited to Irish potato famine, represented Canada’s their agricultural system . first significant influx of foreign immi- British authorities at Port-Royal (re- grants (there were already Irish immi- were viewed as Roman Catholic intruders named Annapolis Royal) interfered with grants in Canada) . They generally spoke suspiciously loyal to the Crown . They also their government’s transfer decree, con- English, but they differed from the major- tended to migrate to the U .S ., a practice cerned about upsetting the balance of ity socially, culturally and religiously . that continued into the 20th Century, the area’s population and removing The “Famine Irish” had been tenant meaning their impact on Eastern Canada

diplomat and international canada 33 Di spatches|immigration

was more significant than in the West . and 500-600 Mennonites fleeing Ameri- In the late 19th Century, the Cana- can intolerance . All but one of the U .S .'s dian Prairies were opened to settlement, 18 Hutterite colonies entered Canada on though that settlement first required es- the basis of an 1899 order-in-council that tablishing a market for prairie agricultural granted them immunity from military products . Wilfrid Laurier’s government service . Following the Second World War, implemented large-scale immigration Canada admitted 15,000 Germans as part with an aggressive program delivered by of its postwar policy of resettling dis- Clifford Sifton, minister of the interior . For placed persons from Europe . the first time, Canada sought agricultural Opening the West relied on the de- settlers from places other than the British velopment of a transnational railway . Empire, Europe and the U .S . As Sifton de- Much of the construction of the Canadian clared, “I think that a stalwart peasant in Pacific Railway in the West was done by a sheepskin coat, born on the soil, whose immigrants from South China . Chinese forefathers have been farmers for 10 gen- immigrants had begun arriving in Canada erations, and a stout wife and a half-dozen in 1858 from San Francisco to prospect for rary an d archives cana a li b rary children is good quality .” gold in British Columbia’s Fraser Valley . Sifton’s statement reflected neither gov- Children who’ve just arrived on the SS Ar- Canada’s first Chinese community was gentina, awaiting examination at Pier 21 ernment policy nor public sentiment; both Barkerville, B .c ., with others established in 1952. were unreceptive to “stalwart peasants as the railway extended eastward . Between in sheepskin coats,” a reference to Ukrai- 1880 and 1885, 15,000 Chinese workers nian farmers . The popular idea of “good developed in Nova Scotia between 1750 completed the B .c . section of the CPR . quality” agricultural immigrants was, in and 1753 and Germans were among the The first Opium War (1839-42) and order of preference, British and American, Loyalist migration . Despite anti-German the T’ai P’ing Rebellion (1850-64) created French, Belgian, Dutch, Scandinavian, sentiment during the First World War, in poverty and political upheaval in China Swiss, Finnish, Russian, Austro-Hungar- 1918 Canada admitted 1,000 Hutterites that forced many peasants and workers to ian, German, Ukrainian and Polish . The seek opportunities elsewhere . From 1885, majority of English-speaking Canadians Chinese migrants had to pay a $50 “head” feared that hordes of “strange” peoples Immigration Statistics tax to enter Canada, the only ethnic group would threaten Protestant Canadian so- (from Statistics Canada, May 2013) taxed for admission . By 1900, responding ciety . Others held more tolerant opinions, to public protest, the Liberal government understanding that immigrants were nec- There are more than 6,775,800 immi- restricted Chinese immigration further by essary for building the country, that their grants in Canada, representing 20.6 raising the head tax to $100 . B .c . politi- children would become integrated into the percent of the population. cians demanded it be increased to $500 . mainstream of society and that they were The federal government appointed a here to stay . Nevertheless, welcoming There are more than 200 ethnic origins Royal Commission on Chinese and Japa- “them” to join “us” created a demand for reported in Canada, 13 of which have nese Immigration, which concluded that immigration policies that restricted admis- populations exceeding 1 million: Asians were “unfit for full citizenship sion by ethnicity or race . Italian, Chinese, First Nations (North . . obnoxious to a free community and Populating the “last best West,” the American Indian), Ukrainian, East dangerous to the state .” In 1903, Parlia- promotional term for the Canadian Prai- Indian, Dutch and Polish. ment raised the head tax to $500 . On July ries, brought Ukrainian immigrants, 1, 1923 (“Humiliation Day”), the Chinese farmers and labourers from Galicia and More than 1,369,100 respondents to Immigration Act was replaced by legisla- Bukovina, fleeing oppressive economic the 2011 National Household Survey tion that virtually suspended Chinese and social conditions in the Austro-Hun- reported First Nations ancestry. immigration . The legislation was repealed garian Empire . Seeking meadowland, wa- in 1947 . ter, wood and neighbours who spoke their The largest visible minority groups are Japanese immigrants were treated as language, they settled in the aspen park- South Asians, Chinese and Blacks, who poorly as the Chinese . The first known land of the Prairies, from southeastern account for 61.3 percent of the visible- Japanese immigrant was Manzo Nagano, Manitoba through central Saskatchewan minority population. who arrived in B .c . in 1877 . In 1907, at to the Rocky Mountain foothills west of Canada’s insistence, Japan limited migra- Edmonton, with several Ukrainian block In the 2011 National Household tion of men to Canada to 400 annually . In settlements established by 1914 . Survey, 1,567,400 individuals identified 1928, Canada placed further restrictions Among the homesteaders were set- themselves as South Asian, the largest on the Japanese, limiting immigration to tlers of German origin, though most came visible minority population. 150 annually . During the Second World from the Russian and Austro-Hungarian War, fears were rampant that the Japanese empires and the Balkan countries, not the The second largest visible minority represented a national threat, particularly German Empire, which had colonized population was Chinese, who number after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and those areas in the 18th Century . German more than 1,324,700. forced the surrender of the British gar- migration to Canada began long before rison at Hong Kong . That imagined fear the great western migration; the oldest Source: Statistics Canada initiated policies of detention and dispos- cohesive German settlement in Canada session and the removal of nearly 21,000

34 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC immigration|Di spatches

Perhaps the most diverse immigrant The Boat People population in Canada are South Asians, Following the Vietnam War, Canada people from, or descended from, India, accepted refugees and immigrants Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, rep- fleeing the communists when Saigon resenting several major languages, mul- fell on April 30, 1975. More than a tiple religions and hundreds of discrete million people left Vietnam, Laos and ethnic groups . The first to reach Canada Cambodia (the three countries com- came to Vancouver in 1903, mainly Sikhs prised the former Indochina). Many of who had heard of Canada from British In- them tried to escape across the South dian troops who had traversed Canada in China Sea in small overcrowded boats 1902 en route to Edward VII’s coronation . ill-equipped for an extensive sea voy- Attracted by high wages, South Asians The Komagata Maru Incident age and vulnerable to pirate attacks. began immigrating in large numbers . By In 1913, the continuous-passage order Of those who didn’t drown en route, 1908, they numbered 5,209 men, primar- was contested by 38 Sikhs. In April most ended up in squalid refugee ily Sikhs from Punjab, who had left their 1914, encouraged by the 1913 conces- camps in Thailand and Malaysia, families to find work in Canada . The B .c . sion, 376 Punjabis, mostly Sikhs, all desperately seeking a place to go but government, seeing a racial threat, im- British citizens, chartered Komagata not welcome anywhere. The refugees’ posed restrictions . Maru, a Japanese-owned freighter, movement to Canada gained impetus In 1908, the Canadian government, to challenge the continuous-passage in 1978 when Canada announced that yielding to public pressure to stop im- law. They sailed from Hong Kong to it would welcome 600 people aboard migration from India, established an Vancouver, arriving on May 23. Most the Hai Hong, a Vietnamese freighter order-in-council that required individuals of the passengers were detained on refused by Malaysia. In all, Canada to reach Canada from India by continuous board. For two months, they waited as accepted 59,970 Boat People by 1980. passage, at a time when no steamship line immigration officials kept them out of provided such service, and to be in pos- court and, the case lost, as their lead- session of $200 . The conditions were chal- ers negotiated their departure. The lenged by a group of prospective South arrival of the RCN cruiser Rainbow on Japanese from their homes; 75 percent Asian immigrants who chartered the July 20 persuaded the group to leave. were Canadian citizens . They were placed freighter Komagata Maru, but were forced On July 23, Komagata Maru departed in detention camps across the country and back to India by immigration officials . The for Calcutta, India, where it was met their property sold by the government . In continuous-journey provision remained by police suspicious of the organiz- 1945, Japanese Canadians had to choose law until 1947 . Community pressure and ers’ politics (they were thought to be between deportation to war-torn Japan or Indian government action forced Canada associated with a terrorist movement dispersal east of the Rockies . Most chose to allow the wives and dependent chil- in India). An exchange of gunfire the latter . dren of South Asian Canadians to immi- between police and passengers killed grate and by the mid-1920s, the families 19 passengers. Many others were of the immigrant South Asian men began imprisoned. The incident strengthened to arrive . Indian nationalism, but had little In 1951, Canada replaced the contin- impact on Canadian immigration law. uous-passage regulation with an annual immigration quota . As racial and national restrictions were lifted in the 1960s, South Asian migration grew significantly . was included as an ethnic heritage on Canada also began to receive immigrants the national census . By 2001, the census from Southeast Asia, which includes 11 recorded more than 200 ethnic origins and countries, 10 of which are members of the the population of those of British, French Association of Southeast Asian Nations or Canadian ethnic origins had decreased (ASEAN, whose members include Brunei to less than half the population . Migration Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, has increasingly shifted from Europeans to Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singa- Asians, and Canada has become home to pore, Thailand and Vietnam .) Although an increasing number of races, religions, groups of Southeast Asians have arrived languages and cultural traditions . in Canada for this country’s opportuni- Much thought has been devoted to ties and advantages, many have come as Canada’s national identity, and whether refugees, most famously the Boat People or not it has one, in this mélange of immi- of the late 1970s . grant ethnicities . However, the ethnicity of By the late 1960s, racial discrimina- the individual does not replace one’s iden- tion had been removed from immigra- tity as a Canadian . Rather, the country’s W illiam James T opley tion legislation and regulations . Canada multiple ethnicities define its people . Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier put Clifford proclaimed its Multiculturalism Policy in Sifton, minister of the interior, in charge of 1971, the first country to execute such leg- Laura Neilson Bonikowsky is an Alberta an aggressive immigration program. islative framework . In 1996, “Canadian” writer .

diplomat and international canada 35 Di spatches|immigration Immigration: a policy gone wrong? By James Bissett a u l M cKinnon/Dreamstime P

Pier 21, which served as an ocean liner terminal and immigration shed between 1928 and 1971, is now Canada's National Museum of Im- migration in Halifax, N.S.

anada’s immigration policy has of- 1947, by prime minister William Lyon with care and their numbers be adjusted ten been praised as a model of how Mackenzie King . The prime minister to the absorptive capacity of the country . Cimmigration programs should be declared categorically that Canada was This will clearly vary from year to year in managed . For many years, there was rea- “perfectly within her rights in selecting response to economic conditions .” son for this praise, but in the early part of the persons whom we regard as desirable The prime minister’s statement formed the current decade, changes in the policy future citizens .” the basis of the Immigration Act of 1952, have led the federal government to lose He went on to say: “There will, I am which provided legislative authority to control over the program . A brief history sure, be general agreement with the view operate an openly discriminatory policy of how the policy has evolved since the that the people of Canada do not wish as of selecting immigrants from traditional end of the Second World War will illus- a result of mass immigration, to make a source countries . The policy lasted for the trate where the policy went wrong . fundamental alteration in the character following 10 years and, during this period From the end of the Second World War of our population . Large-scale immigra- it was extremely difficult for non-white until 1962, Canada’s immigration policy tion from the orient would change the immigrants to enter Canada . was based on the practice of selecting fundamental composition of the Canadian Increasing criticism of the policy, and immigrants, with few exceptions, from population … The government, therefore, the August 1960 passage of prime minister Britain, Europe or the United States . It has no thought of making any change in John Diefenbaker’s Bill of Rights led to a was, in effect, a “white-only” policy . The immigration regulations which would change in immigration regulations, per- policy was formulated following a speech have consequences of the kind … The es- mitting individuals from any country to in Canada’s House of Commons in May sential thing is that immigrants be selected apply to immigrate to Canada if they met

36 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC immigration|Di spatches

the applicable selection criteria (meaning officer the discretion to refuse or accept sential the system have the means of regu- they possessed the education, skills and an applicant regardless of the points lating and restricting annual numbers . training considered adequate to become achieved . This discretionary power to This was done by raising the pass mark established in the Canadian labour force .) override the points was thought essential or by allotting zero points for the occupa- However, the regulations permitting a because the judgment of experienced visa tional demand factor, which then meant wider degree of relatives to be sponsored officers was considered more important automatic refusal despite the overall from Britain, Europe or the United States than an arithmetic model . Furthermore, marks received . In this way, annual num- than from other countries remained un- discretion added a necessary flexibility to bers could be adjusted and controlled in changed and the locations of Canadian the system . (Over time, statistics showed accordance with employment conditions . visa offices were almost exclusively in that positive discretion was used far more In fact, the annual immigration flow those three areas . In reality, therefore, dis- often than was negative discretion .) after 1967 until the 1990s remained rela- crimination was still evident in Canada’s Canadians had no idea of just how rev- tively low; only exceeding 200,000 once immigration program . olutionary the 1967 regulations were . The during that period (1974) . The second In 1966, the government introduced new policy opened the immigration door factor of success was that the immigrants major changes in immigration by creat- to the world and in a short period, as new were carefully selected and counselled to ing the Department of Manpower and visa offices were opened in the Middle ensure that those issued visas were able Immigration, which joined the National East, Africa and Asia, the composition of to find employment quickly and become Employment Service and the Immigration the immigration movement was radically successfully established . The point system Service . This structural change followed a transformed . As economic conditions in of selection of immigrants destined to the government White Paper recommending postwar Europe improved, fewer people labour force, coupled by a restricted fam- that immigration focus on the objective of there were interested in migrating and ily reunion program, was working . enhancing the Canadian labour force by soon Canada became a favourite destina- selecting skilled and professional migrants tion for people from the rest of the world . What went wrong? with occupations needed in Canada . The Between 1971 and 1981, approximately 52 n 1976, a new immigration act was family-class category should be restricted percent of the immigrants admitted were introduced to finally replace the out- to a narrow range of dependent relatives: from Asia, Africa, South America or the Idated 1952 legislation that had lasted spouses, minor children and aged parents Caribbean . for almost a quarter of a century . The new and grandparents . The 1967 regulations were not en- act, contrary to what was done in the past, In 1967, the government passed new acted by an act of Parliament . There was followed extensive public discussion and regulations incorporating the recom- no debate by members of the House of debate across Canada and in Parliament . mendations of the White Paper and Commons; no press releases were issued The discussion was centred on a govern- eliminating the final vestiges of racial and the media did not report on this his- ment Green Paper that outlined many of discrimination in its immigration policy toric development . The regulations were the crucial issues related to immigration by allowing family-class immigrants to be passed by an order-in-council, meaning policy and its impact on the future demo- sponsored regardless of their country of that the regulatory changes were autho- graphic composition of the country . origin . The regulations also introduced the rized by the cabinet, and quietly published For the first time, the Green Paper “point system” for selecting immigrants in the Canada Gazette following a short raised the issue of immigration and the destined to the labour force . statement by the minister of Manpower environment by stating: “To many Canadi- The selection system consisted of nine and Immigration in the House . It is dif- ans living in a modern industrialized and factors of assessment considered to be ficult not to conclude that the government increasingly urbanized society, the bene- useful in helping the interviewing officer of the day did not wish to have this major fits of high rates of population growth ap- decide if the applicant could become satis- immigration policy change brought to the pear dubious on several grounds . Canada, factorily established in Canada . Financial attention of Canadians, nor did it want to like most advanced nations, counts the help would only be available in emer- see the subject debated in Parliament . costs of more people in terms of congested gency situations . A further reason the dramatic change metropolitan areas, housing shortages, The nine factors were each allocated in immigration policy did not become an pressure on arable land, damage to the a specific number of points: education issue of public attention or controversy environment — in short, the familiar cata- (20 points); personal qualities (15 points); was because the new global policy was logue of problems with which the most occupational demand (15 points); occu- working . The immigrants, from whatever prosperous and sophisticated societies are pational skill (10 points); age (10 points); source country, were successful . They currently endeavouring to cope .” arranged employment (10 points); desig- were finding jobs, making a contribu- Determined that immigration policy nated occupations in chronic short supply tion and were not a burden on the public must be the subject of concern and de- (10 points); language (10 points); relative purse . bate by all Canadians, the government in Canada willing to help (5 points); area The key to the success of the new established a special joint committee of the demand for employment in applicants global policy rested on two factors . Firstly, Senate and House of Commons to provide destination (5 points) . The arranged em- shortly after the new regulations were input to the legislation . The committee ployment and designated occupation fac- passed, it was discovered that the sys- travelled across Canada for 35 weeks tors were worth 10 points, but only one of tem lacked a mechanism to manage and holding public meetings and recording them could be considered . control numbers . In the knowledge there the opinions of groups and individuals . It An applicant needed to obtain 50 points would always be many more thousands concluded its hearings by recommending out of 100 to qualify . However, the new of applicants who could meet the selection that Canada should continue to accept im- regulations also gave the interviewing criteria than could be accepted, it was es- migrants in moderate numbers, and put

diplomat and international canada 37 Di spatches|immigration

forward 64 additional recommendations, refugees . The new legislation came into the workers were waiting for months in the majority of which were accepted by effect in 2002 and proved to be a disaster . the backlog or didn’t qualify — they be- the government . Almost immediately, a backlog of suc- gan to bring them to Canada as temporary The 1976 Act retained the basic selection cessful applicants began to build up in foreign workers . system and definition of the family class, embassies abroad . Either by design or ac- This gave rise to another serious prob- but gave a broader role for the provinces cident, the new act stipulated that anyone lem . For years, Canada had avoided in the selection of immigrants and pro- who met the newly designed selection cri- making the grave mistake made earlier vided for the federal government to enter teria “shall” be accepted . In addition, the by many European countries in the 1960s into formal immigration agreements with new selection criteria heavily weighted and 1970s of bringing in thousands of the provinces . For the first time, the act the points allotted for years of education temporary workers to fill short-term la- also required the government to table in and dropped the “occupational demand” bour needs . Few of those who came had Parliament its proposed level of immigra- factor, thus removing from the system any intention of leaving when their term tion for the coming year . In many respects, any mechanism for regulating numbers . of employment ended and today have the 1976 Immigration Act could be seen as The act also broadened the family class to formed a troubling underclass in many of a model piece of progressive legislation Europe’s major cities . that brought a framework of legislative Temporary workers do not have to authority and transparency to what previ- meet the federal selection criteria . Many of ously had been done quietly behind doors them are unskilled, have little educational and by regulatory change alone . or language qualifications and are will- However, over time, the advances ing to work for less pay than Canadians . made in the 1970s were set back by a se- Their numbers are high — almost one- ries of developments that have gradually and-a-half million have entered since 2008 . replaced an immigration policy that had While it can be assumed many may now worked for the benefit of Canada and have left, there is no way of knowing this . the newcomers . The primary reason the Canada does not have any exit control system has broken down is because all of system and there is no procedure for fol- our political parties have come to regard lowing up or controlling the movements the importance of immigration in purely of temporary workers . Although steps are political terms . Immigrants are seen as under way to better control this program, potential voters for the party and each it may be too late . Certainly the numbers party advocates for increased levels of here now will not easily be removed . immigration . They are aided in this by a Although immigration has been a number of special interest groups and by shared responsibility between the federal most of the media . Numbers are seen as and provincial governments, only recently the most important factor and the name of have the provinces, with the exception of the game is to increase the flow, regardless Quebec, signed formal immigration agree- of economic conditions . ments . Quebec’s Quiet Revolution led to This radical shift in policy occurred in the desire of that province to gain control 1990 when the Progressive Conservative of immigration selection in the realiza- government decided to raise the annual tion that demography was critical to the province’s nationalist aspirations . The first immigration level to 250,000 despite Jiong Dai | Dreamstime.com evidence Canada was heading into an two agreements signed in 1971 and 1975 economic downturn . The minister re- A man at Queen’s Park in Toronto during did not give Quebec the power to select its sponsible, Barbara McDougall, argued the G8/G20 Summit in 2010 protests his own immigrants, but in 1978, the Cullen- treatment by immigration officers. that higher levels would help the party to Couture Agreement did . build stronger ties with ethnic communi- The financial terms of the agreement ties . The economic forebodings expressed include parents and grandparents of any were generous to an extreme in Quebec’s by finance minister Michael Wilson, were age and incorporated this definition into favour . To compensate for the costs of overruled . This decision marked a turning the act itself rather than in the regulations . reception and settlement services, Quebec point in how immigration levels were to Soon there was a backlog of 600,000 appli- was guaranteed a base sum of $90 million be managed in the years ahead, not only cants waiting for their visas, later to grow annually, but that sum could escalate ac- by the Conservatives, but also by the Lib- to more than a million . cording to a complicated formula related erals . The New Democratic Party prom- Included in the backlog were thou- to an increase in total federal expenditures ised even higher levels should it form the sands of young Asians who, because of (excluding debt services) and the propor- government . their years of education, were able to tion of immigrants entering Quebec in When the Liberals replaced the Pro- meet the criteria for selection . On the relation to its proportion of the total Ca- gressive Conservatives in the 1993 elec- other hand, many highly skilled workers nadian population and any increase in the tion, they continued the policy of mass needed in Canada were unable to qualify number of non-francophone immigrants numbers and in 2001 introduced a new because they did not score high on the for- entering the province . immigration bill which, as the then-minis- mal education factor . More seriously, since Furthermore, as icing on the cake, the ter Elinor Caplan declared, was designed employers were not able to get the work- to say “yes” more often to immigrants and ers they needed as immigrants — because Continued on page 40

38 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC immigration|Di spatches

Immigration policy: ‘Committed to changes’ By Chris Alexander

hen I came home from working in Afghanistan in July 2009, WCanada’s future looked uncertain . With hundreds of thousands out of work, with an economy sideswiped by market collapse right next door, Canada needed to get back on track . Just four short years later, the country is on a clear path to recovery . We have created more jobs per capita than our international counterparts, made our streets safer and our armed forces stronger . Canadians have stepped up to renew infrastructure, tackle the deficit, and take prosperity even further . Earlier this summer, I was honoured and humbled to be appointed Canada’s citizenship and immigration minister by Prime Minister Stephen Harper . With our government’s continued focus on what matters most to Canadians — jobs, growth, and economic prosperity — I am committed to continuing the changes to our immigration system that will support these priorities . It is essential for all Canadians that newcomers integrate quickly into Canada’s labour market in ways that allow them to realize their full potential . The gen- erations of immigrants who helped build this country understood this better than Ben N elms anyone . As minister, I will work hard to Immigration and Citizenship Minister Chris Alexander attends a citizenship ceremony in ensure that new Canadians have the skills Surrey, B.C. and tools they need to succeed . Canada is proud to welcome the high- skilled workers, while strengthening our workers ready to begin work . Through est levels of sustained immigration in our economy . our expression of interest (EOI) program, history and one of the highest per-capita We are in a global competition to at- potential immigrants can submit an on- levels of immigration in the developed tract the best and the brightest, and the line application, matching their skills with world . We are rich with diversity and bet- economic potential they bring . In recog- available jobs . Previously, immigrants ter as a country for it . To ensure Canada nizing the importance of innovation and might wait in line for eight years, only to reaps the full economic benefits of im- entrepreneurship, we have introduced be placed in the labour market to “sink migration, our government remains com- initiatives such as the new start-up visa or swim ”. Our EOI program enables im- mitted to building a fast, flexible and fair to attract foreign entrepreneurs, and the migrants to arrive, confident they will find immigration system focused on economic Canadian experience class (CEC) to retain a job that suits their skill level . By engag- streams and responsive to Canada’s dy- skilled professionals . ing employers, this program will match namic labour market needs . For too long, newcomers have found labour-market shortages with eligible im- One of the key areas we are focused themselves unemployed or underem- migrants who possess the necessary skills, on is addressing serious labour shortages ployed despite excellent educational qual- creating a more responsive immigration some regions of the country are facing . ifications, work experience and language system . In January 2013, we launched the federal skills . This has deprived immigrants and Application backlogs have kept the best skilled trades Program (FSTP) to facilitate the Canadian economy . Our government and brightest away and held Canada back . the immigration of skilled tradespeople will improve the process of foreign cre- Since 2008, our government has reduced who meet Canada’s economic needs . dential recognition and help newcomers the backlog of permanent resident ap- In response to requests from Canadian better integrate into the labour market . plications by approximately 40 percent, employers to fill labour shortages — par- We also want to explore, with prov- paving the way for a faster and more ef- ticularly in the resources and construction inces, territories and employers, ap- fective immigration system . One of my sectors — the FSTP attracts and retains proaches to developing a pool of skilled first actions was to change the approach

diplomat and international canada 39 Di spatches|immigration

toward dormant citizenship cases so per- Continued from page 38 visa officers before arrival . The selection manent residents who are keen to become is now being done by reviewing paper Canadian no longer have to wait behind yearly amount paid to Quebec cannot be qualifications only . The implications of individuals who have missed multiple ap- less than $90 million even if the numbers this, from a security point of view alone, pointments for tests and interviews . of immigrants to that province diminish are staggering, but it helps explain, as Our Conservative government is com- or overall federal spending decreases . It well, why many of our immigrants are not mitted to uniting families and we have was such a good deal that Quebec insisted doing well . taken measures to ensure they no lon- the wording be incorporated into the 1990 To be fair, former immigration minister ger have to wait close to a decade to be Meech Lake Accord . When that accord was Jason Kenney deserves high praise for a reunited with their loved ones, as was rejected, the agreement was quickly refor- number of reforms he introduced, includ- the situation under the previous Liberal mulated as the Canada-Quebec Accord at ing eliminating the backlog, modernizing government . With the introduction of our Quebec’s insistence and signed in 1991 . the dysfunctional asylum system and be- successful Super Visa Program, parents As was to be expected, when the other ginning to exercise better control over the and grandparents have the freedom and provinces discovered the sweetheart deal temporary foreign-worker program . How- flexibility to travel easily between Canada given to Quebec, they, too, entered into the ever, it is the policy of admitting 250,000 and their home country, enabling them to game and now all have signed agreements or more immigrants each year, without stay connected with family and friends in with the federal government (none has regard to labour force realities, that needs Canada and at home without the hassle won as generous a deal as Quebec) . These attention . of reapplying every time . With more than agreements are extremely costly and they In his first press conference after being 1,000 super visas issued monthly at an essentially take the selection of many im- appointed minister in 2008, Kenney said astounding 85 percent approval rate, this migrants out of the hands of the federal the immigration system was broken and has become one of Citizenship and Immi- government . that it was his job to fix it . Let us hope his gration Canada’s most popular programs, Quite apart from the immigrants se- successor, Chris Alexander, will carry on and serves as another example of how our lected by the provinces, it is evident that the good work and get the federal govern- government is bringing families together . the federal government has lost control of ment back in the immigration business . We are working to bring record num- the immigration program and is, in fact, After all, immigration is not just about bers of international students and more responsible for a small part of the annual numbers . For the past 25 years, Canada tourists to our country, while also improv- movement of people to Canada . If we has been accepting newcomers at close to ing passport services to Canadians . We are look at the 257,515 immigrants who ar- one percent of our population each year . modernizing our visa regime, facilitating rived in 2012, we find that only 38,577 of This is a very high number . The U .S ., by legitimate trade and travel and also work- them were in the skilled-worker category contrast, accepts about 0 .4 percent . Most ing with our partners to keep Canadians — roughly 15 percent of the total . The of our immigrants have been settling in safe . remainder were largely the 52,700 spouses the two urban areas of Toronto and Van- Canada’s economic potential depends and children who accompanied the work- couver . And as Ontario’s environment today on a delicate balance of deeper ers; 64,901 family members chosen by commissioner warned in his year 2000 capital markets and financial regulation; their relatives in Canada; 23,652 nomi- report, any prospect of Ontario absorbing specialized skills and responsive training nated by the provinces; 23,000 refugees; an additional 4 .4 million to six million and education; export-oriented industries roughly 9,000 live-in caregivers; and 8,863 immigrants in the next 25 years, as it is and local services . This stability was not humanitarian cases . So we have more than planning to do, is, from an environmental achieved overnight . This standard of liv- 182,000 immigrants not selected because perspective, “simply not sustainable .” ing was not achieved by accident . It is due, they are able to help our labour force or One of the most serious problems in- in large part, to the tremendous contribu- develop our economy . Yet the government volving public policy issues in Canada is tions of centuries of immigrants and their continues to tell Canadians we need more the seeming inability of our politicians to descendants who together built a prosper- than 250,000 immigrants a year . recognize when policies that served the ous country . They did so by making peace Studies have shown the immigrants nation well in the past have, over time, be- with neighbours, establishing rule of law, arriving since the 1990s are not doing come obsolete . This is clearly the case with securing their freedom through institu- well and many are living below the immigration . Sadly, the old myths live on tions, unleashing the spirit of enterprise poverty line . One 2011 study, by econo- and our politicians and most of the media and ensuring unity and tolerance . mists Herbert Grubel and Patrick Grady, cling to the idea that Canada must rely on Today, we are continuing their tradi- entitled Immigration and the Welfare State, mass immigration to progress . This idea is tions by settling new Canadians, reunit- concluded that the value of services and a conviction without evidence and a vote ing families more quickly, strengthening benefits received by the immigrants who of non-confidence in our ability to educate the value of citizenship and upholding arrived between 1987 and 2004 exceeded and train our own young people to meet our humanitarian traditions at home and the taxes paid by them by between $16 .3 our labour force needs and the economic abroad, even as we crack down on fraud and $23 .6 billion in one fiscal year (2006) . challenges of a new century . and abuse, and work together with our This study received very little coverage by partners around the world to ensure the the Canadian media . James Bissett is a former Canadian am- safety of all those who call Canada their Sadly, our immigration program has bassador and was executive director of home . been transformed into a mass visa fac- the Canadian Immigration Service from tory . The pressure of getting numbers 1985 to 1990 . He is on the board of direc- Chris Alexander is minister of citizenship has meant that the vast majority of immi- tors of the Centre for Immigration Policy and immigration . grants are not even seen or interviewed by Reform .

40 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC immigration|Di spatches Changing migration management By Monica Boyd

anada’s experience with managing Each change has its supporters and crit- migration has a long history, be- ics . Supporters argue marriage fraud is on Cginning with the powers assigned the rise and represents an abuse of Cana- to provinces and the federal government da’s immigration system; similarly, elderly under the Constitution Act of 1867. The fed- immigrant parents may be high users of eral government assumes leadership in welfare and health-care services . Critics the policy arena although Quebec has its see the requirement that the sponsored own program and provinces are becom- spouse or partner must cohabit in a con- ing more engaged in admissions . jugal relationship with their sponsor for The most recent federal act, the Im- a period of two years following receipt of migration and Refugee Protection Act 2002 the permanent resident status as creating (IRPA) reaffirms the three main principles reluctance to leave abusive partners . Fur- of admissibility for permanent residents: ther, critics suggest discussion on welfare family reunification, humanitarian and and health care of elderly relatives casts a economic . However, in the past decade, negative light on family reunification . broad transformations occurred in the Many changes also have occurred to management of migration and in admis- criteria governing the admission of refu- sions criteria . The most fundamental is an gees and others entering on humanitarian altered process of federal management . grounds . Refugee claimants, those who But significant changes have also occured arrive in Canada and seek permanent resi- in determining which migrants are admit- litical parties, amendments were inserted dency on humanitarian grounds, are the ted and how, including tighter regulations into a budget bill that was unlikely to be focus of the most changes . In June 2012, governing entry in family and humanitar- defeated, as defeat would represent a vote the federal government cut funding to the ian classes, growth in the admissions of of non-confidence, causing the dissolution interim federal health program, effectively temporary workers, increased provincial of the Conservative government . denying health care to many claimants . and employer roles in the selection of The amendments gave total discretion Bill C-31, which came into force Dec . 15, economic migrants and the creation of a to the minister of immigration on how to 2012, modified IRPA to allow the govern- portal to admit skilled trades workers . By process applications made after February ment to designate large groups that arrive late fall 2013, the federal government will 2008 . Further, the minister is authorized in Canada as “irregular arrivals .” These have completed its review of the tempo- to give instructions to visa officers on “designated foreign nationals” can face rary worker program and an expression processing applications, establishing mandatory detention and a ban on apply- of interest program (described below) is categories of applications, prioritizing ing for permanent residency for five years . expected . As a consequence, Canada’s im- order, setting the number of applications Additionally, the minister can designate a migration management and admissions processed and providing for repeat ap- country of origin as a generally non-refu- programs will be very different from those plications . Today, policy developments gee-producing country, one that respects of the 1970s and 1980s . frequently are announced by the minister human rights and offers state protection and posted in the Canada Gazette . Giving (examples are Australia, Ireland and Italy) . Managing migration authority to the minister and embedding Refugee claimants from these coun- Between the 1950s and 1960s, the public changes in budget bills facilitate the al- tries have an expedited review process service took the initiative in devising teration of immigration regulations and and may not appeal negative decisions policy and advising the ministers of vari- immigration policy . This also minimizes from the refugee appeal division of the ous portfolios; during the 1970s and 1980s, parliamentary and public scrutiny on Immigration and Refugee Board of Can- consultations with the public become part those issues . ada . Again, reaction is varied . For some, of policy-making . However, under Prime refugee claimants seek a quick entry and Minister Stephen Harper, power is increas- Family and humanitarian admissions take advantage of welfare and health ingly centralized within the executive . The For persons seeking admission on the programs . For others, the risk of restrict- formulation and management of immigra- basis of family ties, three major changes ing humanitarian access to those in need tion policy by the executive branch of the in 2011 and 2012 are (1) the amendments outweighs the costs of assisting all refugee Canadian government became a reality in to IRPA targeting marriage fraud, (2) the claimants . 2008 with Bill C-50, the Budget Implemen- pausing of parental re-unification, to re- tation Act, which contained amendments sume in January 2014 using higher income Expanding temporary migrants to the 2002 Immigration and Refugee Pro- levels and extending the sponsorship from Without question, recruiting labour has tection Act . This lacked precedent . Rather 10 to 20 years, and (3) the creation of a been and remains a major focus of im- than tabling amendments as a stand-alone super visa for parents and grandparents migration policy changes during the past parliamentary bill subject to debate, con- which allows temporary residence for up decade . Migrants explicitly recruited to sultation and the involvement of all po- to two years at a time . meet Canadian labour market needs on

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a temporary basis usually enter under ers for the tourism, food processing and manent residents . CEC targets temporary three programs developed and managed trucking industries .) foreign workers in occupations that re- by Citizenship and Immigration Canada The provincial nominee program draws quire managerial skills or high levels of — the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Pro- heavily from temporary workers already education, as well as select skilled trades- gram, the Live-in Caregiver Program and in Canada and it fast-tracks chosen work- persons and foreign student graduates the Temporary Foreign Worker Program, ers; applications receive priority over with Canadian graduate degrees . Like which is by far the largest . those in the skilled worker program, the provincial nominee program, which Numbers have increased over time, discussed below . The provincial nominee draws on temporary workers and the standing at nearly 500,000 in 2012 (this program decentralizes decision-making to PhD stream program, CEC also provides includes new entries, those re-entering the provinces and gives them a greater say a two-step process for permanent admis- and those present with visas issued ear- on admissions in the economic contribu- sion . lier) . Some of the workers admitted tem- tion class . All the changes and new programs porarily are highly skilled, although the that deal with labour recruitment indi- majority are not . Some workers enter as Skilled workers and skilled trades cate that Canada is moving away from a part of intra-company transfers or under Since the 1960s, Canada’s traditional supply-side model of economic-based ad- inter-government agreements (such as mechanism for labour recruitment was the missions . Temporary workers frequently the North American Free Trade Agree- skilled worker category, where points are require an offer of employment and prov- ment) that permit worker mobility . Many, given for productivity-related factors such inces are selecting candidates for perma- however, arrive as a result of employer job as age, official language knowledge and nent admission from temporary workers . offers, which required a “labour market education . This point system has changed International students and high-skill tem- opinion” that assesses how that offer will over time; today ministerial directives en- porary workers are encouraged to become affect Canadian jobs . sure that would-be applicants must either permanent residents through the CEC and Supporters of a sizable temporary have a job offer or have worked in one of other transition programs . work force argue that such migration 24 designated occupations (the number The government’s announced com- is necessary to meet the needs of rapid and type of occupations has changed three mitment in 2012-2013 to developing an growth in Canada’s resource industries, times since its inception in 2008) . “expression of interest” (EOI) admission and that agricultural workers and live-in Applicants must obtain minimum system is perhaps the most important caregivers do jobs that Canadian residents points on language tests administered by signal in the reconfiguration of Canada’s will not take . Others argue that labour private-sector firms and their education recruitment of skilled labour to one that scarcity is less an issue than is employer equivalency must be verified by a third is decentralized, demand-driven and em- reluctance to raise wages to the levels party before their application is accepted . ployer-instigated . Similar to the approach that attract Canadian workers . There are Admissions in this class are supply-side, devised in New Zealand and adopted also concerns that a four-year work limit generated by applicants queuing to ap- by Australia, a pool of skilled workers on visas that applies to many temporary ply and being admitted under annually would be created by having prospec- migrant workers will not result in workers capped numbers if they qualify . Numbers tive immigrants fill in online forms that returning home, but will instead generate admitted in the skilled worker class, both indicate human capital skills and work large numbers of illegal workers and their as principal applicants and as family experience . Points would be assigned, families, something that Canada has not members have declined from the early applications ranked and then entered into experienced in the past . The first expira- 2000s, influenced in part by the priority a pool . tion date for these four-year visas will be given to applicants in the provincial nomi- The EOI form would not be an appli- reached April 1, 2015 . nees class . cation for admission, but rather the first Recent developments include the fed- stage in the potential recruitment of a Economic admissions: provincial programs eral skilled trades class, established in worker . CIC envisions that employers or A relatively recent development is the January 2013, reflecting the need for a provincial/territory government would growing involvement of provinces in the workers in skilled trades . These applicants select among this pool, triggering a second selection of immigrants . Under the 1991 now also must meet minimum language step of applying for admission . In such a Canada-Quebec Accord, Quebec has its skill requirements, undergo educational- system, backlogs of applications would own regulations and may send visa-issu- training assessments, have experience in be avoided and immigrants would arrive ing officers to work in embassies and con- the same skilled trade as their job offer with offers of employment . This “just-in- sulates . Other provinces participate in the and have a job offer in one of 43 job cat- time” process is viewed by government provincial nominee program, introduced egories considered to be in higher or mod- policy-makers as recruiting people with in 1996 to facilitate permanent admissions erate demand . One possible effect may be the right skills, fast-tracking applications based on economic contributions . This additional declines of admissions in the for admission and having workers arrive class allows provinces to nominate mi- skilled-worker class, as the federal skilled in a few months . This system is expected grants using selection criteria that reflect trades class will now include trade work- to be announced in the fall of 2014 and it local labour markets . All provinces have ers formerly admitted under the skilled- will dramatically depart from earlier prac- signed agreements with the federal gov- worker class . tices and programs . ernment, although substantial variations exist in how provinces recruit (websites, The future: two-step and just-in-time migration Monica Boyd is the Canada Research employer consultations, guidebooks), and In September 2008, the Canadian experi- Chair in Immigration, Inequality and in the types of workers sought (clerks, ence class (CEC) was established within Public Policy at the University of To- farm workers, entrepreneurs and work- the economic admissions class for per- ronto .

44 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC drug laws|Di spatches Drug wars: Uruguay’s new legal approach to marijuana By Sean Dunagan

ast month, the lower house of Uru- guay’s bicameral parliament voted Lto legalize the cultivation, distribution and sale of marijuana by adults in the country . The bill is almost certain to pass through the Senate and be signed into law by President Jose Mujica in coming weeks . If the bill passes, Uruguay will have the most progressive marijuana legislation of any country in the world . Even in Amsterdam, where small quantities of the drug are openly sold and consumed in the city’s famous coffeehouses, marijuana remains technically illegal . In fact, an array of countries around the globe, from U N photo Portugal to Mexico to Colombia, have A bill legalizing the cultivation, sale and distribution of marijuana, put forth by Uruguayan decriminalized possession of small quanti- President Jose Mujica, is almost certain to pass in the coming weeks. ties of marijuana, but in all of these cases, commercial cultivation and sale of the hibition has failed and society must devise reflects a shocking callousness to the drug drug remain felony offences . This means a smarter, more effective and less destruc- war’s ravages in their countries . that all of the profits from one of the big- tive approach to the issue of drug abuse . The greatest diplomatic challenge gest cash crops in the world go straight to I came to that conclusion following a facing the United States in the coming organized crime . 13-year career with the U .S . Drug Enforce- century will be how to advance national Uruguay’s plan addresses this issue by ment Administration, which included five interests in an increasingly multi-polar putting cultivation and distribution under years working in embassies and consul- world . The country’s ability to compel government control . The set price will be ates in Latin America . Every year, the other nations’ compliance with U .S . slightly lower than the current illicit street U .S . government spends more than $26 wishes, simply because it’s stronger and price, which will certainly lure most of the billion waging the drug war and arrests richer, will diminish as the influence of country’s 120,000 marijuana users away nearly one million people for drug-related Brazil, China and other powers grows . from the violent illegal market . crimes, yet drugs remain available in This is not only a challenge, but an op- Uruguay’s plan, while unique in its every community in the country and ad- portunity . The U .S . may well find that a ambition, reflects the rapidly evolving diction rates are unchanged . Meanwhile, more diverse marketplace of ideas will views of drug policy throughout Latin more than 60,000 Mexicans have been engender bold new solutions to shared America . Shortly after his November 2011 murdered in drug trade-related violence problems . election, Guatemalan President Otto Pérez since 2006 . Uruguay’s pending legalization of Molina called for an open dialogue about The United States holds a unique and marijuana is one such solution . While not the “decriminalization of the production, destructive role in the global drug trade . a panacea, the regulated legalization of the transit and, of course, the consump- It is the world’s largest consumer country, marijuana will necessarily take money out tion” of all drugs . Colombian President the largest importer of illegal drugs, the of the hands of violent criminal gangs and Juan Manuel Santos has said he would industry’s financier and a leading arms focus law enforcement resources on vio- welcome legalization, and former Mexican supplier to Mexican cartels . In short, it lent crimes . If the U .S . is serious about re- president Felipe Calderón has called for imports drugs and exports violence . It ducing the violence, death and destruction “market alternatives” to prohibition . also exports bad policy . Despite growing the drug war creates, it would do well to In Canada, Liberal leader Justin calls for reform throughout Latin America follow Uruguay’s lead . Trudeau has sparked a debate about the and shifting public opinion at home, the legalization of marijuana, after which U .S . government remains steadfast in its Former DEA senior intelligence research Prime Minister Stephen Harper left the demonstrably unsuccessful prohibitionist specialist Sean Dunagan is a speaker for door open to exploring new enforcement strategy . Law Enforcement Against Prohibition, a options for possession, such as fines . Worse, it refuses to join the growing group of police officers, judges, prosecu- These leaders, like an increasing per- hemispheric debate about drug war al- tors, federal officials and other law en- centage of Canadians and Americans, ternatives . This “big stick” approach is forcement officials who oppose the war have come to the realization that drug pro- an affront to its southern neighbours and on drugs .

diplomat and international canada 45 Di spatches|health The world’s healthiest Modern health care plays a role, as does health policy, in creating a healthy nation. We list the world’s Top 10, followed by the world’s worst five countries.

By Wolfgang Depner 1000wor d s | Dreamstime.com

Singapore, where traditional Chinese medicine shops can be found, ranks as the No. 1 healthiest country in the world.

n 1883, the German Reichstag changed genuine existentialist anxieties of workers The emerging welfare state also the course of human history when it labouring in the unsafe and dangerous changed the role of the state . Whereas Ipassed the first modern health insur- factories of the late 19th Century, Bismarck previous prevailing theories tasked the ance law . While modest in scope by our hoped to channel their revolutionary am- state with nothing more than protecting standards, this piece of legislation was the bitions into a safe harbour . citizens from internal and external threats, first in a series of laws that ushered in the Whatever Bismarck’s motivations the state started to assume new obliga- modern welfare state . might have been, his agenda radically tions in areas of human development that Its original architect, Otto von Bis- altered the relationship between the state exceeded its previous mandate . More marck, was no friend of the working and its citizens — and their expectations subtly, Bismarck created expectations and class . Quite the opposite, in fact . The Iron of governance . First, groups previously measures by which the performance of Chancellor, as Bismarck was known, be- antagonistic towards one another were government could be assessed . lieved that these reform measures would forced to co-operate . Bismarckian laws Health, once largely a private concern, inoculate the working class against the required shared contributions and sacri- was becoming a subject of public dis- radicalism of the socialist forces that had fices through collective institutions, which course and political decision-making . Ac- been gathering strength in rapidly indus- might eventually become objects of na- cordingly, governments were increasingly trializing Germany following its formal tional pride, with similar binding effects judged by their ability to deliver public founding as a nation-state in 1871 . like national railways or other large-scale health services in an effective manner, By denuding, or least moderating, the projects . both in terms of outcomes and costs .

46 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC health|Di spatches

This list of Top 10 healthiest countries is one such measure . Each has devoted considerable resources to an extensive health- care system — with the results to prove it, according to the 2012 Bloomberg Health Rankings (whose sources were the World Health Organization, the United Nations and the World Bank .) This, of course, is not the only reason the citizens of these countries rank among the healthiest in the world . Other factors (including personal behaviour, dietary choices and cultural norms) also play a role in shaping public health outcomes . So it would be a mistake to reduce the “health” of a society to mere measures of utility . On the other hand, any attempts to broaden the definition of a healthy society can quickly lead into difficult, even dark corners . This said, a look at the very bottom of the Bloomberg Rank- ings highlights many of the conditions that characterize unhealthy societies: corruption, the absence of basic infrastructure and the very internal strife Bismarck was striving to prevent .

1. Singapore Ten years ago, this tiny state found itself in the middle of one of the worst global epi- R al u ca Tud or | Dreamstime.com demics of recent memory when the virus responsible for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infected 238 people, Italy consistently ranks near the top on several health outcome categories. Is it the killing 33 . Mediterranean diet, perhaps? Besides this human loss, SARS rattled a society that reveres order . Schools closed for weeks and the government imple- 2. Italy 3. Australia mented sweeping measures designed to Internationally, practitioners of medicine It has become tradition among Canadian contain this disease, which ultimately marvel at the country’s major achieve- social scientists to seek ideas and inspira- claimed 238 lives from 8,096 reported ment: to build one of the most accessible, tion from developments in the Land of cases worldwide . These measures, while affordable and accomplished health-care Down Under . ultimately successful, also temporarily systems in the world . This finding may Both countries share a colonial his- crippled the economy of Singapore . Tour- force some to readjust their prejudices tory with the United Kingdom . And both ism and transport-related industries suf- against Italy as an unproductive and mix the British parliamentary system, fered major downturns . But this crisis also indifferent society . Not surprisingly, ostensibly designed for a unitary system, revealed the organizational talents and Italy consistently ranks at or near the top with federalism . And both nations’ elites resourcefulness of Singapore . of many health outcome categories, as confront the challenges of governing a It comes as no surprise then that Sin- tracked by various international agencies, relatively small, but diverse population gapore ranks as the healthiest country in such as the OECD . It notes that Italy’s spread across continent-spanning coun- the world . Singapore’s government, how- life expectancy at birth almost reaches 83 tries . ever, does not appear to be content with years, exceeding the average for all OECD These similarities invite obvious com- this status, as it finds itself in the midst of countries of 80 years . But this figure also parisons . “Australia is the country most developing a Healthcare 2020 Masterplan points to one of the central concerns fac- like Canada and, as such, the best country designed to “keep Singaporeans healthy ing the Italian health-care system and the against which to benchmark ourselves,” and give them greater peace of mind .” state generally: its society is aging rapidly wrote Globe and Mail columnist Jeffrey Singapore’s health-care problems today due to one of the lowest birth rates in Simpson three years ago . Mr . Simpson or in the near future are considerable the world . If the German poet Johann finds the Australian public health-care — including an aging and increasingly Wolfgang von Goethe experienced Italy system outperforms its Canadian coun- sedentary society and a shortage of medi- “like a youthful dream” during his famed terpart on a number of scores, by allowing cal professionals . But if past performance sojourn in the late 18th Century, modern some private competition . predicts future success, Singapore appears travellers are more likely to encounter a Other, more comprehensive assess- poised to meet the challenge . geriatric society . ments have reached comparable conclu-

diplomat and international canada 47 Di spatches|health

sions . While the nature of the health-care 4. Switzerland the happiest people in 2013 . system is only one factor among many If money spent on health care could guar- Health care is not cheap in Switzerland . that determine the overall health of a antee a “healthy” society, the United States The country ranks behind the United population, it clearly has served Austra- would top the rankings . No other country States and Norway in terms of per-capita lia well, to the point that several west- in the western world spends more than health spending ($5,270) . But it is far more ern countries have tried to recommend the U .S . effective, with the results to prove it . Ac- changes in their respective jurisdictions This disconnect between input and cording to a 2010 OECD survey, Switzer- along lines of the Australian model . output is a central reason the Obama ad- land had the lowest potential for finding This commentary does not mean to ministration passed the Affordable Health additional savings in its health-care sys- downplay the reported deficits within Care For America Act, a health-care tem among the 30 survey countries . The the Australian health-care system (grow- scheme very much modelled along the United States? Sixth . ing concerns about exploding costs and Swiss system . social inequity .) Nor does it mean to ig- According to an OECD survey, combined public and private health expen- 5. Japan ditures in the U .S . topped US$8,233 per Japan’s finance minister, Taro Aso, stepped capita in 2010, a figure more than $3,000 into it earlier this year when he urged the higher than second-place Norway . Yet, the elderly to get on with dying . “Heaven U .S . ranks well below its OECD counter- forbid if you are forced to live on when parts in many health categories . you want to die,” he said . “I would wake Unlike its European neighbours, Swit- zerland does not offer a “public option” to use the parlance of the U .S . debate . It instead achieves universal coverage by mandating individuals to purchase private insurance, as Obamacare insists . But if the two countries share an instinct for profit and free enterprise in the provision of health care, Switzerland has been far more effective in regulating the worst excesses L a d iras81 | Dreamstime.com

Australia’s health-care system, of which the Sydney Hospital is part, has served it well.

nore larger health issues in Australia (the disparity in health outcomes between

Australia’s aboriginal and non-aboriginal E lena S chweitzer | Dreamstime.com population and the tripling of obesity Japan, famous for its healthy foods such as rates through the last three decades .) nigiri, has an aging population, but also the Contrary to popular perceptions, Australia resources to deal with the elderly. reports physical activity levels on par with the United States, the perceived paragon up feeling increasingly bad knowing that of sloth . It is clear, though, that Australia [treatment] was all being paid for by the has managed to keep health-care costs in government . The problem won’t be solved line without sacrificing quality, and has unless you let them hurry up and die .” somehow maintained a relatively healthy Of course, one wonders whether this population, at justifiable costs . appeal from one of Japan’s senior politi- S wisshippo | Dreamstime.com According to the OECD, Australians cians included an element of self-loathing can expect to live 82 years, two years lon- A Swiss helicopter makes a rescue. The because Aso — who eventually apolo- country has one of the lowest child mortal- ger than the OECD average . At the same gized — belongs to the very group he of- ity rates and highest life expectancies. time, the OECD notes that health spend- fended . Almost a quarter of Japan’s 128 ing in Australia accounts for 9 .1 percent of million citizens are over the age of 60 and total GDP, below the 9 .5 percent average of this approach while achieving top their demographic share will only rise . for all OECD countries . This said, Aus- health outcomes . It has one of the lowest Japan is already home to the second- tralia ranks above the OECD average in child mortality rates in the world (202nd) largest number of centenarians in the terms of total health spending per person and highest life expectancies (eighth), ac- world after the U .S . This phenomenon at US$3,670, compared to US$3,268 . In cording to the CIA World Factbook . And if has inspired an impressive volume of other words, things are going well now, we accept the OECD Better Life Index as a scholarship into the actual causes and but the need for reform is apparent . measure of mental health, the Swiss were potential consequences of Japan’s aging

48 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC health|Di spatches

society . The former include genetics, diet not to balance Excel spreadsheets, but to and social practices, such as religious wor- help Mrs . Cohen,” Lapid lectured his civil ship and communal activities . The latter, servants . still emerging, focus on reduced economic As touching as this account might ap- productivity, labour shortages and inter- pear, it features a fatal flaw: Mrs . Cohen generational strife . is a fictitious character, conjured up by the However, it is appropriate to already political imagination of Lapid . Reactions draw one tentative conclusion: The aging to Lapid’s creativity were swift and dev- of Japan reveals a prosperous society, able astating, but also distracted from a larger to dedicate substantial resources to the issue: the health of the Israeli health-care care of its most vulnerable (and by impli- system, which according to Lapid, “is col- cation valued) citizens . This commitment lapsing around (Cohen) .” — which runs counter to the economic The genuine facts, of course, tell a dif- utilitarianism so prominently promoted ferent, far more complex story — one by Aso — is an accomplishment worth that reflects larger tensions within Israel . celebrating . If nothing else, it suggests a On one hand, a recent run of strikes by “healthy” society, at peace with others and doctors and nurses speaks to growing itself, at least for the time being . economic tensions . Yet the overall quality of the health-care system also reflects the country’s high degree of livability . The 6. Israel most recent Life Index released by the

You would not expect Riki Cohen, a OECD ranks Israel fifth with an 8 .8 out M axi S ports | Dreamstime.com 37-year-old married mother of three chil- of 10 rating on health issues, ahead of the dren from Hedera to relish the attention U .S ., Britain, France, Japan and Germany . Swimmers finish the Barcelona Garmin Triathlon. Spain ranks eighth in the OECD’s she received when Israel’s finance minis- Average life expectancy almost tops 80 Better Life Index. ter, Yair Lapid, mentioned her name in a years and nearly eight out of 10 Israelis say their health is good or very good . But figures of this sort only tell part of state continues to cut medical services in the story . While Israelis can access some an effort to meet austerity measures . of the world’s best neighbourhood medi- Other countries in the region are facing cal clinics, many dread extended hospital comparable prospects, including Spain . stays, as the country ranks near the bot- While Spain easily ranks among the Top tom of the OECD (27th out of 30) in terms 10 in OECD’s Better Life Index in terms of availability of general hospital beds of health (8th) and work-life balance (5th), with only 1 .93 spaces per 1,000 . Not sur- its economic problems could undermine prisingly, Israel has the highest hospital these standings . New research published occupancy in the OECD (98 .8 percent) . by the London School of Hygiene and These infrastructure problems co-exist Tropical Disease this summer warned that with certain societal inequities . Accord- ongoing austerity measures could effec- ing to a 2012 OECD review of health-care tively dismantle large parts of the coun- quality in Israel, recent immigrants, the try’s health-care system . Warnings of this poor and Arabs are getting worse care sort are difficult to judge, but the Greek and living shorter lives than other groups, experience should give Spaniards pause . certainties that only hint at the larger com- plexities within Israel . 8. Netherlands It is said that good things take time . Case 7. Spain in point: recent reforms to the Dutch Five years into the worst economic crisis health-care system . Following nearly two waters | Dreamstime.com Lu ci d waters since the Great Depression and three decades of discussion, Holland introduced A woman gives herself a mask from mud in years into the Euro crisis, the toll of hu- a comprehensive reform package in 2006 Israel’s Dead Sea. Nearly eight of 10 Israelis man greed and government corruption that responded to a long list of deficien- report their health is good to very good. is becoming more and more apparent cies . They included health inequalities, in countries around the world, includ- some caused by a rigid two-tier system of ing those in the Mediterranean, where private health insurance for the rich and column he posted on his Facebook page . Greece is experiencing nothing less than a state insurance for everyone else . They You see, according to Lapid, Mrs . Cohen, public-health crisis . According to statistics also dealt with extensive (not to mention who, with her husband, earns a little more published in 2012, more than 2,500 people expensive) bureaucratic rationing of state- than NIS 20,000 a month [$5,800 Cdn], is have taken their own lives in Greece since supplied services and few incentives for the very definition of middle class . 2010, with the actual figure suspected to private insurers to compete for business, “We sit here, day after day and talk be higher . And Greek officials are warning with a corresponding lack of patient focus . about balancing the budget . But our job is that the worst might be still to come as the The much-discussed reforms ended the

diplomat and international canada 49 Di spatches|Header

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two-tier system by creating a compulsory zens in Sweden, well above the OECD 10. Germany social health-insurance scheme . But if the average of 3 .2 per 1,000 . This commitment Notwithstanding local variations, health- government serves as the legal regula- is even more apparent when we consider care models tend to fall into four catego- tor, the insurance market itself is private . the number of nurses per 1,000 — 11 .1, ries: the out-of-pocket model (people pay Insurers must offer a basic package of well above the OECD average of 8 .7 . Swe- for medical services as needed); the “Bev- minimum health insurance, covering “es- den, not surprisingly, exceeds the OECD’s eridge” model (named after former British sential health care” (the nature of which average life expectancy of 80 .1 years by labour minister William Beveridge) that the government determines) at a “reason- almost two years (81 .9) . sees the state monopolize the delivery of able cost .” According to government regu- Statistics of this sort, however, do not health care; the “Bismarck” model, named lations, insurers cannot deny coverage to tell the whole story . Sweden’s decentral- after Germany’s Iron Chancellor, that aims ized delivery of health care ensures local for universal coverage supplied by a com- accountability and a measure of competi- bination of public and private insurers; tion . Swedish citizens have also done their and the National Health Insurance model, part in placing Sweden on this list . En- that mixes elements of the Beveridge and couraged by extensive educational cam- Bismarck models . paigns, Swedes have significantly cut back Germany, of course, has invented and on smoking . While 32 percent of Swedes subsequently refined the Bismarck model smoked daily in 1980, slightly more than 13 percent did so in 2011, a figure well below the OECD average of 20 .9 and the lowest among all OECD countries . Swedish obesity rates, while doubling from 5 5. percent in 1989 to 11 percent in 2011, also remain lower than the OECD atricia H ofmeester | Dreamstime.com atricia P

Biking is a typical Dutch method of transport for adults and children. S teven Jones | Dreamstime.com

individuals deemed high-risk . Germans skating at the Nymphenburg With a minimum level of care estab- Palace Canal. Germany's health-care model lished, the Dutch government then al- is among the most advanced in the world. lows insurance companies to compete against one another in setting premiums to an impressive (but also costly) level of and service levels . This system ensures complexity, constantly seeming in need universality, but also grants individuals of reforms . On one hand, the German considerable choice . The results have been health-care model ranks among the most impressive . Voted the best health-care sys- advanced in the world, capable of deliv- tem by the Euro Health Consumer Index ering a level of care largely unmatched . in 2008 and 2009, the Dutch system has On the other hand, it also ranks among

since become an inspiration for reform A n d ers Lu ste t | Dreamstime.com the most expensive, partly because it is in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . Cross-country skiing is a popular sport in very bureaucratic . Deficits of this sort are While Holland still lags behind the OECD Sweden. The average life expectancy of compounded by demographic realities . average in the provision of some medical Swedes is 81.9 years. Germany’s society is aging and Germans services, it scores higher in areas that mea- themselves do not always make the sure access . average of 15 and well below reported healthiest dietary and lifestyle choices . rates in the United States (28 .5 per cent) . Obesity rates are among the highest in This said, aspects of the Swedish model Europe and public acceptance of smoking 9. Sweden leave room for improvement . Based on is generally higher than in North America . Sweden — like its Nordic neighbours — 2011 figures, Sweden has fewer hospital possesses one of the most generous welfare beds per 1,000 than the OECD average of Wolfgang Depner is a doctoral candidate systems anywhere in the developed world . 4 .8 beds . Rising obesity rates also suggest at the University of British Columbia- Accordingly, Sweden commits significant re- that health care will continue to absorb Okanagan and the co-editor of Readings sources to ensuring the health of its citizens . a growing share of Sweden’s GDP . As of in Political Idealogies since the Rise of Mod- Consider the following numbers . In 2011, that share stood at 9 .5 percent, above ern Science, published by Oxford Univer- 2010, 3 .9 physicians cared for 1,000 citi- the overall OECD average of 9 .3 percent . sity Press .

52 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC BLOOMBERG RANKINGS THE WORLD'S HEALTHIESThealth |COUNTRIESDi spatches

Top five unhealthiest countries How the top 50 rank HEALTHIEST COUNTRIES 1 to 40 Mozambique: First, the good news. The HIV/ Rank Country Health Grade Total Health Score Health Risk Penalty AIDS epidemic that ravaged this southeast- 1 Singapore 89.45% 92.52% 3.07% ern African country has levelled off. Here 2 Italy 89.07 94.61 5.54 comes the bad news: HIV/AIDS remains a defining fact of life in the country, as more 3 Australia 88.33 93.19 4.86 than 1.4 million of its 24 million people live 4 Switzerland 88.29 93.47 5.17 with the disease, the fifth-highest total in 5 Japan 86.83 91.08 4.25 the world. 6 Israel 85.97 91.97 6.00 7 Spain 84.36 91.26 6.90 Chad: Located in the heart of the Sahel zone, 8 Netherlands 84.09 88.40 4.31 the cross-continent strip that reaches from Senegal eastward to Sudan, this country 9 Sweden 83.90 89.37 5.47 arguably optimizes the struggles of the larger 10 Germany 83.58 88.81 5.23 region. They include environmental decline, 11 Cyprus 83.29 88.87 5.57 internal strife and political corruption and 12 Austria 83.10 89.12 6.02 a host of related health problems. Women 13 France 82.99 88.66 5.68 and their children face particularly grim odds. According to the CIA World Factbook, 14 Canada 82.46 88.60 6.14 the country ranks sixth in infant mortality 15 New Zealand 81.79 87.87 6.08 (almost 92 deaths per 1,000 live births) and 16 Greece 81.63 86.40 4.77 second in terms of maternal mortality, the 17 Hong Kong 81.41 86.10 4.69 annual number of female deaths per 100,000 18 Norway 80.53 86.53 6.01 live births from any cause related to or aggra- vated by pregnancy, with 1,100 deaths per 19 Ireland 79.91 86.48 6.57 100,000 live-births. Only the recently created 20 Belgium 77.48 82.88 5.40 South Sudan has a higher rate with 2,054 21 United Kingdom 76.84 82.82 5.98 deaths per 100,000 live-births. 22 Finland 76.69 82.12 5.43 23 Portugal 75.15 81.72 6.57 Democratic Republic of Congo: Ravaged by 24 Costa Rica 74.01 79.39 5.38 decades of war, Africa’s fourth most populous country continues to chart an uncer- 25 Slovenia 73.02 80.29 7.27 tain future. The governing challenges that 26 Denmark 72.55 78.30 5.75 confront the current government of Joseph 27 Chile 72.46 79.34 6.87 Kabila appear immense. They include a 28 Cuba 72.11 77.26 5.16 nearly non-existent medical infrastructure 29 South Korea 71.27 76.08 4.81 — the DRC has 0.11 physicians (2004 figure) and 0.8 hospital beds per 1,000 people (2006 30 United Arab Emirates 70.34 77.31 6.97 figure) — and a high rate of infectious dis- 31 Kuwait 69.44 75.93 6.48 eases. Ongoing conflicts with various armed 32 Czech Republic 66.96 73.49 6.53 groups, some sponsored by foreign pow- 33 United States 66.84 72.96 6.12 ers, continue to ravage the country and its 34 Bosnia and Herzegovina 64.99 72.27 7.27 people. 35 Bahrain 64.32 70.54 6.23 Lesotho: Totally surrounded by its neigh- 36 Croatia 63.69 69.91 6.22 bour, South Africa, this enclave struggles 37 Mexico 62.40 69.03 6.63 to meet the most basic needs of its citizens. 38 Albania 61.18 66.94 5.76 Almost 75 percent of its 1.9 million residents HEALTHIEST39 Panama COUNTRIES 41 - 90 60.87 67.02 6.15 lack access to improved sanitation facilities Rank Country Health Grade Total Health Score Health Risk Penalty and almost 24 percent of its adult popula- 40 Poland 60.71 67.13 6.42 tion suffers from HIV/AIDS, the third-highest 41 Uruguay 60.52 66.96 6.44 rate in the world. 42 Syrian Arab Republic 60.36 67.41 7.04 43 Macedonia 59.00 64.82 5.83 Swaziland: Neighboured by Mozambique 44 Turkey 58.83 64.45 5.62 and South Africa, land locked Swaziland has 45 Tunisia 58.23 64.00 5.77 a population of just 1.4 million. Of its adults, more than 26 percent suffer from HIV/AIDS, 46 Oman 57.97 62.87 4.90 the worst rate in the world, according to 47 Ecuador 57.63 63.21 5.57 the CIA World Factbook. Not surprisingly, 48 Argentina 57.03 63.94 6.91 the average life expectancy in Swaziland is 49 Slovak Republic 56.77 63.20 6.43 just over 50 years.

50 Peru 56.23 60.90 who an d worl b k so u rce: the Unite d nations, 4.67 51 Malaysia 54.91 60.93 6.02 diplomat and international canada 53 52 Nicaragua 54.48 59.84 5.37 53 Libya 54.35 61.26 6.91 54 Hungary 53.67 60.36 6.69 55 China 53.55 58.03 4.47 56 Sri Lanka 52.85 57.35 4.50 57 Estonia 52.72 60.12 7.40 58 Colombia 52.61 58.44 5.82 59 Algeria 52.14 56.66 4.51 60 Mauritius 52.13 58.02 5.88 61 Venezuela 52.10 59.35 7.26 62 Vietnam 51.99 56.97 4.98 63 Egypt 49.52 53.52 4.00 64 Paraguay 49.51 55.68 6.17 65 Morocco 48.99 53.64 4.65 66 Jordan 48.98 54.66 5.69 67 Dominican Republic 48.87 54.86 6.00 68 Lebanon 48.80 55.40 6.60 69 Romania 48.38 54.60 6.22 70 Brazil 48.37 54.29 5.92 71 Georgia 48.11 54.05 5.94 72 Saudi Arabia 48.09 54.80 6.71 73 Bulgaria 47.54 53.61 6.08 74 Serbia 46.31 53.17 6.85 75 Honduras 45.21 50.47 5.26 76 Iran 45.13 50.38 5.25 77 Thailand 44.82 49.89 5.07 78 El Salvador 44.17 49.94 5.77 79 Armenia 43.96 51.01 7.05 79 Latvia 43.96 51.62 7.66 81 Lithuania 43.54 50.46 6.91 82 Jamaica 43.39 49.61 6.22 83 Guatemala 40.80 46.21 5.40 84 Tajikistan 38.27 43.50 5.22 85 Uzbekistan 37.89 41.67 3.79 86 Philippines 37.41 43.14 5.73 87 Azerbaijan 36.72 43.81 7.09 88 Trinidad and Tobago 34.35 41.26 6.91 89 Nepal 33.43 39.48 6.04 90 Indonesia 33.10 38.39 5.30 Twyla Francois cient diet to produce tender pale meat. short lifetoaplasticigloo andfedadefi- Canadian vealcalfchainedinsolitudeforits 54 D i s pat che s | f a ct or y f arming A calfraisednaturallyinasmallfarmsetting. A boyona farm inAfricasurrounded by cattle. FallOCT-NOV-DEC| 2013 factory farming|Di spatches

Food animals: How Canada lags on humaness By Donna Jacobs

eed many families and you begin to eggs per year (25 dozen) . The EU has out- feed a whole nation . To that end, the lawed battery cages for egg-laying hens . FUN has declared 2014 The Interna- • 80 percent of cattle are fattened for tional Year of Family Farming . market in Western Canada, entailing This family-by-family focus targets long transport times, with the crowded food self-sufficiency and large-scale ben- animals, unable to lie down, standing in efits for developing countries . It aims urine and manure and travelling in all to supply tools and know-how to small weather . When they arrive, the feedlots farmers — often women — so they can range from a few hundred cattle to 40,000

feed their families and market their pro- animals that spend weeks in unshaded, T wyla F rancois duce and, in turn, feed their nations . unsheltered pens and similarly unsanitary Battery-caged egg-laying hens in life-long Thinking small has worked for micro- conditions . confinement. financed businesses . In many countries The Alberta Ministry of Agriculture with widespread or regional poverty, and Rural Development and the Feeder climate is a farmer’s ally . As a Trinidadian Associations of Alberta Ltd . produced once put it: “There is no reason we are the Alberta Feedlot Management Guide. It is importing so much food on this island . quoted on the ministry’s website: When it You just go outside and spit and things rains, a cow often stands for long periods will grow .” because it is “uncomfortable lying in the And while the UN is thinking small mud” and doesn’t eat normally because and sustainable, and celebrating Family it is “reluctant to venture out in the mud u s | Dreamstime.com Damianpal Farming, Canada is thinking big and con- to the feed bunks” where it has to “pull its tinues another year of factory farming . hoofs out of the mud .” One straw bale per T wyla F rancois In this issue, Diplomat magazine takes head per week, says the guide, or wood A veal calf taken from his mother soon after a critical look at Canada’s industrial-scale chips and sawdust “keep cattle dry and birth and chained in tight confinement for its clean .” (The alternative for consumers farm practices and contrasts them with a short life. major trading partner, the EU, with which who buy feed-lot-finished beef is to buy it seeks a free-trade agreement . “grass-finished” or “pasture-raised” or The following articles rely on findings “natural” beef .) from researchers, veterinarians, industry, • Factory farms keep other species: tur- governments and animal-welfare organi- keys, minks, foxes, meat chickens, sheep, zations . They visit a panorama of large- ducks, geese, goats and horses . Canadian scale farms which, in Canada, are mostly abattoirs slaughtered 82,000 horses in 2012 family-owned . Many use growth chemi- — an average of 1,600 horses each week . cals, extreme and painful lifelong animal The numbers are high because in 2007, the confinement and surgical procedures U .S . outlawed horse slaughter, prompt- without painkillers . ing the animals to be shipped north and Crowded and unsanitary conditions slaughtered here .

drive the routine feeding of crucial antibi- Killing horses for meat is controversial, G lo b al action networ k otics to these farm animals — even as such partly because many were family pets and Ducks caged on a foie gras farm in Quebec. overuse is making animals and people riding horses, and because they received increasingly immune to these drugs and medications banned for use in the food therefore eventually rendering them inef- chain . Further, horses are difficult to hu- fective . manely slaughter because of their skittish A few background statistics on Cana- nature, combined with the fact that the dian factory farming: equipment used is intended for larger, • The average Canadian flock size more docile cattle . of egg-laying chickens was 19,287 hens, Also controversial is Canada’s pro- but industrialized Canadian egg farms duction of foie gras, “fatty liver,” which

can range from a few hundred to more involves the force-feeding of ducks and G lo b al action networ k than 400,000 hens living their entire lives geese massive amounts of such high- An injured duck on a Quebec foie gras farm tightly packed in stacked cages . The aver- energy food as corn to cause their livers where many suffer internal damage from age laying hen’s production is about 300 to become painfully, grossly enlarged and force-feeding tubes.

diplomat and international canada 55 epple | Dreamstime.com M ar k S epple | Dreamstime.com Di spatches|factory farming

diseased . Their beaks are forced open, a spaces creates behavioural problems such metal tube is forced down their throats, as aggression . Dr . Broom weighed the often tearing their necks and rupturing necessity and costs involved in some pain- their internal organs . Israel and a number ful surgical procedures that overcrowded of European countries have banned foie factory-farmed animals undergo: “The gras; Canada’s foie gras farm operations labour involved in chemical castration [by are mostly in Quebec . injection] will be a bit less than for surgical The trade implications for Canadian castration, perhaps five minutes less, so factory farm practices are instructive . The that would save most of the $2 cost [the EU and Russia won’t allow entry of most estimated savings found in a 1985 study] .” of Canada’s beef or pork from the animals Surgical castration causes a significant Canadian farmers raise and Canadian con- reduction in a calf’s growth, which makes sumers eat . Just last year, before the ban, the chemical method cheaper, though it according to Reuters in Moscow, Canada must be measurably reliable as there is a was Russia’s largest pork supplier . China “substantial cost for failed castration .” won’t allow most pork from Canada into Hot-iron branding has a small time and the country . equipment cost, he said . Freeze-branding The reason for the EU, Russian and Beginning this year, Loblaw is stocking more costs a cylinder of cold gas — “probably Chinese ban is Canada’s use of a growth- eggs from free-run chickens. some cents per animal .” Done properly, it boosting drug, a beta-agonist called racto- doesn’t affect a calf’s appetite, while hot- pamine . It is banned by nearly 85 percent employees in 65 countries, including Can- iron branding may . The biggest cost comes of the world's countries . It’s a non-hor- ada) followed Tyson and stopped taking from consumers who won’t buy meat mone growth promoter that adds weight Zilmax-fed cattle by the end of September . from hot-branded cattle, a response likely while reducing fat content in meat before It slaughters and processes eight million to increase, he says . “Some EU consumers the animal is slaughtered . While legal and cattle yearly . will avoid all Canadian products for this approved by health authorities here, this And these trade restrictions and exclu- reason . is perhaps the most active international sions of Canadian meat may widen, ac- “Tail-docking (cutting off part or all trade problem facing Canada concern- cording to Donald M . Broom, professor of an animal’s tail) costs more than not ing its use of chemical agents in animals of animal welfare in the department of docking . Leaving a sheep’s tail uncut can raised for food . clinical veterinary medicine, University of occasionally allow insect infestation “but Complaints over its effects on cattle and Cambridge; adviser to the Council of Eu- this is rare in most places,” he says . Fly pigs range from lameness and rapid heart- rope Standing Committee on the Welfare problems are greater for a cow that has no beat to agitation and aggression . In Can- of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes tail to repel them . ada, Eli Lilly’s Elanco Animal Health Unit and former chair of the EU Scientific Vet- And in terms of costs, slaughterhouses sells ractopamine under the name Paylean erinary Committee . that flout regulations bear a “very high (for turkeys and pigs) and Optaflexx (for Dr . Broom, who has researched con- cost if the public finds out,” Dr . Broom cattle) . sumer response to inhumane practices, says . “Profitability of slaughterhouses is Elanco has acknowledged that “dur- says Canada may face increasing difficulty better if welfare standards are high .” ing the unloading phase [of transport] in selling to consumers who object to its University of Guelph professor Tina the incidence of injured and dead pigs farm practices . And, among his list of suc- Widowski and assistant professor Derek increased with the dosage of Paylean .” By cessful boycotts owing to media publicity, Haley say factory farming practices are a some estimates, 70 percent of beef cattle was one carried out because of the poor result of the public wanting “steady and and pigs in Canada and the U .S . are given welfare of veal calves in France . Some Brit- safe and affordable animal-origin foods . beta-agonists . It saves about $5 per hog in ish consumers boycotted all French prod- We got what we wanted . Now people production costs . ucts, including wine . It was temporary also have the additional expectation that Exposure to these compounds can for some, but for others it continued until systems be highly considerate of the well- cause restlessness and anxiety in humans . the EU banned use of veal crate housing, being of the animals .” In a study of six healthy men given vary- tethering (tying up) the calves and feeding Mr . Haley specializes in animal being low doses of Paylean, results showed them deliberately deficient diets . haviour and welfare and Prof . Widowski an increased heart rate as the dosage in- Canadian veal calves have no such pro- specializes in animal and poultry science creased . One man was withdrawn from tection even though new codes — volun- and is director of the Campbell Centre the study due to “adverse cardiac effects .” tary guidelines in Canada — for treatment for the Study of Animal Welfare . They In late August, Merck temporarily took of farm animals are being written . The cited three areas in which Canada (and its beta-agonist (trade name Zilmax) off codes are co-ordinated by the National not only Canada) needs to improve: high- the U .S . market over animal-welfare con- Farm Animal Care Council . EU regula- density, quite barren environments; pain- cerns . Arkansas-based Tyson Foods — the tions, by contrast, are legally enforceable . ful surgery and handling and transport of world’s largest processor and marketer of Canadian veal calves are routinely taken livestock and poultry . These aspects are chicken, beef and pork (10,000 employees) from their mothers at birth, tethered in iso- being investigated by welfare scientists — announced that as of Sept . 6, it would lated crates for months and many are fed working towards science-based “accept- no longer accept cattle given Zilmax in iron-deficient and low-fibre diets to ensure able solutions .” their feed . their flesh is pale and tender . A less-often discussed factory-farm Cargill (Kansas-based with 142,000 Crowding animals into unnatural small practice is the use of tie stalls for milking

56 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC factory farming|Di spatches

cows . The lactating cow’s calf is taken Canada, took many of the photographs away soon after birth, to provide humans that illustrate this editorial package, both with her milk . The cows are tied in one in her current role and her previous work place so they can be easily milked, and so with Canadians for the Ethical Treatment they require less bedding and less clean- of Food Animals . up as a gutter receives the manure . Humane Society International Canada Some cows may be untied and allowed (a Montreal-based branch of the Humane exercise outside . When they are not lactat- Society of the United States) ran a media ing, (approximately only two months be- campaign to ban caging of sows . They fore being artificially inseminated to speed found a spokesman in Canadian actor the cycle and maximize milk production) Ryan Gosling . they may be kept in loose-housing pens By May, an Environics poll found that where they may, or may not, get exercise 84 percent of Canadians want a national out of doors . ban on gestation crates for breeding pigs . Canadian consumers are in the early The Retail Council of Canada an- stages of driving change based on their nounced that by 2022, eight of Canada’s objections to inhumane treatment of farm O liver Berreville largest food stores: Loblaw, Walmart, animals . Grocers and restaurants are put- Twyla Francois with a rescued hen. Costco, Safeway, Metro, Federated Co- ting farmers and food suppliers on notice operatives, Sobeys and Co-op Atlantic will that they won’t take their pork or eggs un- the welfare of farm animals — and also refuse to buy fresh pork from producers less the pigs and hens are more humanely the closely related human health and en- who confine pigs to those crates . And treated . vironmental effects of factory farming — Olymel and Maple Leaf Foods — two of The public is objecting to the confine- she says the best driver for change is the Canada’s three biggest pork producers ment of sows in a barred cage for most, consumer . — have said they will move away from if not all of their breeding life to such For the past two and a half years, CCFA gestation crates on deadlines of 2022 and extreme lengths that she can only move (humanefood .ca) ran ads about sow stalls 2017, respectively . a step or two forward or backward dur- on television, including CBC and CTV . Sonya Fiorini, senior director for corpo- ing her pregnancy — and a similar barred The ads asked people to use the website rate social responsibility at Loblaw Com- cage while she is nursing her piglets . The to write to the CEOs of some of the major panies Limited, has written a piece on rationale, whose validity is debated within food chains, along with members of Parlia- how Loblaw led the eight-grocer decision the industry, is that in open housing, ag- ment and industry representatives . “Many, to phase out sow stalls by 2022 . Loblaw is gression and bullying can be a problem, many Canadians did that,” says Ms now expanding the number of eggs it sells and that during nursing, sows can crush Brown, “and donated to CCFA to help run from hens housed in open indoor barns . their piglets . the ad again .” Edana Brown, a director of Their eggs are known as “free-run .” Free- Animal welfare regulations generally CCFA, has reviewed the key aspects of an range eggs require outside access for hens, improve for three reasons: governments animal’s life on the Canadian factory farm . more commonly provided in temperate force change, businesses take the lead and CTV’s W5 ran an undercover exposé by parts of British Columbia . make the changes for themselves or their Mercy for Animals Canada on a Manitoba EU regulations allow “enriched” or suppliers, or consumer complaints and pig farm, with photos and documentation “furnished” cages with perching and demands force the change . by a male employee working undercover . nesting areas in still-crowded spaces . Stephanie Brown, co-founder and a Footage showed the extreme confinement Each hen, for her entire egg-laying life, director of the Canadian Coalition for in cages and cruelty . Nearly 50,000 people is allowed a minimum 93 square inches, Farm Animals (CCFA), based in Toronto, signed a petition to ban sow confine- (almost exactly the equivalent of an 8 wrote the overview piece in this issue . ment . Twyla Francois, currently director 1/2” x 11” piece of paper) and a cage Having worked for 15 years to improve of investigations for Mercy for Animals height of 7 .8” . The change is supported by some academics and industry members as humane, but is widely opposed by the Canadian animal welfare organizations that want free-run or free-range housing for poultry . In the EU, there is no confusion over how egg farms operate, or which eggs to buy . Eggs are individually coded as either organic (hens are given free-range access or fed sprouted grains and organic feed when indoors), free-range, deep-litter indoor housing, or battery cage . Coding tells shoppers a little about the life of the hen that laid the egg they are eating .

liver Berreville O liver Berreville Donna Jacobs is publisher of Diplomat Turkeys on a Canadian factory farm. magazine .

diplomat and international canada 57 Di spatches|factory farming The EU vs . Canada: Fixing factory farms by granting ‘The 5 Freedoms’ By Stephanie Brown

lobally, the number of land animals killed each year for food ex- Gceeds 65 billion, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization . In the United States alone, 10 billion land animals are killed for food . In Canada, the number is 700 million . These statistics are unfathomable — a bit like the national debt . Standards for the treatment of these sentient creatures vary greatly among nations . The European Union and its member nations are the most progressive, with Canada lagging on the humaneness scale . With pressure from consumer and corporate initiatives, this may change . For example, eight major Canadian grocers recently announced they would not buy pork — as of 2022 — from farmers who confine their pregnant pigs for four months in steel and concrete gestation cages, unable to walk or turn around . Canada’s million-plus female breeding pigs spend their adult lives so intensively confined, they suffer physical and mental pain . After 2022, sows will still be confined for between two and three weeks in farrowing crates, which are similar steel allsview/ Dreamstime cages for birthing and nursing piglets, F because the grocers have, so far, only dealt with gestation stalls . Cows at Sheep River Valley, Alberta. Canada’s federal government has lacked leadership in farm animal welfare, with no national policy that includes com- with ever-more-efficient systems . But consume lots of them .” pliance tools or penalties when the codes when it comes to animal production, the Sows are tightly confined as are 95 per- of practice are not followed . The majority cost is being paid by the animals . Animals cent of Canada’s egg-laying hens, in their of Canada’s farm animals exist in “fac- are being kept in worse and worse condi- case, in small “battery” cages, stacked tory farm” conditions, where animals are tions . We’re now spending less than 10 many levels high . Each hen has a space seen as production units and receive the percent of our income on food . Milk is approximately the size of a mouse pad, least possible space for the shortest time now cheaper than bottled water . with no amenities to nest, perch, dust and the least amount of feed . Producers “Cheap food, such as the 99-cent bathe or move away from other birds are caught in a catch-22 because they’re burger, has health implications for chronic — all important needs . The hens’ beaks under pressure to supply animal products diseases, including heart disease, diabetes, are cut to thwart damage to other birds in at rock-bottom prices to meet demand for obesity and cancer and infectious diseases crowded cages . cheap food . These methods of production like influenza,” says Michael Greger, MD, As with most surgical procedures are deemed economical, unless the human director of public health and animal agri- related to raising food animals — castra- and animal health and welfare and envi- culture at Humane Society International . tion, hot-iron branding, beak-trimming, ronmental costs are also measured . “A diet high in cheap animal products tail-cutting — the animal is given no Ian Duncan, professor emeritus in ani- has other costs externalized by society . painkiller . mal science at the University of Guelph, Such food is not cheap if environmental Dr . Duncan notes: “Producers’ hus- told Diplomat: “Cheap food seems to be degradations are included . Yet these foods bandry skills have been lost in the last 40 part of the mantra since World War II, are cheap at purchase point, so people to 60 years . It’s very sad .” It will require

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re-learning those skills to allow animals greater freedom in the future . Dairy cows are impregnated annually to produce milk to be redirected to humans . The cow’s calf is taken from her within hours of birth — causing emotional pain for both, given the mammalian bond between parent and offspring . The calf receives artificial formula and is usually reared in solitary confinement, later to join the milking herd, or if male, to be sold as veal . The regimen of high milk and calf production takes a heavy toll on the cow, so after four or five years, she is burned out, perilously thin, and shipped to slaughter — to become lean hamburger meat as she lacks enough body fat for marbled beef . Meat chickens, known as broilers, typically live less than five weeks in tre- mendously crowded barns, air thick with ammonia from accumulated manure . They are little more than chicks when slaughtered . Genetically selected to grow at phenomenal rates, these birds are given antibiotics to speed growth and keep them alive under unsanitary and stressful conditions . Their feed typically includes rendered animal body parts . (Rendered parts du r Kristm u n d sson/ E U ROPA T horval from yesterday’s slaughter animals rou- Johannes Hahn, European Union commissioner for regional policy, and EU officials, visit a tinely are fed back to living animals, many farm in northern Iceland. of them vegetarian by nature . It’s how the meat industry rids itself of mountains of shipped to slaughter to become cold cuts • Freedom from pain, injury and disease unwanted body parts and blood . It’s also and sausage . Their meat so depleted that (by prevention or rapid diagnosis and how “mad cow” disease inadvertently it is only fit as such processed meat . Their treatment) spread among Canadian cattle in 2003 .) progeny, market pigs, are given antibiot- • Freedom to express normal behaviour Canadian beef calves are branded or ics to speed growth — valuable drugs (sufficient space, proper facilities and com- marked for identification, dehorned and for humans and animals that lose their pany of the animals’ own kind) castrated . Most Canadian cattle graze effectiveness against microbial diseases • Freedom from fear and distress (ensur- on pasture part of their lives, but weeks from antibiotic overuse in farm animals . ing conditions that avoid mental suffer- before slaughter they are shipped to Pig feed, too, typically contains rendered ing) . crowded, muddy feed lots for “finish- animal parts . In Canada, there are no federal or pro- ing” — quick fattening — on high-protein vincial laws to protect farm animals from feed such as corn, which ruminants cannot EU legislation for farm animals established confinement practices, nor has easily digest . The indigestible diet causes Why is the European Union so progres- Canada adopted the Five Freedoms . Can- liver abscesses, which are cut from the car- sive toward farm animals? Its citizens ada lacks a national farm-animal policy, cass at slaughter . have demanded it . Dr . Duncan notes, too, according to David Fraser, professor in the Pigs are a highly intelligent and social that animal-welfare experts develop EU animal welfare program at the University species . Current standards allow castra- standards . Legislation to protect farm ani- of British Columbia and co-ordinator tion and tail-cutting of piglets without mals is based on the premise that animals of a 2012 report titled, A National Farm pain relief, yet it costs only 22¢ per pain- are sentient beings . As logical and accu- Animal Welfare System for Canada, which killer dose for piglet castration, according rate as that is, it’s not a concept followed he produced for the National Farm Ani- to the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture . in many countries, including Canada . mal Health and Welfare Council, a new (Farmers say tail-cutting is necessary to EU legislation is based on the Five Free- agency funded by federal and provincial prevent infection from bites from other doms, a standard developed in the United governments and industry . The council’s pigs, though it can be argued that the be- Kingdom, and intended to meet animals’ vision is lofty: “For Canada to have a com- haviour is due to boredom because of the physiological and behavioural needs . prehensive farm-animal welfare system pigs’ living conditions .) They include: that ensures the welfare of farm animals, Breeding sows are intensively confined • Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnu- reflects Canadian values, involves national in gestation and farrowing (birthing) trition (to maintain full health and vigour) standards that are informed by timely crates, unable to turn around . When sows • Freedom from discomfort (includes shel- scientific research and includes a suite of wear out after four years or so, they are ter and rest area) compliance tools and activities sufficient

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of ractopamine, a food additive marketed as “Paylean,” intended to produce lean meat and speed growth in pigs . The FDA in the U .S . and the Canadian Food Inspec- tion Agency also allow use of Paylean in turkeys and (under Merck’s trade name Optaflexx) in beef cattle . Russia, China and 160 other nations banned its use and banned most imported Canadian pork because of Paylean . Mex- ico and Brazil are among 26 countries that allow use of the additive . Studies on pigs given Paylean, especially those subjected to the stress of transport, showed that they suffer increased injury, quickened heart rates, lameness, aggression and death . If an animal is sick or injured when it leaves the farm, transport conditions in Canada can only exacerbate those conditions . Comparing Canadian trucks to those in the EU, Luigi Faucitano, an animal scientist with Agriculture and Agri-

T wyla F rancois Food Canada who specializes in pigs, Battery-caged hens, blood-spattered from injuries due to aggression among the over- notes a critical difference in Canadian crowded birds. vehicles compared with those in the EU: Canadian trucks don’t have mechanical to ensure domestic and international con- to upgrade facilities for improved animal ventilation . fidence in the welfare of farm animals in welfare . “In the EU, ventilation is managed by Canada .” A premise in EU policy is that animal the driver,” he says . “It’s an example for It remains to be seen if the vision will health and welfare are inextricably linked Canada to follow . No [pig] trucks in North be fulfilled, whether driven by consumer — that when one suffers, both do, includ- America have mechanical ventilation, demand for more humane treatment, by ing food safety . The EU bases farm-animal which is very important .” industry or by government . The report legislation on high welfare standards to Commenting on the duration of rest notes the “possible future difficulty ac- raise the bar and not to economically dis- periods during travel, Dr . Faucitano says: cessing certain markets” without such a advantage member nations that meet high “Five hours rest for pvigs [after long system . welfare standards . transport] is too short to be fit to travel Currently, Canadian voluntary (that is, What do more humanely produced ani- again .” He adds that some trucks with non-legislated) codes of practice set stan- mal products cost? Socio-economic data multi-levels have ramps too steep for pigs dards for the treatment of farmed animals, prepared by the European Commission to climb . “A solution is hydraulic systems but many have been outdated by decades . show production of a free-range egg costs which raise and lower whole floors of pigs Funded by the federal government, the just 2 .6 eurocents (Cdn $ .035) more to pro- in the truck .” codes are co-ordinated by the National duce than a battery egg, while a free-run “Research in swine transport is very Farm Animal Care Council (NFACC), an (barn) egg costs 1 .3 eurocents (Cdn $ .0178) recent,” he points out . “Many recommen- organization dominated by industry inter- more . Housing sows in groups rather than dations in the [NFACC] codes must be ests with limited representation from an- stalls adds just 1 to 2 eurocents to the cost validated with science . An example is den- imal-protection organizations — though of producing one kilogram of pork . sities, where all our current recommenda- the focus is welfare . The welfare represen- tions are from the EU and the U .S . — but tative on code committees is selected from Health matters their recommendations usually relate to only one organization, to the exclusion of How healthy are Canadian animal prod- warm temperatures, not the cold tempera- all other animal-protection organizations . ucts when animal welfare is given short tures in Canada .” The code development process now in- shrift? The EU banned imports of Cana- cludes a science-informed direction . dian beef because it deems implanted Consumer and corporate influences Animals are considered property under growth hormones unsafe . To produce doc- Consumers value well-being for farmed the law in Canada and may be treated ile animals, Canadian beef cattle undergo animals once they understand the in- more as machines than as sentient beings . surgical castration, without anesthetic, tensive confinement of factory farming . Enforcement of codes is non-existent at only to undergo a second compensat- Canadian food retailers, including eight present and some producers admit they ing procedure . They are implanted with major grocers, Tim Hortons, plus 100 other have not read the code for the animals growth hormones (six are government- Canadian restaurants, have taken a stand, they keep . Canada’s new five-year agricul- approved for use) to speed growth slowed setting benchmarks to end sow stalls . ture policy, Growing Forward II, does not by their castration . It’s not only ethical treatment of farm include funding provisions for producers Canada and the United States allow use animals that concerns consumers, but the

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Crowded broiler chicks in an unsanitary Canadian factory farm with poor air quality from accumulated manure and urine. tie between animal health and welfare and eases, calling for a worldwide ban on use McDonald’s is a corporate leader in food safety . What happens to animals also of third-generation cephalosporin drugs farm-animal welfare . For example, its affects humans; it affects our environment in poultry . The drug is commonly used to space requirement for leghorn laying and our health, including failed antibiotics . fight bloodstream infections in humans hens, the most commonly used breed, Canadian scientists Rebecca Irwin of caused by drug resistant E . coli, which can exceeds Canada’s voluntary standard . Mc- Public Health Canada and Scott McEwen be transmitted to humans from animals . Donald’s also requires an annual audit of of the Ontario Veterinary College are sig- Meanwhile, this important drug is widely slaughter plants that supply its meat . The natories to a letter published in the August used sub-therapeutically in Canadian program assesses percentages of animal issue of the journal Emerging Infectious Dis- poultry as a growth promoter . vocalizations and falls suffered, and cor- The authors report unnecessary deaths rect first-time stunning attempts (which from drug-resistant infections and in- stuns the animal, making it insentient creased hospital stays, with extrapolations before it is bled and killed) by slaughter to all of Europe of 1,518 additional deaths plant workers, as part of a program devel- and 67,236 days of hospital admissions oped by Temple Grandin, an internation- as a result of cephalosporin and other ally recognized animal expert affiliated antimicrobial drug use in poultry . The with Colorado State University . Time authors conclude: “The number of avoid- magazine named her one of 2010’s 100 able deaths and the costs of health care most influential people in the world . potentially caused by third-generation Most consumers don’t want animals cephalosporin use in food animals are to suffer and can effectively take action to staggering .” protect animals by cutting back or cutting McDonald’s serves 69 million cus- out animal products, assuring a more ethi- tomers daily in more than 100 countries cal and environmentally friendly diet . and is the largest procurer of beef in the As countries make improvements to world, by volume . Bruce Feinberg, senior animal production standards — as the director of global quality for McDonald’s EU, Australia, New Zealand and some worldwide supply chain management, U .S . states have — trade sanctions could told a Calgary audience recently that a be in the offing for nations that lag be- key moment for McDonald’s came when hind, eventually forcing a move towards a consumer survey showed when “animal healthier and more humane farm animal welfare” was paired with “health”— as in conditions . T wyla F rancois health and welfare — consumers drew a An emaciated cull cow, burned out from strong connection between the health of Stephanie Brown is co-founder and direc- frequent breeding and intense milk produc- the animal and the quality and safety of tor of the Toronto-based Canadian Coali- tion, waits at an Ontario livestock auction. the food product . tion for Farm Animals .

diplomat and international canada 61 Di spatches|factory farming Loblaw-led coalition of grocers drive phase-out of sow stalls by 2022

Sonya Fiorini

s the country’s largest food re- tailer, Loblaw has a very real Aimpact on what and how Cana- dians eat . Over the past several years, animal welfare has been on our corporate social responsibility agenda as part of our sourcing-with-integrity principle . We have spent time investigating the issues with various stakeholders; we’ve visited numerous farms, dedicated resources to get involved and uncovered the facts by getting the full picture and taking a holis- tic approach . I have visited both pig and egg layer farms to view first-hand some of the conditions in which these animals are housed . What I saw were dedicated farmers who are trying to do the right thing and produce healthy animals for us to consume, all within a fragile industry . Many of them are second or third generation farmers who take the welfare of their animals seriously . However, the demands of consumers are changing and there is a need for the pork industry to evolve . F iorini S onya Prior to 2013, Loblaw committed to Most sows in Canada spend their lives in gestation stalls like these on this western Ontario working with industry associations, ex- farm; voluntary codes of practice recommend banning the stalls. perts and our vendors to establish animal welfare best practices and standards . I’m tive change . Atlantic, Canada Safeway, Costco Whole- pleased to say we have made a commit- An example of this is the recent com- sale Canada, Federated Co-operatives ment to phase out sow stalls by the year mitment we spearheaded in the spring Limited, Metro Inc ., Sobeys Inc ., and 2022 and further expand our free-run egg of 2013 with seven other grocery mem- Walmart Canada Corp . offerings this year . bers who belong to the Retail Council of This commitment acknowledges the Grocery retailers share a healthy com- Canada . The idea was to source fresh pork economic challenges for producers of petitive relationship, but should not products from sows raised in alternative shifting to new housing systems . The compete when it comes to the welfare of housing by the end of 2022 . In addition signatories pledge to work with farmers animals . There is a lot of good that is being to Loblaw, members backing the commit- and suppliers to find practical solutions done by working together to foster posi- ment include major food retailers: Co-op that maintain viable farms . It does not call

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retailers have been targeted by animal welfare advocates to put pressure on their supply chains and place these issues front and centre with their customers . We make decisions based on what the customer wants — lower prices, healthier choices, great value, quality and the ethical and sustainable sourcing of our products . So, in this case, we made the decision due to customer demand and because it was the right thing to do — much the same as our commitment to source 100-percent sustainable seafood . Our 2022 phase-out timeline is an important step, but it is only a small piece of the larger effort under way, industry wide . Concerns for animal welfare reflect society as a whole and play a role in the entire value chain . Loblaw is an associate member of the National Farm Animal Care Council (NFACC), a multi-stakeholder forum that facilitates the development of standard onya F iorini S onya codes of practice for farm animals, in- Most gestation stalls will be phased out by 2022 when eight large grocery chains refuse pork cluding revising the current pig and egg from such cage-confined pigs. layer codes of practice in Canada . This process provides a credible, science-based for an immediate shift from sow stalls, rights advocates . We have also been and balanced approach . NFACC’s board which could have a negative impact on pleased to receive support from several comprises a wide variety of stakeholders pig welfare and pork producers . Rather, animal-rights advocates, which gives us including industry, government and non- it provides for transition over a period of confidence that we, and the retail food governmental organizations (NGOs) . As nine years . industry in Canada, have struck a good members of NFACC, we can get a closer The pork industry has a tremendous balance . look and take part in the work they are opportunity to innovate to new systems Animal welfare has always been impor- doing . This organization is unique to that can improve the welfare of pigs . But tant to Loblaw . With more than 14 million Canada and has been very instrumental not all industry members will see it this Canadians shopping in our stores every in engaging stakeholders in its mandate way . They will require substantial capital week, we have a big responsibility to gar- to revise the existing codes of practice for investments to physically change barns, ner our customers’ trust by striving to do farm animals . but also considerable human resources to the right thing . For many years, grocery This past June, the NFACC released the choose the right system and train workers highly anticipated new draft pig code of to a new way of handling animals . practice . Among the many recommenda- Those are real and important consider- tions in the code, is a phase-out of sow ations . However, the opportunity lies in stalls, which was identified as a prior- the potential to differentiate the Canadian ity welfare issue . Currently in Canada, pork market for the better in the long run approximately 10 percent of sow barns and position itself well into the future . conform to loose housing environments . Our primary objective is to provide our It will require concerted investment to customers with choice and increasingly, meet these new standards when they are we are hearing from them that they expect adopted . improvements in the handling and hous- While there remains more to do, Lo- ing of animals raised for food . blaw has a clear commitment to source We are pleased with the response we with integrity . Our actions are evidence received from the Canadian Pork Council of the progress being made in the area of following the announcement of the com- animal welfare that will continue well into mitment: “The grocers’ decision repre- the future . sents an opportunity for retailers and hog To learn more about Loblaw’s corporate producers to work together and manage social responsibility initiatives, please visit changes to sow housing .” Feedback like Loblaw-reports .ca that is important to Loblaw because we have spent considerable time and effort Sonya Fiorini, senior director for corporate Sonya Fiorini is senior director, corporate attempting to balance the requests of our social responsibility for Loblaw Companies, social responsibility, for Loblaw Compa- customers, the pork industry and animal- holds a piglet on a western Ontario farm. nies Limited .

diplomat and international canada 63 Di spatches|factory farming The hard lives of animals on Canada’s factory farms By Edana Brown

oncentrated feeding animal operations — more commonly referred Cto as factory farms — first began to appear around the 1920s . Industri- alization was speeding up everything from transportation to communication, while, at the same time, medical discoveries such as insulin and penicillin were dramatically improving the quality of human and animal health . Farmers real- ized they could raise animals indoors in small spaces with little or no sunlight as long as they fed livestock Vitamin D and antibiotics . In addition, long-distance transportation enabled shipping of animals to larger, more centralized slaughter operations . It wasn’t until after the Second World War, however, that factory farms became more widespread . By the 1980s, they had become commonplace, and with them the confines of battery cages for laying hens, gestation crates for breeding pigs, feedlots for beef cattle and tethered stalls for dairy cows . Today, about 95 percent of the animals raised for food live in these kinds of condi- marvol k / Dreamstime tions, under manufacturing ideals applied A sow on an organic farm nursing her piglets in open housing. effectively to furniture and car parts, but less so to cows and pigs . While efforts are under way in various countries, most This is farming that controls every aspect and flavour that can make pork unmarket- notably the European Union, to improve of the animal’s life, denying it most of its able . conditions, the seemingly insatiable global natural behaviour and, in many cases, Dehorning beef cows, tusk-trimming appetite for meat is calling into question altering it physically, usually without pain boars and tail-docking dairy cows are also not only our eating habits, but our ability relief . procedures that have evolved into more to sustain them in a humane way . Ac- Egg-laying hens, for instance, have or less routine practices, as have confining cording to the Washington, D .c .-based up to a third of their beaks cut off — the animals and feeding them additives to Worldwatch Institute, meat production “trimmed” — to minimize the cannibal- accelerate growth and combat unsanitary globally has tripled over the last four de- ism that results from pecking in battery living conditions . cades and increased 20 percent in the last cages . Factory farming also has spawned 10 years, with emerging middle classes in Pigs have their tails docked, leaving systemic mass disposal of animals and countries such as China helping to drive only an ultra-sensitive stub, to prevent waste that is both a welfare and environ- this demand . In Canada alone, looking at tail-sucking of pen mates that may cause mental concern . Many male chicks in egg pork as an example (it is the world’s most infection . hatcheries are ground up alive and used consumed meat), figures from the Cana- Piglets’ teeth are clipped to minimize as fertilizer . Bull calves on dairy farms, dian Pork Council show that the number injury to their mothers’ teats . Normally considered an industry byproduct, are of pigs raised in Canada nearly doubled the nursing sow would get up and walk taken from their mothers and sold as veal . between 1984 and 2012 . away — exercise for both the sow and pig- Piglets that don’t meet aggressive growth Canada, similar to the EU, is working lets . Confined on her side in a farrowing timelines are euthanized by “pounding to phase out what could loosely be termed crate, she can’t move . against concrete,” where the animal is extreme factory farming . Countries such Male piglets are castrated, without an- held by its back legs and pounded against as China, meanwhile, are embracing it . esthetic, to prevent “boar taint,” an odour concrete flooring . High concentrations

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of urine and fecal waste in these facilities cause respiratory problems, both for workers and animals, and leech into water systems, killing aquatic life . The EU is taking a leadership position in improving these systems . It has banned battery cages for egg-laying hens and greatly reduced the allowable time sows can spend in stalls . Its ban on castration of pigs takes effect in 2018 . Several individual EU member states — Sweden and Norway, for example — have imposed bans on practices such as beak trimming . There are also provisions for the use of straw or similar substrate for pigs, an often-overlooked issue in Canada, but important considering pigs’ strong nest- building instincts . Research from scientists on Canada’s National Farm Animal Care Council (NFACC) shows that, among other things, straw reduces “stereotypies” — neurotic, repetitive behaviour including tail-biting . Free-run roosters Admittedly, there are problems in the EU with compliance with the regulations, as well as concerns regarding producer competitiveness . Farmers in countries that are complying with the ban — Britain, for instance — are understandably upset about pork imported from non-compliant countries . Bottom line: Better animal welfare usually costs money, which drives up production costs . Here in Canada, the Canadian Pork Council estimates that conversion of two-by-seven-foot sow stalls to open housing will average $500 per pig, though this estimate is disputed as inflated . Perhaps it comes as no surprise, then, that compliance is promising to be an issue in Canada, too . In the NFACC’s newly updated code of practice for pigs, confinement of sows in stalls has been reduced from four months (the sow’s entire pregnancy) to five weeks . (As an aside, this is in addition to the three weeks she will spend in a farrowing crate, a different cage where she is moved to give birth and nurse her piglets ). The EU has similar al- lowances for sow stalls: they are permitted for four weeks after insemination and one arm A nimals week before farrowing . Canada’s new sow-stall requirements, one of several contentious areas in the new pig code, will begin taking effect in 2014 . However, given that it’s voluntary, some pork associations are considering

C ana d ian oalition for F non-support of the code and, instead, creating their own . Hens rescued from an egg barn at slaughter time and now living at Cedar Row Sanctuary, were suffering from feather loss. After a few months in factory farms, many have broken Edana Brown is a director of the Cana- feathers from hitting them against the bars of their extremely cramped cages. dian Coalition for Farm Animals .

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The (animal) costs of transport By Edana Brown

t some point in their lives, virtually all farmed animals are Atransported . The duration and conditions of transport have a major impact on animal well-being and are especially hard on certain species . Pigs are prone to motion sickness and heatstroke, in part because they don’t sweat . Chick- ens, meanwhile, are stacked on trucks in such a way that they often either die from exposure on the outside or, especially if the truck is tarped, from suffocation inside . Many animals become sick or injured, and about three million in Canada are dead on arrival (DOA) at slaughter plants each year and are used for everything from asphalt to cosmetics . Too often, these deaths are considered the cost of doing business . It is a high cost, both from a welfare and monetary standpoint . According to the Chicken Farmers of Saskatchewan, in 2008 alone, the economic loss resulting from DOA broiler chickens O liver Berreville amounted to $7,151,028 . In a rare, recent Turkeys from a Manitoba turkey farm in an overloaded, untarped truck enroute to a slaughterhouse. court case involving high numbers of DOAs at chicken processor Maple Lodge Farms, Gord Doonan, a senior veterinar- grouping or separating of animals (stalls automatic ventilation and water systems, ian with the Canadian Food Inspection are mandatory for horses); protection from bedding, GPS and temperature alarms . Agency, has questioned whether it’s pos- the weather; and access to animals in tran- In 2011, the European Commission re- sible to transport chickens humanely at all . sit (a significant compliance issue, as some leased a report that looked at the impact Canada’s 33-year-old transport regula- vehicles still don’t provide it) . For longer of these requirements . Overall, transport tions are acknowledged to be among the journeys — transport of cattle, sheep or costs have risen 2 .9 percent for horses — worst in the developed world . Cattle, goats for 29 hours, pigs and horses for 24 the highest increase, due to the mandate sheep and goats can be shipped for 52 hours, and nursing animals for 19 hours for stalls — and 0 .6 to 0 .8 percent for other hours without water, food or rest, in ad- — a truck must have, among other things, species . These average out to 11,900 euro dition to a five-hour food-withdrawal per vehicle, or about $16,320 Cdn . The re- period before travel . For horses, pigs and port noted that while trade in live animals poultry, the maximum is 36 hours . The un- has increased since the regulations came reasonable time frame may be to facilitate into effect, prices have not, a fact attrib- transport of cattle non-stop from west to uted to unfair competition resulting from east for slaughter . Moreover, the clock is some transporters complying with regula- set back to zero when a transporter crosses tions while others don’t . the border . At the same time, the report surveyed This compares with the 28-hour law various agriculture stakeholders regarding in the U .S . — after 28 hours, transporters improvements in animal welfare and body are required to stop and allow animals to condition as a result of the new rules; rest — while in the EU, there are specific while responses were negative among regulations for short and longer journeys, some groups — i .e . no improvements at all and requirements for basic amenities in — farmers as a whole noted considerable trucks that most North American vehicles increased benefits in terms of fewer DOAs . lack . These regulations were implemented The costs associated with transporting in January 2007 . live animals — often for days and some- For a shorter journey of a maximum T he W orl d S ociety for the P rotection of A nimals times weeks at a time — are huge . Not eight hours, EU trucks must allow for Pigs crowded together during transport. only do they suffer on the journey; they

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also enter countries where they have little because it often involves longer and more often relies on inherently inhumane prac- to no protection . For example, Canada gruelling journeys to the Middle East tices as a matter of routine operation . is exporting to Kazakhstan live cattle for and North Africa . Ireland, for instance, In the case of Canada's Maple Lodge breeding . Horses may be next . recently reopened its live export trade Farms, for example, the company has In Canada, the majority of live ani- to Libya after being banned from trade argued it has no choice but to transport mal trade is with the U .S . Live cattle, for in 1996 due to the threat of BSE (bovine chickens in all weather to fulfil customer example, are among Canada’s top agri- spongiform encephalitis, or mad cow contracts and keep slaughter lines at food exports to the U .S ., along with pigs . disease) . capacity . If the birds stay in the barns Worldwide, in 2011, we exported $24 .9 At the same time, the EU’s “8 hours longer than 33 days, they grow too large million worth of breeding cattle, amidst campaign” seeks to limit the transport for fast food companies’ specifications . total agriculture/agri-food exports valued of all live animals intended for slaughter As well, the fact that food is withdrawn at $40 billion . to eight hours . It has the support of 126 from the birds several hours before they Live animal exports play a similarly members of the European Parliament are shipped makes it difficult to change significant role in the EU’s agriculture (MEPs) from 19 countries and all political schedules last-minute; the processor is sector . In the U K. . alone, the total value groups . expecting the current flock, while a new of live animal exports in 2011 amounted While such efforts may be seen by some flock of day-old chicks awaits delivery . to more than £400 million ($658 million as hypocritical, they do help shine a light, In short, it’s a just-in-time manufactur- Cdn) . However, the EU’s live animal trade not only on the transport of animals, but ing system that depends on animals to is coming under increasing public scrutiny also the larger issue of an industry that pay the price of efficiency . Solutions for Canada's cruel slaughterhouses By Edana Brown

that changes, we’re going to continue to struggle .” Somewhere in that struggle are live animals, moving through a fast, highly mechanized process that places a pre- mium on efficiency and productivity . If there are concerns about the safety of their carcasses, logic suggests their welfare might have been compromised before slaughter, despite legislation mandating that it be humane . Canada first implemented laws governing slaughter in 1960 . This followed the lead taken by the U .S . which, responding to intense public pressure, enacted its Humane Slaughter Act in 1958 . Today in

apa34 | Dreamstime.com | Dreamstime.com C apa34 Canada, most large commercial slaughterhouses are regulated either federally Continuous conveyor of chickens at a slaughterhouse. through the Meat Inspection Act, or pro- vincially through similar legislation . Pro- he XL Foods E . coli outbreak in the counted for 35 percent of the country’s vincial facilities may sell meat only in the fall of 2012 was a vivid reminder for beef production . The union representing province in which they operate . Tmany Canadians of the reality and plant workers said one of the key barriers In addition, Canada has voluntary, risks of industrial slaughter . Accompany- to food safety was line speed: the lines industry-driven codes of practice for farm ing the daily news updates on the out- were too fast, and there was too much animal welfare; however, these cover break — in total, there were 18 confirmed pressure to keep them moving at all costs . only on-farm euthanasia, not commercial cases — were glimpses into the scope and In the words of Gil McGowan, president slaughter . speed of modern slaughter plants . of the Alberta Federation of Labour: The result is a bit of a regulatory hodge- XL Foods processed approximately “There is a culture in that plant that puts podge and overall lack of consistency that 3,800 head of cattle a day . The plant ac- priority on quantity over quality, and until tends to weaken legislative credibility and

diplomat and international canada 67 Di spatches|factory farming O liver Berreville Horse feedlot in Alberta where thousands of horses are held before slaughter for their meat. Canadian abattoirs killed 82,000 horses in 2012.

make the laws more difficult to enforce . with a key difference being that pigs also for instance, make regular unannounced In fact, Canada’s National Farmed Ani- enter a scalding tank to remove their hair . slaughterhouse inspections . Sweden pro-

mal Health and Welfare Council states in While CO2 is touted as a more humane hibits ritual slaughter — that is, highly a recent report: “Because of the mixture method of slaughter, research from animal controversial slaughter without stun- of federal and provincial regulations for scientists on the National Farm Animal ning (whereby the animal’s throat is cut humane slaughter, Canada lacks a har- Care Council finds that “Pigs at all ages while fully conscious) Many countries, monized standard in this important area .” appear to find inhalation of this gas highly including Canada and the U .S ., allow The report further points out: “In some aversive: escape and retreat attempts, the exemption of stunning on religious jurisdictions, there is a third category of gasping, head shaking and vocalizations grounds . Increasingly, evidence is surfac- plants, generally small plants with local occur frequently prior to loss of conscious- ing — eye-witness accounts from meat clientele, that fall under no federal or pro- ness .” inspectors, for example — that animals vincial slaughter regulations .” Chicken slaughter is especially conten- slaughtered without first being stunned Inspection of the majority of these tious from a welfare standpoint, as the endure extreme suffering . plants falls to the Canadian Food Inspec- electrical bath typically used to stun the The EU also is leading the develop- tion Agency (CFIA) . As of March 2012, birds is often ineffective due either to im- ment of innovative slaughter processes there were 3,534 CFIA inspectors over- proper levels of electricity or to the birds’ such as those used to detect boar taint on seeing 110 federally registered slaughter squirming and lifting their heads, thereby uncastrated pigs . Boar taint is a strong plants across the country; XL Foods alone missing the bath altogether . Consequently, odour and flavour in a small percentage had 40 inspectors and six vets, working they are fully conscious when their throats of males that can make pork unmarket- in two shifts . All in all, this is a relatively are cut . This is in addition to the pain enable . For many countries, the solution has small number of people overseeing the dured while shackled upside down on the been to castrate the animal, usually with- slaughter of very large numbers of ani- slaughter line . out anesthetic . However, with the EU’s mals, and their focus on food safety tends While the EU uses slaughter methods 2018 deadline for ending castration, new to take priority over efforts to keep the similar to Canada, it has made significant sensory and chemical methods are being process humane . strides in areas where Canada is lacking . developed to detect boar taint at slaughter Commercial slaughter methods vary One is that EU slaughterhouse work- time, enabling the plant to redirect the from one animal to another . Cows are ers must earn a certificate of competence, meat while eliminating the need for pain- stunned using a captive-bolt gun, which for which they must write an exam . As ful castration . fires a metal rod into the skull and retracts well, every slaughter facility must appoint Like Canada, however, the EU also it again . Rendered unconscious, the ani- a designated Animal Welfare Officer to faces quality-control issues around slaugh- mal is hoisted up by a back leg, its throat ensure compliance with appropriate regu- ter, as made evident by the recent horse is cut and, with heart still pumping, it lations . meat scandal . The ever-expanding creep bleeds out, or is exsanguinated . The ani- Especially significant is the EU’s use of the contamination in early 2013 not mal then proceeds through an assembly of closed-circuit TV (CCTV) in slaughter- only drove home the magnitude of the line of workers, each of whom performs a houses — a trend that has been strongly meat industry, but also raised serious different task — from removing skin and supported by retailers such as Marks & questions around the scruples of those limbs to evisceration . Spencer, Tesco, and J . Sainsbury . As of within it . Perhaps not surprisingly, amidst Pigs are usually stunned using electric- 2011, just under 20 percent of red-meat fraudulent labelling and mounting food ity or carbon dioxide, the latter adminis- slaughterhouses were using CCTV cam- safety concerns, little was said about ani- tered by herding the animals in groups eras . mal welfare .

into a CO2 chamber that then pushes them EU member states are also taking out unconscious on the other side . They steps individually in support of more Edana Brown is a director of the Cana- are then hung and bled similarly to cows, humane slaughter . Danish authorities, dian Coalition for Farm Animals .

68 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC BOOKS|DELIGHTS

Some diplomatic intrigues

By George Fetherling

george fetherling

n error in Steven Spielberg’s film, Lincoln stirred up a little Acontroversy last year . The movie, as most everyone now knows, depicts Abraham Lincoln’s manoeuvring to get the 13th amendment to the Constitution, the one abolishing slavery, passed by the House of Representatives . Tension builds to the scene where there is a roll-call vote . Two of the congressmen from Connecti- cut say nay . Watching this on the screen, many proud citizens of that state rose up, for New England was the staunchest supporter of abolition and all three Con- necticut representatives in fact voted yea . A short-lived tempest in the media teapot . But there was another obvious, and more interesting error in Mr . Spielberg’s film . John Hay was private secretary to Abraham Lincoln. He had diplomatic postings in Paris and The movie is set in January 1865, three Vienna and was secretary of state under William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt. months before the end of the American Civil War, and has scenes between Presi- dent Lincoln and his young secretary, John In accounts of the Lincoln presidency became a partisan newspaper editor in Hay (played by Joseph Cross) . But Hay the name of Hay (1838-1905) nearly al- Illinois and then assistant to the Illinois had left the White House early in 1864, ways appears linked with that of John secretary of state . President Lincoln’s first right after the start of his boss’s second Nicolay (1832-1901), Lincoln’s other sec- appointment was the one naming Nicolay term . Why more interesting? Because John retary . (How small the bureaucracy was as his secretary — office manager, as we Hay is an important character in diplo- 150 years ago .) The way the two names might say today . By contrast, Hay, who matic history . He began as the individual are spoken together, like those of Bonnie had gone to school with Nicolay, was who opened Abraham Lincoln’s mail, and Clyde or Wayne and Shuster, is partly already on the scene, having joined the ghosted the replies (as well as speeches because, late in life, they collaborated on team immediately after Lincoln became a and such) and acted as a kind of anony- a 10-volume biography of the martyred presidential candidate and needed to “find mous presidential press agent . He went president as well as on editions of his some young man to help me with my cor- on to become one of the most adroit and works . This stereoscopic view is perpetu- respondence, I can’t afford to pay much, influential U .S . secretaries of state, a key ated in another new book, Lincoln’s Boys: but the practice is worth something .” Hay figure in American diplomacy and for- John Hay, John Nicolay and the War for was recommended by his uncle, whose eign policy well into the 20th Century . Lincoln’s Image by Joshua Zeitz (Penguin law office in Springfield, the state capital, He’s the subject of a new biography, John Canada, $31 .50) . But the two men were was next door to Lincoln’s . Hay was a Taliaferro’s All the Great Prizes: The Life of very different characters . young Bohemian who once experimented John Hay, from Lincoln to Roosevelt (Teddy, Nicolay was a Bavarian immigrant (in with “hasheesh” and aspired to be a poet . that is, not Franklin — Simon & Schuster a 1992 documentary, his character was He was very bright, quick and biddable, Canada, $40) . voiced by Arnold Schwarzenegger) who candid in private, but tactful in public .

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Perhaps most important of all, he was hand and African American equality on be forcibly put down by troops under the a fast, flexible and fluent writer . In the the other . Mr . Taliaferro writes of his sub- command of Albert Sidney Johnson, who age when so much of diplomatic work ject’s “ingrained racial prejudice, although has the rare distinction of having held a was bound up with written dispatches, one that would have not shocked his mid- general’s rank in three different armies — couched in fine prose, this talent helped to century readers ”. The point is that, like the army of the Republic of Texas (before push him up the ladder . Abraham Lincoln, and possibly through Texas became a state), the U S. . army and Arriving there with the new chief ex- that example, he started out with one set the Confederate army . In the service of ecutive in 1861, Hay found Washington of beliefs, but steadily moved towards the last, he bled to death at the Battle of “a congeries of hovels, inharmoniously more enlightened views . In Hay’s case, the Shiloh . strewn with temples .” He made the best same process applies in his relations with These two incidents from childhood, of it, because there and later elsewhere, he Jews . After Lincoln’s death, he was given we’re told, gave Hay a disdain of dema- was a highly sociable individual, a play- a consular position in Paris (as was Nico- gogues and empires . That is, empires and concert-goer, a sought-after beau, a lay) . Later he served in Vienna . There he other than U .S .’s, whose ambitions he delightful dinner party guest and, one came into contact with Jewish culture and, served as assistant secretary of state under imagines, a reliable fourth for bridge . This president Rutherford B . Hays, and then, picture contrasts with his own assessment under president William McKinley, as of Lincoln: “In many respects [a person] ambassador to the Court of St . James’s, doomed to a certain loneliness of excel- a position in which he did much to im- lence .” The president and the first lady prove relations between Washington and had lost one child at an early age, had an- London . Later, he himself was secretary of other with certain disabilities and a third state in McKinley’s cabinet and then, fol- who, fearing Mrs . Lincoln’s irrational lowing McKinley’s assassination, in Theo- temper, as so many people did, contrived dore Roosevelt’s . For years, his patron to be absent when he could . Hay “became, was Lincoln’s secretary of state, William if not a surrogate son, then a young man H . Seward, whom Mr . Taliaferro paints who stirred a higher form of paternal as a hero, but was seen as a toxic boob by nurturing that Lincoln, despite his best the British and a danger by Canadians . As intentions, did not successfully bestow John Boyko explains in Blood and Daring: on either of his surviving children .” The How Canada Fought the American Civil War junior partner in such a relationship usu- and Forged a Nation (Knopf Canada, $35), ally comes away having learned a great Seward kept insisting that the U .S . invade deal . In this case, one lesson lay in the Canada, hoping to provoke a war between fact that Lincoln possessed “the fire of a the U .S . and Britain that would somehow reformer […] yet he proceeded by the way (this sounds goofy) bring the Confederacy of caution and practical statecraft .” to its knees . All the Great Prizes is a genuinely re- the author writes, looked down on Jews Much of All the Great Prizes focuses, warding and pleasurably written biogra- as he had earlier looked down on African rightly so, on Hay’s mature career as a phy, drawing a great deal on its subject’s Americans, as “a race apart, removed policy maker . He despised Napoleon III, private papers, including the diary he kept from grace, and a dismally long way from who brought Paris and France into the during Lincoln’s first term — though the assimilation into the mainstream .” But contemporary world, because he was also document is sometimes maddening . Hay 30 years later, when he was secretary of a dictator who presided over an empire, was there when Lincoln made the Get- state, he was a strong official foe of anti- had favoured the South in the American tysburg address but didn’t write down Semitism . He had grown . Civil War, and had violated the Monroe anything interesting about the experience . The second indelible childhood inci- Doctrine by invading Mexico (just as the He also heard Lincoln deliver his famous dent occurred in 1844, also in Warsaw, U .S . had done less than 20 years earlier) . second inaugural speech (“With malice to- Illinois, where local vigilantes, possibly Perhaps Hay’s greatest impact was in the ward none, with charity for all”) without including Hay’s father (the son was coy Pacific, especially if you consider that describing the speaker or the scene . He on the subject), murdered the Mormon three of the many treaties he negotiated did a better job recording in detail what leader Joseph Smith, as recounted most had to do with the U .S . gaining posses- went on at Lincoln’s death bed the fol- recently in a new study, Brigham Young: sion of what became the Panama Canal lowing month . After the assassination, he Pioneer Prophet by John G . Turner (Har- Zone . Another such agreement gave the stopped writing in the journal at all . vard University Press, US$45) . Young was, U .S . what is now American Samoa . All The author cites two youthful experi- of course, Smith’s successor, who led his this while he helped to dampen other ences that set John Hay’s intellectual de- followers across the plains and deserts to countries’ imperial claims, except in the velopment in motion . He grew up mostly Utah and tried to establish a nation (not all-important matter of the Open Door in Warsaw, Illinois, where, age nine, an precisely the right word perhaps) inde- Policy in China . This was the power grab escaped slave took refuge in the family’s pendent of federal control . This led to the by which foreign powers declared suzer- cellar . By his adulthood, he “had been of- startling events that David l . Bigler and ainty over numerous Chinese ports and fended by slavery for as long as he could William Bagley analyse in their book, The immunity from Chinese law, thus igniting remember .” Like so many northerners, Mormon Rebellion: America’s First Civil War, the Boxer Rebellion . A telling fact: It was however, he long maintained a distinction 1857-1858 (University of Oklahoma Press, actually John Hay, not William Randolph between the evils of slavery on the one US$24 .95 paper) . A large rebellion had to Hearst or one of his journalists, who called

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the American capture of Cuba and the clamour for samples” of bread at a trade Philippines “a splendid little war .” show in Osaka several years earlier . Un- In brief, there’s certainly a great deal derlying all this was the fact that Japan, in All the Great Prizes for Diplomat read- even in these early years, had the trade ad- ers, just as there is in a little-publicized vantage over Canada through its exports new Canadian work, Finding Japan: Early of tea and silk . Encounters with Asia (Heritage House, As party to an alliance between Britain $22 .95 paper) by Anne Shannon, formerly and Japan, Canada was committed to tak- of the Canadian embassy in Tokyo . In this ing Japan’s side in the Russo-Japanese War broadly researched and well-illustrated of 1904-05 . But whatever edge this fact book, she rescues from obscurity a num- may have offered Canada in breaking into ber of people with Canadian connections the Japanese market was counterbalanced who played a part in laying the ground- by anti-Japanese (indeed, anti-Asian) pre- work for trade and diplomatic relations judice and violence that became rampant between Canada and Japan — goals that in the Canadian West, especially in British weren’t achieved without missteps by us Columbia . Still, in time, many Canadian and misfortunes for them . companies, not merely Canadian Pacific, In 1906, the governor-general, Earl but others as different as Alcan and Sun Grey, advised the presidents of the Ca- Life Assurance, had a secure presence in nadian Pacific, Canadian National and Japan (and elsewhere in East Asia) . Say- about how on one of his visits to Japan he Grand Trunk railways that “the scientists ing so sounds cold and heartless, but the foretold some geishas’ fortunes by reading of Japan have concluded that a diet of fire that destroyed Yokohama in 1920 their palms) . When he created External bread is preferred to rice” and that it and the earthquake that ruined Tokyo in Affairs in 1929, he ordained three embas- would be only a question of time before 1923 played right into Canadian hands, sies: Washington, Paris — and Tokyo . Of these findings would enrich those who as when, for example, Canadian lumber course relations cooled in 1936 when the grew and shipped Canadian wheat . Ms baron H .R . MacMillan cleaned up as a military took over the Japanese govern- Shannon assures us that this loony idea, result . ment, the year before Japan’s full-scale one shared in time by prime minister Mackenzie King was, in his character- invasion of China . The Canadian legation Wilfrid Laurier, was “born of little more istically odd way, both an Asiaphile and in Japan closed in 1938, not to reopen until than watching curious exhibition-goers an Asiaphobe (there’s a bizarre anecdote after the Second World War, during which

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diplomat and international canada 71 DELIGHTS|books

King’s government ordered Japanese- course, the real issues are the climate of Canadians interned . fear pervasive in American life and a pop culture that glamorizes extreme violence . BRIEFLY NOTED…. This is not a fringe book, but an important adley Balko, known to some work championed by such publications as through his connection to the Cato the Economist and the Wall Street Journal . RInstitute, the libertarian think-tank, In recent years, university presses have is a senior investigative reporter for the increasingly taken to scholarly books of Huffington Post . His book, Rise of the War- the sort that professors need to list in the rior Cop: The Militarization of America’s Po- annual review of their accomplishments lice Forces (Publishers Group Canada, $31) is one big horror story made from scores of tiny ones: Stories of how U S. . police de- partments (and many other arms of government at all levels) increasingly employ military tactics and equipment to do far more than simply carry out the assigned wars against drugs and terrorism . The East Asia: A New Century, edited by Larry first use of a SWAT team — dressed and Diamond, Marc F . Plattner and Yun-han armed in military fashion, usually operat- Chu . It argues that the next wave of de- ing without warrants or without giving mocratization will inevitably take place warning — took place in Los Angeles in East and Southeast Asia (the Near in 1969 . The target was a group of Black East and Middle East having failed so Panthers . In 2005, the most recent year for miserably) . The title (US$29 .95 paper) is which Mr . Balko can locate figures, there published by Johns Hopkins University were 50,000 such raids across the coun- Press, which has made a small specialty try . Targets have included participants of the field called democratization studies, in friendly poker games and individuals one whose growth might almost be said behind in their student loan payments, to have outpaced that of democracy itself . S mallman12q and even, in one case, Tibetan monks on a The press publishes what may well be the peace mission . Innocent civilians, usually demanded by department heads and core text in this subject area, Transitions A SWAT team in Oregon during a training unarmed, have ended up dead, as have from Authoritarian Rule (US$28 paper) . It exercise. some of the raiders . Policies that allow en- was written, rather than merely edited, forcers to scoop up “proceeds from crimi- by Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe nal activity” to fatten their own budgets deans . Typically such volumes contain c . Schmitter and carries the refreshingly are part of the problem . Another is the only articles or papers by a handful of modest subtitle, “Tentative Conclusions way that Washington provides grants to contributors that, taken together, don’t about Uncertain Democracies .” state and local governments for military- survey a topic, but rather zero in on a grade weapons, armoured vehicles and small number of highly specialized sub- George Fetherling’s most recent book is the like . One Pentagon program alone topics . A list of interesting new examples The Writing Life: Journals 1975-2005 (Mc- doled out $500 million in 2011 . But, of of such books might include Democracy in Gill-Queen’s University Press) .

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Diplomat_International_Canada_Magazine.indd 1 2013-08-22 3:50 PM 72 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC ENTERTAINING|DELIGHTS

Need a Dublin lawyer?

the arrival of the potato in Ireland have doubled the price due to the high cost of become an important marker in the evolu- salt and, as a result, a vast majority of the tion of Irish cuisine . population got by just on pieces of salted Before farms with fields and domestic bacon with fresh meat being reserved for animals gave way to food production holy days or festive occasions . as the principal preoccupation, the Irish The endless assortment of stews and were primarily hunters and gatherers . soups for which Ireland remains re- Cattle were kept for dairying, not meat . nowned was inspired by the earliest of Milk was turned mainly into a widely cooking vessels, the cauldron . Stews and drunk sour milk, butter, curds, soft and soups varied with the availability of in- Margaret Dickenson hard cheeses . Only in winter, when fod- gredients . Coastal-area creations differed der was scarce, would old cows and un- from those inland, ranging from clam and wanted bull calves be slaughtered, salted cockle soup, lobster soup to sheep’s head and preserved as winter food for the gen- broth . With iron and bronze cooking caul- reland’s food history and culture can try and nobility . Cheeses and curds were drons being expensive, wooden troughs be traced back to prehistoric times . known as white meats . Milk and milk filled with water, brought to and kept at IThat it’s an island at the very west- products made up the key part of the diet a boil with hot stones, proved to be an in- ern edge of Europe meant the influence of the working class, and particularly the genious alternative . Ovens as such did not of other countries did not play much of poor, all year round . The practice of bleed- exist until later, but cauldrons turned up- a role in Irish cuisine until recently . As ing cattle was common to make black side-down on hot stones acted as a crude such, traditional dishes still figure promi- pudding by mixing blood with barley and type of oven . As for roasting, in addition nently in a cuisine that has evolved from seasoning . to spits, placing meat on a hot stone and centuries of cultural, political and social Pigs herded in oak forests, feeding on covering it with more hot stones offered change . acorns and woodland fodder, provided another successful roasting technique as Think Irish cuisine and you’ll certainly the cheapest meat . Pork was popular with the fatty drippings ignited to continuously imagine amazing cheeses and butter pro- everyone (and that reputation holds true heat the stones . Roasting meat was basted duced from milk of “cattle that remain to this day) . Blood collected after slaugh- with honey or a honey sauce . Honey (as a out on pasture all year round,” explains tering went into the black pudding, a dip) and salt (for flavouring) were served Ambassador Raymond Bassett . Of course, practice that still continues .Salting pork with all meats . many traditional dishes also come to mind . Topping the list would be Irish stews and potatoes of some sort . Those familiar with traditional Irish cuisine would cite boxty (a type of thick pancake of mashed and shredded potatoes, flour and baking powder or soda), colcannon (a mixture of milk and butter-mashed potatoes with chopped cooked onion and cabbage or kale) and champ (mashed potatoes with spring onions stirred into them) . Other dishes mentioned would be coddle (especially Dublin coddle) consisting of bacon, pork sausages and potatoes, black pudding (blood sausage), soda bread, barmbrack (a type of currant cake, a treat for Halloween when tiny charms are found in it) and Irish breakfast (a fried or grilled meal of bacon, egg, sausage, black pudding and fried tomato .) One cannot ignore the introduction of the potato, which was brought to Europe in the late 16th Century and then worked its way to Ireland . It has been hailed as the “greatest occurrence” and condemned as the “worst calamity,” dramatically af- fecting and completely changing the Irish arry Dic k enson L arry diet, its cuisine and its people . Conse- quently, the before and after references to Margaret’s Dublin Lawyer (also known as Drunken lobster)

diplomat and international canada 73 DELIGHTS|ENTERTAINING

Oats and barley served as thickeners for soups and stews, and when milled into flour, they were used to make a variety of coarse breads . The limited supply of wheat was designated to create a palatable variety of “wheaten” bread (particularly for nobility), sweet cakes and scones . Al- though the Irish have never lost their love of butter, it was historically important to accompany bread as stone-ground flour often contained pieces of stone and grits . The butter helped lubricate the throat to more easily swallow the bread . Under- standably, more cereals were consumed as porridge . In the past, a myriad of wild fruits gathered in the summer ranged from crabapples and plums to an extensive number of berries (strawberries, raspber- ries, blackberries, elderberries, whortle- berries and rowberries, for example) . The only cultivated fruit seemed to have been apples . People made do with very few vegetables and greens; they were mostly limited to onions, wild leeks, sorrel, nettles and watercress . Significant augmentation and diver- sification of native Irish ingredients and Dreamstime Dreamstime cooking techniques began in the 12th and Traditional Irish stew remains renowned in Ireland. 13th Centuries with the waves of conquest and colonization (Anglo-Norman, Tudor and Stuart), which brought new food total, more than one million people died, foods, the availability of non-traditional traditions . These included built-up ovens, two million emigrated and another three ingredients expanded . Simultaneously, the use of spices, figs, grapes, almonds, million were left to live on charity . The a new Irish cuisine emerged based on walnuts, hare, pheasant and turkey along island’s population was reduced by 50 traditional ingredients and recipes that with a much more sophisticated appre- percent, but the potato, the cause of these were dealt with in new ways and with an ciation of food and cooking . Tea and cof- disasters, remained the most important emphasis on fresh vegetables, fish (par- fee houses became fashionable . But most Irish food item . ticularly salmon, trout and cod), shellfish important, the potato arrived and changed Parallelling these calamities was the (prawns, oysters, mussels), a wide range the entire food culture of a nation . start of what may be considered modern of hand-made cheeses, traditional soda The Irish are recognized to have been Irish cuisine, initiated by a solid farming bread and, of course, the potato . Ambas- the first to seriously consider the potato class (families owning more than two sador Bassett boasts of the Emerald Isle’s a staple food . The plentiful, cheap and ef- acres) . They expanded their diets to in- organic produce “grown naturally with- ficient food source allowed poor families clude a wider variety of vegetables, more out any genetically modified material .” to lease a few acres for a season, which meat and more bread made from wheat . As well, today, people are encouraged to enabled them to pay their rent, build a Potatoes were the main vegetable served adapt healthier food choices and cooking cottage and feed themselves . As a result, at every meal and they also became a techniques . Even chefs are swapping stick- the under-populated island of 1570 be- thickener for soups and stews . With the to-your-ribs meals for those with a lighter came the most densely populated country increase in village grocers’ shops, more touch that subtly embody flavours from in Europe by 1840 . As potato cultivation foreign food products and concepts began around the world . expanded and land for grazing cattle de- to influence Irish cuisine . Sugar replaced I invite you to try my version of Dublin clined, meat and dairy prices increased, honey, tea replaced ale and beer . Lawyer, a recipe dating back hundreds of and the diet of the poor was reduced to However, throughout the first half of years . (Note: The origin of this unusual potatoes supplemented with cabbage the 20th Century, Irish food was thought name is uncertain .) For best culinary suc- in the summer and salted herring in the of as being rather boring . A good plain cess, use Irish whiskey! Bon Appétit! winter . Not only did this diet lack the meal of meat, vegetables and potatoes well-balanced choices that had existed became the symbol of post-famine Ireland . Dublin Lawyer (my Drunken Lobster) for centuries, but it left a large portion of Then, as the economic prosperity of the Makes 2 servings Irish society vulnerable when the famines 1960s became evident, and with increased of 1739 and 1845 struck after potato crops travel abroad, Irish cuisine continued to 1/16 tsp (pinch) cayenne pepper were destroyed, first by cold weather and diversify . Reflective of a popular demand 1/8 tsp (0 .5 mL) ground nutmeg then by blight . During these periods, in to create international recipes and ethnic 1/4 tsp (1 mL) minced fresh garlic

74 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC ENTERTAINING|DELIGHTS

1/2 tsp (3 mL) each of lemon zest and dried crushed tarragon leaves 2 tbsp (30 mL) soft butter 3 lobster tails, uncooked (5 oz or 150 g each)* To taste, salt 1 tbsp (15 mL) whiskey 2 tbsp (30 mL) heavy cream (35% fat), first addition 1 tbsp (15 mL) chopped fresh chives 1/2 tsp (3 mL) cornstarch 1 tsp (5 mL) heavy cream (35% fat), second addition

1 . In a small bowl, thoroughly combine cayenne pepper, nutmeg, garlic, lemon zest and tarragon leaves with soft butter . Set spiced butter aside . 2 . Carefully insert the handle of a metal teaspoon into each lobster tail (entire length) between shell and flesh along the top side of lobster shell in order to keep tail straight during cooking . 3 . Drop tails into boiling salted** water and cook until thickest part of tail just turns opaque (about 4 minutes) . Drain and immediately plunge into cold water to stop cooking . Drain again . 4 . To reserve top side of shells for serving, with scissors, cut entire length of the underside of the tail shells on both sides; peel off the released underside of shells and discard before loosening and detaching the flesh from the top side of the lobster Great cooking boils down shells . 5 . Cut lobster flesh into 1/2-inch-wide to having the right tools. (1 .25 cm-wide) medallions . 6 . In a non-stick skillet over medium-low heat, sauté lobster medallions in melted spiced butter for 2 minutes . Add whiskey, then 2 tbsp (30 mL) heavy cream and chives . Season with salt . Whisk and suspend cornstarch in 1 tsp (5 mL) heavy cream and add to skillet, stirring constantly until sauce thickens . 7 . Serve immediately in reserved lobster shells (inverted position) and if desired, along with garlic butter-sautéed mush- rooms, buttered mini potatoes and cooked kale scented with garlic infused olive oil . Garnish with fresh chive stems .

* Total weight of lobster flesh, when cooked, is 6 oz or 180 g . ** Note: The uncooked lobster tails may Chef’s Paradise be quite salty, so be cautious when adding A division of C.A.Paradis Inc. salt . 1314 Bank Street, Ottawa Margaret Dickenson wrote the award- ChefsParadise.ca winning cookbook, Margaret's Table — Easy Cooking & Inspiring Entertaining . (www .margaretstable .ca)

diplomat and international canada 75 DELIGHTS|canadiana

Emily Murphy’s famous triumph How Canadian women, once non-Persons, dominate provincial politics

By Anthony Wilson-Smith

feel equal,” wrote Emily Murphy quickly after that, appointing Canada’s in 1927, “to high and splendid first female senator on Feb . 15 of the fol- “Ibraveries ”. By that point in her lowing year . It was not, however, Murphy life, the 59-year-old native of Cookstown, (a Conservative), as expected: instead, Ont 's. had earned the right to big ambi- the choice was Cairine Wilson, a fluently tions: Her achievements included turns bilingual Montreal native who was a as a successful writer (under the name Liberal party activist . Ironically, Wilson’s “Janey Canuck”), social activist, self- husband didn’t want his wife to take paid taught legal expert and, as of 1916, the work and advised the governor general first female magistrate in the British Em- that she did not want the position, but pire . She was also a wife and mother . Wilson was offered and accepted the ap- What she was not, under the law of pointment anyway . Murphy did not have Canada, was a “person,” because she was long to savour her victory: she died in a woman . She discovered that fact on her October 1933, aged 65 . first day on the bench in 1916 . Murphy Murphy is best remembered, in one was challenged by a lawyer who insisted of Historica Canada’s Heritage Minutes, that as a woman, she was not a person Emily Murphy among other things, for that successful under the terms of the British law system battle . It still stands as a key step toward then in place in Canada . women filling more important roles in Murphy was infuriated by that as- They filed their petition on Aug . 27, Canadian politics and society . As one sertion and decided to change it . Over 1927, asking whether it was constitution- measure of that advancement, today the the next decade, she gained four impor- ally possible for a woman to be appointed premiers of Canada’s four most populous tant allies — Henrietta Edwards, Louise to the Senate . The federal government provinces — Ontario, Quebec, British Co- McKinney, Nellie McClung and Irene referred the question to the Supreme lumbia and Alberta — are women, as are Parlby — and together they became Court, asking: “Does the word ‘Persons’ the premiers of Newfoundland and Lab- known first as “The Alberta Five” and in Section 24 of the British North America rador and of the Nunavut territory . Mur- eventually, as their renown grew, “The Act, 1867, include female persons?” On phy’s achievement also stands in contrast Famous Five .” All were Alberta residents, April 24, 1928, the court responded, to her views on other issues, such as her and each had a strong will and a commit- unanimously, that women are not such opposition to non-white immigration and ment to social justice . McClung, McKin- “Persons .” The judgment’s last line said: support of eugenics, a pseudo-scientific ney and Parlby had served in the Alberta “Understood to mean ‘Are women eli- study of hereditary issues . The views she legislature; the Montreal-born Edwards gible for appointment to the Senate of expressed on those topics are now clearly was an expert in laws related to rights Canada,’ the question is answered in offensive and outside of mainstream at- of women and children . They joined as the negative .” But less than two months titudes and justifiably and negatively af- petitioners in the “Persons Case” brought later, on Oct . 18, 1929, the British Judicial fect the way she is remembered . But her before the Supreme Court of Canada Committee of the Privy Council, which achievements on behalf of women remain in 1927 . The goal was to have women had precedence over the Supreme Court, indisputable, to the benefit of all . declared legal “persons,” which would overturned that decision . make them eligible to hold appointed po- The Liberal government of prime min- Anthony Wilson-Smith is president of sitions, including in the Senate . ister Mackenzie King moved relatively the Historica-Dominion Institute .

76 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC wine|DELIGHTS

The mystery and appeal of Pinot Noir

the delicious sparkling wine made from its wine example to suggest is the Z’IVO’s grapes . A brilliant starting point is a rosé 2006 Pinot Noir . Sourced from the Eola- Champagne . A great example is Moutard Amity Hills in Oregon’s Willamette Valley, Père et Fils’ non-vintage Rosé de Cuvai- this is avery round and silky Pinot Noir . It son Brut Réserve (CSPC#340091) . It has has generous flavours of cherry and dark strong red fruit and smoke with elegance fruit and a finish of spice and mineral . and sophistication . This representation of Great value at $35 25. and available from a classic sparkling wine is available from Vintages’ online store (#287177) . Vintages for $47 .95 . A terrific Burgundy at a very approach- For bubbly on a budget, Codorníu’s able price is Domaine Prieur Brunet’s Pieter Van den Weghe non-vintage Pinot Noir Brut Rosé Cava 2009 Santenay 1er Cru Maladiere . The (#665372) fits the bill . Made using the producer can trace its history back to 1804 same traditional method as Champagne, and has five hectares of vineyards in the ine endears itself to drama, it packs a lot for its $16 .95 price tag . It has La Maladiere . The wine has great balance, romance and even a sense of lots of red berry, spice and lees notes and freshness, and pretty aromas and flavours Wmystery . And Pinot Noir is the an exuberant personality . of red fruit and earth accompanied by a perfect stage on which to play out those A Pinot wine of a very different stripe is touch of spice . This is good value at $37 narratives . Its aromas, flavours and per- a white blend produced by Marcel Deiss, and is available from The Small Winemak- sonality evoke plenty of drama and ro- a Demeter certified biodynamic winery in ers wine agency . mance, and much of its seductive appeal France’s Alsace region . Deiss’s 2011 Pinot Part of Pinot’s charm and appeal is its is so mysterious that it is maddeningly d’Alsace is a blend of Pinot Noir with its elusiveness . While it often speaks to us in hard to quantify and explain . offspring Auxerrois and colour mutations terms of elegance and finesse, it also truly Pinot Noir’s history is no less elusive . from Pinot Blanc and Pinot Gris . The nose tugs on our imagination in a way that Pinot is thought to have existed for about and palette have hints of lees and lots of most other wines can’t . However, when a 2,000 years . This makes it one of the oldest ripe stone fruit . The texture is quite rich great bottle of Pinot is found, we will hap- grape varieties from Western Europe, itself and luxurious, and has a little lick of resid- pily succumb to its mysterious ways . the crèche of most of the grape variet- ual sugar . It's available from the Le Som- ies enjoyed as quality wine today . Some melier wine agency for $28 .19 per bottle . Pieter Van den Weghe is wine director at researchers now feel that Pinot’s long age A more traditional and delicious red Beckta dining & wine . that explains its large number of clones (more than 1,000 registered) rather than its reputation of having a higher mutation rate than other varieties . Colour mutations of Pinot Noir, such as Pinot Gris, and Pinot Blanc, are not truly separate varieties . They possess the same genetics when analysed at the standard set of eight DNA markers . Also, this colour mutation can occur on the same plant, with grapes of black, grey, white or even striped colour growing on a single Pinot vine . Pinot’s old age also explains its grand role in parenting other grape varieties . De- spite its unknown parentage, research has determined that Pinot Noir and another (almost extinct) grape varietal, Gouais Blanc, spontaneously crossed at various times and locations throughout the northeast of France to produce at least 21 grape varieties . DNA analysis shows these Dr. Lucie Beaupré include such modernly relevant grapes Diplomate of the American Board of as Melon de Bourgogne, Gamay Noir, Venous and Lymphatic Medicine Aligoté, Auxerrois and Chardonnay . Ex- tending the pedigree further indicates that Pinot is also a likely grandparent of Syrah . Finding a Pinot that fulfils expectations Dr. Lucie Beaupré can also be elusive . Some suggestions will Diplomate of the American Board of certainly help make the hunt a little easier . Venous and Lymphatic Medicine An often-forgotten side of Pinot Noir is

diplomat and international canada 77 DELIGHTS|residences

A condo full of Croatian culture By Margo Roston y Dyanne W ilson A ll photos b y Dyanne

The main reception room of Croatian Ambassador Veselko Grubisic’s four-bedroom condo has three large windows facing Sussex Drive, bright oriental carpets and two white sofas.

roatia’s Ambassador Veselko edge of the vibrant ByWard Market . Drive, and its location next to Lowertown, Grubisic, his wife, Marta, and Their four-bedroom, 3,000-square-foot made it the commercial centre of the city Ctheir three children live on Sussex residence is located in a stunning, reno- at that time . Drive, or the capital’s Mile of History, as vated historic building between York and Shortly before the end of the First it is known . Their heritage condominium Clarence streets, an amalgamation of five World War, the buildings were purchased is a stone’s throw away from the National 19th-Century commercial buildings . The one-by-one, between 1917 and 1920, by Gallery, across the street from the U S. . structures, built between 1846 and 1876, Mother Marie-Thomas d’Aquin, a Domin- embassy and strategically located on the had a certain importance since Sussex ican nun from France . She put the build-

78 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC residences|DELIGHTS

The ambassador’s 100-year-old gramophone from his posting in Ireland. The foyer features bright contemporary art, and a table where visitors can sign the guestbook. y Dyanne W ilson photo b y Dyanne

Veselko Grubisic and his wife, Marta.

diplomat and international canada 79 DELIGHTS|residences y Dyanne W ilson A ll photos b y Dyanne

The dining room, where stone walls put the building in its historical context.

80 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC residences|DELIGHTS

ings together for her Institut Jeanne d’Arc, which served as a convent for her order and as a residence and refuge for single girls moving to Ottawa . Privileged An- glo children also attended the convent’s school, where they took classes in French and English from Grades 1 to 3 . The building was purchased by the National Capital Commission (NCC) in 1980 and eventually was developed into condominiums by Sarah Jennings, sister of the late ABC news anchor, Peter Jennings, and her husband, Ian Johns . They developed the space into two buildings and Mr . Jennings, who planned to spend free time in Ottawa when he had a chance, turned two of the apartments into one on the fourth floor of the smaller building . Sadly, he died from lung cancer

The view of Parliament from the condo’s Sussex Drive-facing terrace.

Siegel Entertainment A replica of the famous Vuˇcedol Dove, a symbol of fertility, which dates back to between 2800 and 2500 BC. For All Occassions Ottawa/Montreal/Toronto Musicians, Magicians, Photographers in 2005 before he could live in his lovely pied-à-terre . His two children originally www.siegelentertainment.com decided to sell the condo and put it on the Contact: Lois Siegel market for more than $1 million . When it (613) 830-2509 didn’t sell, they decided to rent it, first to the Ottawa Senators’ Alexei Kovalev and his family and most recently, to the Croa- tian government . “I love it here,” says Ms Grubisic . “When I get up, I can go out for coffee and shopping .” When he talks about renting his residence, the ambassador smiles . After all, The Lyon Street Celtic Band he says, his Chapel Street embassy is located in one of the most beautiful heritage Jack Surch (mandolin) buildings in Sandy Hill, acquired with Lois Siegel (bodhran) funds raised by the Croatian community Steve McCarthy (fiddle) in Canada . Marie Déziel (accordion) The condo’s charming courtyard is Dan Perkins (guitar) dominated by Dancing Bear, a large 1999 sculpture by Paula Salia, an Inuit artist

diplomat and international canada 81 DELIGHTS|residences

from Baffin Island . But their condo also has a truly commanding view of the sights that every tourist in town flocks to see . Once you have entered the condo from a bright and colourful foyer where Croa- tian artists such as contemporary artist Zdenka Schonwald and naif painter Ivan Lackovic are well represented, you immediately enter the main reception room . There, three large windows face Sussex Drive . The expanse of glass shows off the spectacular sight of the U .S . Embassy, Major’s Hill Park, Parliament Hill and the Parliamentary Library . The ambassadorial couple has furnished the room simply with bright oriental carpets and two white sofas . A massive fireplace and bookshelves crammed with the volumes the ambassador brought from home give the room its warm character . The former chemical engineer, who was asked to join the foreign service in 1991 after Croatia achieved independence, has your style, your personality, our expertise. served in Brussels and Dublin and has been in Ottawa three years . A 100-year-old gramophone is a delightful souvenir from COMMITTED TO QUALITY his Irish posting . INSPIRED BY DESIGN 1134 Bank street (near sunnyside) 613.730.9090 The south-facing walls of the living www.elitedraperies.ca room and dining room are beautiful examples of the building’s original stone, putting the condo in its historical context . And history is never far away . Off the living room is a large, private patio with an unobstructed view of the heart of Can- ada’s capital . Not all their guests get to see the view, however . When more than 40 guests are expected, the couple entertain at their large embassy . Dinner parties with traditional Croa- tian food are catered by Anna Bota, who owned the New Dubrovnik restaurant for the past 30 years . She closed its doors at the end of July . For the ambassador and his wife, a typical menu might include pumpkin bisque, risotto, perhaps beef, and maybe palachinka, a Croatian form of crêpes Suzette often served with nuts and chocolate . The ambassador will ply his guests with tasty Croatian chocolates, wine and champagne, both well-known treats of which he is justly proud . His country’s Bajadera chocolates are famous, featuring a delectable concoction of hazelnut nougat filling sandwiched between two layers of dark chocolate . Meanwhile, Croatia’s Plavac Mali red wine is poured liberally and generously . So let’s all raise a glass and say Zivili, which means: “to life .”

Margo Roston is Diplomat’s culture editor .

82 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC National days|DELIGHTS

Celebration time A listing of the national and independence days marked by countries

October

1 China National Day

1 Cyprus Independence Day

1 Nigeria National Day

1 Palau Independence Day

1 Tuvalu National Day

2 Guinea National Day

3 Germany Day of German Unity

3 Korea, Republic National Foundation Day

4 Lesotho National Day

9 Uganda Independence Day

10 Fiji National Day

12 Spain National Day

12 Equatorial Guinea National Day Commemoration of the 1956 Revolution and Day of 23 Hungary Proclamation of the Republic of Hungary 24 Zambia Independence Day

26 Austria National Day

27 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Independence Day

27 Turkmenistan Independence Day

28 Czech Republic Proclamation of Czech States

29 Turkey Proclamation of the Republic

November

1 Algeria National Day

1 Antigua and Barbuda Independence Day

3 Dominica Independence Day

3 Micronesia Independence Day

3 Panama Independence Day

9 Cambodia National Day

11 Angola Independence Day

18 Latvia Independence Day

18 Oman National Day

19 Monaco National Day

22 Lebanon Independence Day

25 Bosnia and Herzegovina National Day

25 Suriname Independence Day

28 Albania National Day

28 Timor-Leste Independence Day

28 Mauritania Independence Day

30 Barbados Independence Day

December

1 Central African Republic Proclamation of the Republic

1 Romania National Day

2 Laos National Day

2 United Arab Emirates National Day

5 Thailand National Day

6 Finland Independence Day

11 Burkina Faso National Day

12 Kenya Independence Day

16 Bahrain Independence Day

16 Kazakhstan Independence Day

16 Qatar Independence Day

23 Japan National Day

diplomat and international canada 83 dignitaries|NEW ARRIVALS

New arrivals

Calsey Willmore Johnson Gita Kalmet High Commissioner for the Bahamas Ambassador of Estonia

Dr . Johnson was a ca- Ms . Kalmet studied reer broadcaster for drama at the Tallinn three decades and was State Conservatoire general manager of the and then spent the Broadcasting Corpora- first five years of tion of the Bahamas her career as an (BCB) — the country’s actress . In 1993, she national broadcasting attended the Esto- system — for 14 years . He served a five- nian School of Diplomacy and began her year term as executive chairman of the foreign service career that same year, as a board of the BCB . desk officer in the political department . He also served as a senator in the Ba- Her first posting was to France in hamas parliament for two years (2002 to 1999 after which she returned to Tallinn 2004) and, after his career in broadcasting, as a desk officer for NATO . In 2003, she he became vice-president of marketing became director of the EU current affairs and sales with British Fidelity Insurance division and three years later, she was ap- and was a member of the CL Financial pointed ambassador to the Netherlands, Group . where she spent five years . In 2011, she Dr . Johnson’s posting in Canada repre- became director-general of the public di- sents a return for him as he studied jour- plomacy department and was appointed nalism at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute to Canada two years later . (now Ryerson University) from 1967 to Ms . Kalmet speaks Estonian, English, 1972 . French and Russian . She is married to He is married to Dulcena Johnson and theatre director Madis Kalmet . They have has one daughter . two sons .

Niels Boel Abrahamsen Hau Do Suan Ambassador of Denmark Ambassador of Myanmar

Mr . Abrahamsen Mr . Suan joined the joined the foreign min- foreign ministry in istry in 1993, after 1979 and served in the completing a master’s political department degree in economics at for two years before the University of Co- being seconded to the penhagen and work- ministry of education ing at the ministry of as an assistant to the finance for two years . deputy minister . By 1995, he was first secretary in Aus- Between 1983 and 1999, he had various tria and returned three years later to head jobs, including as deputy assistant director the foreign ministry’s EU department . In of the legal division, third secretary to the 2001, he was minister-counsellor at the mission at the UN and later in Geneva, embassy in Washington and a year later, head of the international organization di- he became deputy head of the finance de- vision, second secretary and deputy head- partment at the foreign ministry . of-mission in Canberra . In 2006, he was made head of security In 2003, he was posted as minister- and three years later, ambassador for counsellor to the embassy in China and security, services and digitalization at the then became consul general at the Kun- ministry . In 2012, he became ambassador ming mission in China . In 2009, he was to Afghanistan for a year before being deputy director-general of the political posted to Canada . division before being sent to Canada . Mr . Abrahamsen is married to Karen Mr . Suan is married to Nwe Nwe Aye Eva Lind Abrahamsen and they have two and they have two children . sons .

84 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC NEW ARRIVALS|dignitaries

Finland Tok Won Lee Sweden Matthew Richard A. Cornelis Johannes Kole Jaakko Tuomas Counsellor Bengt Alexandersson, Lawson Jurvelin Defence attaché First secretary Ambassador of the Netherlands Assistant military, naval Lesotho and air attaché Jacob Malefetsane Switzerland United States of Nhlapo Alexandra Elena America c .J . Kole joined the France First secretary Baumann Russel John Brown foreign ministry in Stephane Emmanuel First secretary and Minister-counsellor Schorderet Libya deputy head of mission 1984 . Between 1985 Counsellor Mohamed Abdulnaser Ryan Kirby Griffin and 1995, he held post- Minister Thailand Assistant attaché Bruno Andre Jacques J. Aidsada Sundaramani ings at the embassy in Toussaint Wesam Nassar First secretary Edwin Richard Nolan Warsaw, in the Third secretary Attaché Jr. Queen’s cabinet and at Turkey Minister-counsellor Germany Malaysia Serkan Sevim the foreign ministry's Jorn Rosenberg Deddy Faisal Bin Defence, military, naval Joshua Grant Pressley headquarters in The Hague . Minister-counsellor Ahmad Salleh, and air attaché Second secretary First secretary In 1995, he became deputy-director of Markus Harald Sam Sinan Ustunbas Richard Milton Sanders the protocol department and then a project Attaché Rosfan Bin Ramlee Attaché Deputy head of Third secretary mission leader in the foreign ministry’s human re- India United Kingdom sources department . After that, he became Rajesh Agarwal Mexico Anthony Julian Coulter Jeffrey Erling a policy officer and spokesman at the EU First secretary Rodrigo Alcocer Urueta Zimmerman Third secretary Attaché embassy in Brussels, after which he re- India turned to headquarters to become director Tsewang Namgyal Raul Lopez Mercado Deputy High Minister of the communications branch . Commissioner In 2006, he was posted to Paris as Mongolia Indonesia Munkh-Ulzii Tserendorj Sam Garcia deputy-head-of-mission and then became Ellyta Rakhmaningrum First secretary ambassador to Iran in 2010, completing Attaché Freelance Photographer the posting just before coming to Ottawa . Nepal Ireland Dilip Kumar Paudel 20 years experience working with Mr . Kole is married to Saskia Jordans Elizabeth Anne Keogh Counsellor the Diplomatic Corps and has a master’s of law from Groningen Second secretary University . New Zealand Diplomatic functions Israel Elizabeth Katherine H. Presidential visits Moshe Elimelech Halliday Second secretary Deputy high Ministerial visits Non-heads of mission commissioner Corporate events Eitan Weiss Cultural events First secretary Romania Afghanistan Wanrong Huang Private parties Adrian Ligor Laila Ayan Third secretary Social events First secretary Japan Minister-counsellor Masashi Hattori Jun Jiang First secretary Russia Mohd Dawood Attaché Qayomi Sergey Petrov Osamu Iwasa Attaché Counsellor and chargé Quanyuan Lu, Counsellor d’affaires Second secretary Alexey Ulanov Masuya Nishikuramori First secretary Australia Croatia Second secretary Jamie Ross Ferdinand Ljubica Beric Evgeny Zhuganov Attaché First secretary Keishi Suzuki Attaché Counsellor Katherine Jeffrey Egypt Saudi Arabia First secretary Ahmed Mamdouh Ryo Tokunaga Zaid Mukhlid Z. Madian Elbuckley Third secretary Alharbi, Belarus Second secretary Timofei Demin Counsellor Junko Wada Second secretary Ezzelden Hassan Aly Third secretary Mohammed Quayid M. Mabrouk Almutairi China Attaché (613) 733-8761 Yingchun Hong Korea, Republic Attaché Counsellor Jang Min Choi Defence Attaché [email protected]

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diplomat and international canada 85 IntroducIng a private high school desIgned to meet the specIfIc needs of the dIplomatIc communIty of ottawa.

Located in the vibrant heart of Westboro

viLLage, bLyth academy ottaWa gives grade 9-12

chiLdren of the dipLomatic community fLexibLe

term start times and a supportive intimate

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Students and their teachers sit together around tables, sharing ideas and learning from each other and together. At Blyth Academy there are no rows of desks, and, consequently, no back rows.

Engage with your community during your posting; engage with Blyth Academy Ottawa.

School tours, interviews and information sessions are available this Fall. Visit www.blythacademy.ca/ottawa for more information.

352 Danforth Ave Ottawa, ON, K2A 0E2 86 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC 613-627-7356 envoy’s album|DELIGHTS

6. 1.

3. 1. Belgian Ambassador Bruno van der Pluijm hosted a reception at his residence to mark the country's National Day. From left, Denis Robert, Canada’s ambassador to Belgium, Mr. van der Pluijm and his wife, Hildegarde van de Voorde. 2. The Arab ambassadors of Ottawa held a gala and award ceremony at the Canadian Museum of History, to honour the excellence of Canadians of Arab descent. Mezzo- soprano Julie Nesrallah, who performed at the event, was one of the award recipients. (Photo: M. Belmellat) 3. The heads of mission of CARICOM hosted a reception on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of their organization’s establishment. Here Haitian Ambassador Frantz Liautaud, right, greets Benin Ambassador Honoré-Théodore Ahimakin. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 4. Cameroon High Commissioner Solomon Azoh-Mbi Anu’a-Gheyle, centre, and his wife, Mercy, hosted a national day reception at the Château Laurier. They’re shown greeting Swedish Ambassador Teppo Tauriainen. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 5. The African diplomatic corps hosted Africa Day 2013 at the Palais des congrès in Gatineau. Rwandan Ambassador Edda Mukabagwiza greets Kenneth David Kaunda, first president of Zambia. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 6. Argentine chargé d’affaires José Ureta hosted a national day reception at the Château Lau- rier. He’s shown with Angolan Ambassador Agostinho Tavares da Silva Neto. (Photo: Sam Garcia)

diplomat and international canada 87 DELIGHTS|envoy’s album

6. 1.

3. 1. French Ambassador Philippe Zeller and his wife Odile, hosted a dinner at their residence to celebrate the launch of the book Sainte-Cyrille-de-Perpétue, which was written by the six women pictured here. From left: Florence Saint-Léger Liautaud (Haiti), Marianne Feaver (Canada), Ms. Zeller, Hélène Carrier, Madeleine Brinkmann (EU) and Federica Lehner (Switzerland). (Photo: Sam Garcia) 2. Otto’s BMW held a family day event for diplomats at the Canadian Museum of History. From left, James Robertson, Deputy British High Commissioner Corin Robertson, their children, Zoe and Alex and Jason Gullo Mullins, a dancer from the Cherokee Nation and cultural ambassador for the Ottawa-based NGO Aboriginal Experiences. (Photo: Marc Bridgen) 3. Norwegian Ambassador Mona Elisabeth Brother and her husband Asmund Baklien hosted a national day reception at their residence. (Photo: Ulle Baum) 4. Italian Ambassador Gian Cornado paid a courtesy call to Ottawa Mayor Jim Watson. 5. Greek Parliament speaker Evangelos Meimarakis spoke at a reception held in his honour. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 6. Tooms Hendrik Ilves, president of Estonia, visited Ottawa in the spring. He’s shown entering the centre block with MP Peter Van Loan, who hosted a reception in his honour. (Photo: Ulle Baum)

88 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC envoy’s album|DELIGHTS

1. 2.

5. 1. Former EU Ambassador Matthias Brinkmann, centre, and the Canada-Europe Parliamentary Asso- ciation co-hosted a reception to celebrate Europe. From left, Colombian Ambassador Nicolas Lloreda Ricaurte and Spanish Ambassador Carlos Gomez-Mugica Sanz. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 2. Netherlands Ambassador Wim Geerts joined the band at a reception he hosted on Queen’s Day at Ottawa City Hall. It also served as his farewell reception. (Photo: Ulle Baum) 3. To mark the 222nd anniversary of the adoption of the constitution, Ambassador Zenon Kosiniak-Kamysk, left, and his wife, Katarzyna, hosted a reception at the Château Laurier. The ambassador is shown with former top soldier Walter Natynczyk. (Photo: Polish embassy) 4. To mark the independence day of Paraguay, Ambassador Man- uel Schaerer Kanonnikoff, left, hosted a reception. He’s shown with Percy Abols, director of A.G.R.I. Inc. (Photo: Frank Scheme) 5. Portuguese Ambassador Jose Fernando Moreira da Cunha hosted a reception at his residence to mark Portugal’s National Day. He’s shown greeting Mali Ambassador Ami Diallo Traore. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 6. Deputy Mayor Steve Desroches and Indian High Commissioner Nirmal Verma watch as Jagdeep Perhar, president of the India Canada Association, raised India’s flag at Ottawa City Hall to mark the 66th anniversary of India’s Independence.

diplomat and international canada 89 DELIGHTS|envoy’s album

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Spacious suites in the heart of Ottawa! Condominium-sized suites that provide you with plenty of room to stretch out and relax. Each suite includes a fully equipped kitchen, ensuite laundry and your choice of one or two bedrooms.

• Excellent location, steps from great 3. shopping, fine dining, entertainment • Easy access to embassies, government 1. The opening gala of the weekend to honour Korean War veterans took place at the Canadian offices and the business district War Museum. From left, Brigitte D’Auzac de Lamartinie of Historica Canada; Alex Herd, researcher • Complimentary WiFi throughout hotel for Historica Canada; James Witham, director-general of the war museum; Lee Yang, Korean Ambas- • Free local calls • Free daily newspaper sador Cho Hee-yong; Choi Wan-Geun, of the Patriots and Veterans Affairs for Korea; Young-Hae Lee, • Indoor pool, 24-hr fitness facility president of the Canada Korea Society; Doug Finney, president-elect of the National Korean Veterans Association (KVA); former Veterans Affairs minister Steven Blaney; Senator Yonah Martin; Senator Extended Stay Rates Available Joseph Day; Korean military attaché Col. Soo-Wan Lee; former Canadian trade commissioner Robert C. Lee; Col. David Clark of the U.S. Department of Defense; MP Chungsen Leung and the piper for the evening. (Photo: Sam Garcia) 2. Azerbaijani consul Goshgar A. Zeynalov, right, attended the opening of the Edward Burtynsky show at the Canadian Museum of Nature. He’s shown with the artist, centre, and Museum CEO Meg Beckel. (Photo: Martin Lipman) 3. Ken Taylor, Canada’s former ambas- 130 Besserer Street, Ottawa sador to Iran, spoke at a Carleton University alumni association lunch. From left, retired Canadian 1-800-267-1989 • 613-232-2000 diplomats Chris Westdal, Craig MacDonald, Rick Kohler, Ken Taylor, Malcolm McKechnie, Lawrence www.les-suites.com Lederman. (Photo: Mike Pinder)

90 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC AFGHANISTAN AUSTRIA BENIN BURUNDI c ts His Ex . Barna Karimi His Ex . Arno Riedel His Ex . Honoré Ahimakin Mrs . Else Nizigama Ntamagiro Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Embassy of the Republic of Austria Embassy of the Republic of Benin Chargé d'Affaires Afghanistan 445 Wilbrod Street 58 Glebe Avenue Embassy of the Republic of Burundi 240 Argyle Street Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M7 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2C3 340 Albert Street, Suite 1301 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1B9 TEL 789-1444 FAX 789-3431 TEL 233-4429 FAX 233-8952 Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7Y6 TEL 563-4223 FAX 563-4962 ottawa-ob@bmeia .gv .at ambaben@benin .ca TEL 789-0414 FAX 789-9537 contact@afghanemb-canada .net info@ambabucanada com. www .afghanemb-canada .net AZERBAIJAN BOLIVIA www .ambabucanada .com

His Ex . Farid Shafiyev His Ex . Edgar Torrez Mosqueira con ta ALBANIA Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan Embassy of the Republic of Bolivia CAMEROON Her Ex . Elida Petoshati 275 Slater Street, Suite 1203 130 Albert Street, Suite 416 His Ex . Solomon Azoh-Mbi Anu’a- Embassy of the Republic of Albania Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Gheyle 130 Albert Street, Suite 302 TEL 288-0497 FAX 230-8089 TEL 236-5730 FAX 236-8237 High Commission for the Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 azerbaijan@azembassy .ca bolivianembassy@bellnet .ca of Cameroon TEL 236-4114 FAX 236-0804 www .azembassy .ca www .emboliviacanada .com 170 Clemow Avenue embassy .ottawa@mfa .gov .al Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2B4 BAHAMAS BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA TEL 236-1522 FAX 236-3885 ALGERIA His Ex . Calsey Johnson Her Ex . Biljana Gutic-Bjelica cameroon@rogers .com His Ex . Smail Benamara Bahamas High Commission Embassy of Bosnia and Herzegovina www .hc-cameroon-ottawa .org Embassy of the People’s Democratic 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1313 17 Blackburn Avenue, Republic of Algeria Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 8A2 CHILE 500 Wilbrod Street TEl . 232-1724 FAX 232-0097 TEL 236-0028 FAX 236-1139 His Ex . Roberto Ibarra García Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N2 ottawa-mission@bahighco com. embassyofbih@bellnet ca. Embassy of the Republic of Chile TEL 789-8505 FAX 789-1406 http://bahamas .com www .bhembassy .ca 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1413 www .embassyalgeria .ca/eng htm. Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 info@embassyalgeria .ca BANGLADESH BRAZIL TEL 235-9940 FAX 235-1176 i c dip l om at His Ex . Kamrul Ahsan His Ex . Piragibe dos Santos Tarrago www .chile .ca ANGOLA High Commission for the People’s Embassy of the Federative Republic His Ex . Agostinho Tavares da Silva Republic of Bangladesh of Brazil CHINA Neto 340 Albert St ., Suite 1250 450 Wilbrod Street His Ex . Junsai Zhang Embassy of the Republic of Angola Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 7Y6 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6M8 Embassy of the People’s Republic 189 Laurier Avenue East TEL 236-0138 FAX 567-3213 TEL 237-1090 FAX 237-6144 of China Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6P1 bangla@rogers .com mailbox@brasembottawa .org 515 St . Patrick Street TEL 234-1152 FAX 234-1179 www .bdhc .org Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5H3 info@embangola-can .org BRUNEI DARUSSALAM TEl . 789-3434 FAX 789-1911 www .embangola-can .org BARBADOS Ms Nadiah Ahmad Rafie chinaemb_ca@mfa .gov .cn His Ex . Edward Evelyn Greaves Acting High Commissioner http://ca .china-embassy .org ARGENTINA High Commission for Barbados High Commission for Brunei His Ex . Jose N . Ureta 55 Metcalfe St ., Suite 470 Darussalam COLOMBIA Charge’ D’Affaires a .i . Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6L5 395 Laurier Avenue East His Ex . Nicolas Lloreda-Ricaurte Embassy of the Argentine Republic TEL 236-9517 FAX 230-4362 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R4 Embassy of the Republic of Colombia 81 Metcalfe Street 7th Floor ottawa@foreign .gov .bb TEL 234-5656 FAX 234-4397 360 Albert Street, Suite 1002 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6K7 bhco@bellnet ca. Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 TEL 236-2351 FAX 235-2659 BELARUS TEL 230-3760 FAX 230-4416 ecana@mrecic .gov .ar Embassy of the Republic of Belarus BULGARIA embajada@embajadacolombia .ca www .ecana .mrecic .gob .ar 130 Albert Street, Suite 600 His Ex . Evgueni Stoytchev www .embajadacolombia ca. Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria ARMENIA TEL 233-9994 FAX 233-8500 325 Stewart Street CONGO (ZAIRE) His Ex . Armen Yeganian belamb@igs .net Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6K5 His Ex . Dominique Kilufya Kamfwa Embassy of the Republic of Armenia TEL 789-3215 FAX 789-3524 Embassy of the Democratic Republic 7 Delaware Avenue BELGIUM embgottawa@hotmail com. of the Congo Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0Z2 His Ex . Bruno van der Pluijm 18 Range Road TEL 234-3710 FAX 234-3444 Embassy of Belgium BURKINA FASO Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 armcanadaembassy@mfa .am 360 Albert Street, Suite 820 His Ex . Amadou Adrien Koné TEL 230-6391 FAX 230-1945 www .armembassycanada .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 Embassy of Burkina Faso info@ambassadesrdcongo .org TEL 236-7267 FAX 236-7882 48 Range Road AUSTRALIA ottawa@diplobel .fed .be Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 COSTA RICA Her Ex . Louise Hand www .diplomatie .be/ottawa TEL 238-4796 FAX 238-3812 His Ex . Luis Carlos Delgado Murillo Australian High Commission burkina .faso@sympatico .ca Embassy of the Republic of Costa Rica 50 O’Connor, Suite 710 www .ambaburkina-canada .org 350 Sparks Street, Suite 701 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 7S8 TEL 236-0841 FAX 216-1321 TEl . 562-2855 FAX 562-2582 www .canada .embassy .gov .au embcr@costaricaembassy .com www .costaricaembassy .com

diplomat and international canada | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS ‑ | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES 91 91 c ts CÔTE D’IVOIRE ESTONIA GUATEMALA IRAN His Ex . N'Goran Kouame Her Ex . Gita Kalmet His Ex . Georges de La Roche Embassy of the Islamic Embassy of the Republic of Embassy of the Republic of Estonia Embassy of the Republic of Republic of Iran Côte d’Ivoire 260 Dalhousie Street, Suite 210 Guatemala 245 Metcalfe Street 9 Marlborough Avenue Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7E4 130 Albert Street, Suite 1010 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 2K2 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 TEl . 789-4222 FAX 789-9555 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 TEl . 235-4726 FAX 232-5712 TEl . 236-9919 FAX 563-8287 embassy .ottawa@mfa ee. TEl . 233-7237 FAX 233-0135 executive@iranembassy .ca acica@ambaci-ottawa .org www .estemb .ca embassy1@embaguate-canada .com www .salamiran .org www .ambaci-ottawa .org www .embaguate-canada .com

con ta European Union IRAQ CROATIA His Ex . Matthias Brinkmann GUINEA His Ex . Abdulrahman Hamid His Ex. Veselko Grubišić Delegation of the European Union Embassy of the Republic of Guinea Al-Hussaini Embassy of the Republic of Croatia to Canada 483 Wilbrod Street Embassy of the Republic of Iraq 229 Chapel Street 150 Metcalfe St . Suite 1900 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N1 215 McLeod Street Ottawa, Ontario K1N 7Y6 Ottawa, ON K2P1P1 TEl . 789-8444 FAX 789-7560 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0Z8 TEl . 562-7820 FAX 562-7821 TEl . 238-6464 FAX 238-5191 ambassadedeguinee@bellnet .ca TEl . 236-9177 FAX 236-9641 croemb .ottawa@mvep .hr Delegation-Canada@eeas .europa .eu www .iqemb ca. www .croatiaemb .net www .eeas .europa eu/delegations/. GUYANA media@iqemb ca. canada His Ex . Harry Narine Nawbatt CUBA High Commission for the Republic IRELAND Julio Antonio Garmendía FINLAND of Guyana His Ex . John Raymond Bassett Embassy of the Republic of Cuba His Ex . Kaarlo (Charles) Murto 151 Slater Street, Suite 800 Embassy of Ireland 388 Main Street Embassy of the Republic of Finland Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 130 Albert Street, Suite 1105 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1E3 55 Metcalfe Street, Suite 850 TEl . 235-7249 FAX 235-1447 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 TEl . 563-0141 FAX 563-0068 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L5 guyanahcott@rogers com. TEl . 233-6281 FAX 233-5835 embacuba@embacubacanada .net TEl . 288-2233 FAX 288-2244 Ottawaembassy@dfa .ie i c dip l om at www .cubadiplomatica .cu/canada embassy@finland ca. HAITI www .embassyofireland .ca His Ex . Frantz Liautaud CZECH REPUBLIC FRANCE Embassy of the Republic of Haiti ISRAEL His Ex. Karel Žebrakovský His Ex . Philippe Zeller 85 Albert Street, Suite 1110, Her Ex . Miriam Ziv Embassy of the Czech Republic Embassy of France Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5G4 Embassy of Israel 251 Cooper Street 42 Sussex Drive TEl . 238-1628 FAX 238-2986 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 1005 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0G2 Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2C9 bohio@sympatico .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6L2 TEl . 562-3875 FAX 562-3878 TEl . 789-1795 FAX 562-3735 TEl . 567-6450 FAX 567-9878 ottawa@embassy .mzv .cz www .ambafrance-ca .org HOLY SEE info@ottawa .mfa .gov .il His Ex . Pedro Lopez Quintana www .embassyofIsreal .ca DENMARK GABON Apostolic Nunciature His Ex . Niels Boel Abrahamsen Embassy of the Gabonese Republic 724 Manor Avenue ITALY Royal Danish Embassy 4 Range Road, P .O . Box 368 Ottawa, Ontario K1M 0E3 His Ex . Gian Lorenzo Cornado 47 Clarence Street, Suite 450 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J5 TEl . 746-4914 FAX 746-4786 Embassy of the Italian Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9K1 TEl . 232-5301 FAX 232-6916 275 Slater Street, 21st Floor TEl . 562-1811 FAX 562-1812 ambgabon2000@yahoo fr. HONDURAS Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H9 ottamb@um .dk Her Ex . Sofia Lastenia Cerrato TEl . 232-2401 FAX 233-1484 canada .um .dk GEORGIA Rodriguez ambasciata ottawa@esteri. .it His Ex . Alexander Latsabidze Embassy of the Republic of www .ambottawa .esteri .it DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Embassy of Georgia Honduras His Ex . Jose Del Carmen Urena 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2101 151 Slater Street, Suite 805 JAMAICA Embassy of the Dominican Republic Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 Her Ex . Sheila Ivoline Sealy- 130 Albert Street, Suite 418 Tel . 421-0460 Fax 680-0394 TEl . 233-8900 FAX 232-0193 Monteith Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 ottawa .emb@mfa .gov .ge Jamaican High Commission TEl . 569-9893 FAX 569-8673 HUNGARY 151 Slater Street, Suite 1000 www .drembassy .org GERMANY His Ex . László Pordány Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5H3 His Ex . Werner Wnendt Embassy of the Republic of Hungary TEl . 233-9311 FAX 233-0611 ECUADOR Embassy of the Federal Republic of 299 Waverley Street hc@jhcottawa .ca His Ex . Andrés Teran Parral Germany Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0V9 Embassy of the Republic of Ecuador 1 Waverley Street TEl . 230-2717 FAX 230-7560 JAPAN 99 Bank Street, Suite 230 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0T8 www .mfa gov. .hu/emb/ottawa His Ex . Norihiro Okuda Ottawa, ON K1P 6B9 TEl . 232-1101 FAX 594-9330 mission ott@kum. hu. Embassy of Japan TEl . 563-8206 FAX 235-5776 info@otta .diplo .de 255 Sussex Drive www .embassyecuador .ca http:/www .ottawa .diplo de. ICELAND Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9E6 His Ex . Thordur Aegir Oskarsson TEl . 241-8541 FAX 241-2232 EGYPT GHANA Embassy of Iceland infocul@ot .mofa .go .jp His Ex . Wael Ahmed Kamal Aboul His Ex . Samuel Valis-Akyianu 360 Albert Street, Suite 710 www .ca emb-japan. .go .jp Magd High Commission for the Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7X7 Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt of Ghana TEl . 482-1944 FAX 482-1945 JORDAN 454 Laurier Avenue East 1 Clemow Ave . icemb ottawa@utn. .stjr .is His Ex . Basheer Fawwaz Zoubi Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R3 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2A9 www .iceland .org .ca Embassy of the Hashemite Kingdom TEl . 234-4931 FAX 234-4398 TEl . 236-0871 FAX 236-0874 of Jordan egyptemb@sympatico .ca ghanacom@ghc-ca .com INDIA 100 Bronson Avenue, Suite 701 www .mfa .gov .eg www .ghc-ca .com His Ex . Nirmal Verma Ottawa, Ontario K1R 6G8 High Commission for the Republic TEl . 238-8090 FAX 232-3341 EL SALVADOR GREECE of India www .embassyofjordan .ca His Ex . Oscar Mauricio Duarte His Ex . Eleftherios Anghelopoulos 10 Springfield Road ottawa@fm .gov .jo (embassy) Granados Embassy of the Hellenic Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1C9 ottawa-consular@fm .gov .jo (consular) Embassy of the Republic of El Salvador 80 MacLaren Street TEl . 744-3751 FAX 744-0913 209 Kent Street Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0K6 hicomind@hciottawa .ca KAZAKHSTAN Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1Z8 TEl . 238-6271 FAX 238-5676 www .hciottawa .ca His Ex . Konstantin Zhigalov TEl . 238-2939 FAX 238-6940 gremb .otv@mfa .gr Embassy of the Republic of embajada@elsalvador-ca .org www .mfa .gr/canada INDONESIA Kazakhstan Her Ex . Dienne H . Moehario 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1603-1604 Embassy of the Republic of Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 1P1 Indonesia Tel . 695-8055 Fax 695-8755 55 Parkdale Avenue Email: kazakhembassy@gmail .com Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 1E5 www .kazembassy .ca TEl . 724-1100 FAX 724-1105 info@indonesia-ottawa .org www .indonesia-ottawa .org

92 | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS ‑ | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES WINTER 2013 | JAN-FEB-MAR KENYA MADAGASCAR NEW ZEALAND PERU c ts His Ex . Simon Wanyonyi Nabukwesi His . Ex . Simon Constant Horace His Ex . Simon Tucker His Ex . José Antonio Bellina High Commission for the Republic Embassy of the Republic of New Zealand High Commission Embassy of the Republic of Peru of Kenya Madagascar 99 Bank Street, Suite 727 130 Albert Street, Suite 1901 415 Laurier Avenue East 3 Raymond Street Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6G3 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6R4 Ottawa, Ontario K1R 1A3 TEl . 238-5991 FAX 238-5707 TEl . 238-1777 FAX 232-3062 TEl . 563-1773 FAX 233-6599 TEL: 567-0505 FAX 567-2882 info@nzhcottawa org. emperuca@bellnet ca. kenyahighcommission@rogers .com ambamadcanada@bellnet .ca www .nzembassy .com/canada www .kenyahighcommission .ca www .madagascar-embassy .ca PHILIPPINES

NIGER His Ex . Leslie B . Gatan con ta KOREA, REPUBLIC MALAYSIA Her Ex . Fadjimata Maman Sidibe Embassy of the Republic of the His Ex . Cho Hee-yong Her Ex . Dato’ Hayati Ismail Embassy of the Republic of the Niger Philippines Embassy of the Republic of Korea High Commission for Malaysia 38 Blackburn Avenue 130 Albert Street, Suite 900 150 Boteler Street 60 Boteler Street Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8A3 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 5A6 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8Y7 TEl . 232-4291 FAX 230-9808 TEl . 233-1121 FAX 233-4165 TEl . 244-5010 FAX 244-5034 TEl . 241-5182 FAX 241-5214 ambanigeracanada@rogers com. embassyofphilippines@rogers com. canada@mofat .go .kr malottawa@kln .gov .my www .ambanigeracanada .ca www .emb-korea .ottawa .on .ca POLAND MALI NIGERIA His Ex . Zenon Kosiniak-Kamysz KUWAIT Her Ex . Traoré Ami Diallo His Ex . Ojo Uma Maduekwe Embassy of the Republic of Poland His Ex . Ali Al-Sammak Embassy of the Republic of Mali High Commission for the Federal 443 Daly Avenue Embassy of the State of Kuwait 50 Goulburn Avenue Republic of Nigeria Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6H3 333 Sussex Drive Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8C8 295 Metcalfe Street TEl . 789-0468 FAX 789-1218 Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 1J9 TEl . 232-1501 FAX 232-7429 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1R9 ottawa .info@msz gov. .pl TEl . 780-9999 FAX 780-9905 ambassadedumali@rogers .com Tel . 236-0521 Fax 236-0529 www .polishembassy .ca www .embassyofkuwait .ca www .ambamalicanada .org www .nigeriahcottawa .ca

PORTUGAL i c dip l om at LATVIA MEXICO NORWAY His Ex . José Fernando Moreira da His Ex . Juris Audarins His Ex . Francisco Suárez Her Ex . Mona Elisabeth Brøther Cunha Embassy of the Republic of Latvia Embassy of the United Mexican Royal Norwegian Embassy Embassy of Portugal 350 Sparks Street, Suite 1200 States 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1300 645 Island Park Drive Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 7S8 45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1000 Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1 Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 0B8 TEl . 238-6014 FAX 238-7044 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4 TEl . 238-6571 FAX 238-2765 TEl . 729-0883 FAX 729-4236 embassy .canada@mfa .gov .lv TEl . 233-8988 FAX 235-9123 emb ottawa@mfa. .no embportugal@embportugal/ottawa .org www .ottawa .mfa .gov .lv info@embamexcan .com www .emb-norway .ca www .embamexcan .com QATAR LEBANON O/OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN His Ex . Salem Moubarak Al-Shafi Her Ex . Micheline Abi-Samra MONGOLIA STATES Embassy of the State of Qatar Embassy of Lebanon His Ex . Zalaa Uul Tundevdorj His Ex . Brendon Browne 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 800 640 Lyon Street Embassy of Mongolia High Commission for the Countries Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1P1 Ottawa, Ontario K1S 3Z5 151 Slater Street, Suite 503 of the Organization of Eastern TEL: 241-4917 FAX: 241-3304 TEl . 236-5825 FAX 232-1609 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 Caribbean States amb office@qatarembassy. .ca info@lebanonembassy .ca TEl . 569-3830 FAX 569-3916 130 Albert Street, Suite 700 www .lebanonembassy .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 ROMANIA MOROCCO TEl . 236-8952 FAX 236-3042 Her Ex . Maria Ligor LESOTHO Her Ex . Nouzha Chekrouni echcc@oecs org. Embassy of Romania Her Ex . Mathabo Theresia Tsepa Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco 655 Rideau Street High Commission for the Kingdom 38 Range Road PAKISTAN Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6A3 of Lesotho Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 His Ex . Akbar Zeb TEl . 789-3709 FAX 789-4365 130 Albert Street, Suite 1820 TEl . 236-7391 FAX 236-6164 High Commission for the Islamic Romania@romanian-embassy .com Ottawa, ON K1P 5G4 www .ambamaroc .ca/Nouveau/ Republic of Pakistan http://ottawa .mae ro. Tel: 234-0770 Fax: 234-5665 siteAmba .html 10 Range Road lesotho .ottawa@bellnet .ca Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 RUSSIA MYANMAR TEl . 238-7881 FAX 238-7296 His Ex . Georgiy Mamedov LIBYA His Ex . Hau Do Suan parepottawa@rogers .com Embassy of the Russian Federation Mr . Sulaiman Amer Mohamed Embassy of the Republic of the 285 Charlotte Street Charge’ d’Affaires Union of Myanmar PALESTINE Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8L5 Suite 1000, 81 Metcalfe Street 336 Island Park Drive His Ex . Said M . Hamad TEl . 235-4341 FAX 236-6342 Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6K7 Ottawa, Ontario, K1Y OA7 Head of the General Delegation info@rusembassy .ca TEl . 842-7519 FAX: 842-8627 TEl . 232-9990 18 The Driveway www .rusembassy .ca info@libyanembassy .ca FAX . 232-6999 Ottawa, Ontario K2P 9C6 http://www .libyanembassy .ca meottawa@rogers .com TEL: 736-0053 RWANDA FAX: 736-0535 Her Ex . Edda Mukabagwiza LITHUANIA nepal palestinegd@gmail .com High Commission for the Republic His Ex . Vytautus Zalys His Ex . Bhoj Raj Ghimire of Rwanda Embassy of the Republic of Chargé d'Affaires PANAMA 294 Albert Street, Suite 404 Lithuania Embassy of Nepal His Ex . Jorge Hernan Miranda Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6E6 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 1600 408 Queen Street Corona Phone: 569-5420/22/24 Ottawa, ON K2P 1P1 Ottawa, ON K1R 5A7 Embassy of the Republic of Panama Fax : 569-5421/5423 TEl . 567-5458 FAX 567-5315 TEL 680-5513 FAX 422-5149 130 Albert Street, Suite 300 ambaottawa@minaffet .gov .rw ottawa@lithuanianembassy .ca secretary_nepalembassy@rogers .com Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 canada embassy. .gov .rw www .lithuanianembassy .ca TEl . 236-7177 FAX 236-5775 NETHERLANDS embassyofpanama@gmail com. SAUDI ARABIA MACEDONIA (REPUBLIC OF) His Ex . Cornelis Kole Mr . Yousuf R . Abuaish His Ex . Ljuben Tevdovski Embassy of the Kingdom of the PARAGUAY Chargé d'Affaires Embassy of the Republic Netherlands His Ex . Manuel Schaerer Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia of Macedonia 350 Albert Street, Suite 2020 Kanonnikoff 201 Sussex Drive 130 Albert Street, Suite 1006 Ottawa, Ontario K1R 1A4 Embassy of the Republic of Paraguay Ottawa, ON K1N 1K6 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G4 TEl . 237-5030 FAX 237-6471 151 Slater Street, Suite 501 Tel 237-4100 Fax 237-0567 TEl . 234-3882 FAX 233-1852 Ott-cdp@minbuza .nl Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3 caemb@mofa .gov .sa ottawa@mfa .gov .mk TEl . 567-1283 FAX 567-1679 www .saudiembassy .ca embassy@embassyofparaguay .ca

diplomat and international canada | EMBASSIES | HIGH COMMISSIONS ‑ | OTHER INTERNATIONAL REPRESENTATIVES 93 c ts SENEGAL TEl . 235-4000 FAX 235-6880 TUNISIA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA His . Ex . Amadou Tidiane Wone sudanembassy-canada@rogers com. His Ex . Riadh Essid His Ex . David Cary Jacobson Embassy of the Republic of Senegal www .sudanembassy .ca/ Embassy of the Republic of Tunisia Embassy of the United States of 57 Marlborough Avenue 515 O’Connor Street America Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E8 SWEDEN Ottawa, Ontario K1S 3P8 490 Sussex Drive TEl . 238-6392 FAX 238-2695 His Ex . Teppo Markus Tauriainen TEl . 237-0330 FAX 237-7939 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 1G8 Info@ambsencanada org. Embassy of Sweden atottawa@comnet ca. TEl . 238-5335 FAX 688-3088 377 Dalhousie Street www .usembassycanada .gov SERBIA Ottawa, Ontario K1N 9N8 TURKEY

con ta His Ex . Zoran Veljic TEl . 244-8200 FAX 241-2277 His Ex . Tuncay Babali URUGUAY Embassy of the Republic of Serbia Sweden .ottawa@foreign .ministry .se Embassy of the Republic of Turkey His Ex . Elbio Oscar Rosselli Frieri 21 Blackburn Avenue www .swedishembassy .ca 197 Wurtemburg Street Embassy of the Oriental Republic of Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8A2 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8L9v Uruguay TEl . 233-6289 FAX 233-7850 SWITZERLAND TEL 244-2470 FAX 789-3442 350 Sparks Street, Suite 901 generalinfo@serbianembassy .ca His Ex . Ulrich Lehner embassy .ottawa@mfa .gov .tr Ottawa, Ontario K1R 7S8 www .serbianembassy .ca Embassy of Switzerland www .turkishembassy .com TEl . 234-2727 FAX 233-4670 5 Marlborough Avenue embassy@embassyofuruguay .ca SLOVAK REPUBLIC Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8E6 UGANDA His Ex . Milan Kollár TEl . 235-1837 FAX 563-1394 His Ex . George Marino Abola VENEZUELA Embassy of the Slovak Republic ott .vertretung@eda .admin .ch High Commission for the Republic Ana Caroliana Rodriguez 50 Rideau Terrace of Uganda Charge’ D’Affaires a .i . Ottawa, Ontario K1M 2A1 SYRIA 231 Cobourg Street Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic TEl . 749-4442 FAX 749-4989 Embassy of the Syrian Arab Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J2 of Venezuela emb .ottawa@mzv .sk 46 Cartier Street TEl . 789-7797 FAX 789-8909 32 Range Road www .mzv .sk/ottawa Ottawa, ON K2P 1J3 uhc@ugandahighcommission .com Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 TEl . 569-5556 FAX 569-3800 www .ugandahighcommission .ca TEl . 235-5151 FAX 235-3205 i c dip l om at SLOVENIA culture@syrianembassy .ca embve caotw@mppre. .gob .ve Ms . Irena Gril www .syrianembassy .ca UKRAINE www .misionvenezuela .org Chargé d’Affaires His Ex . Vadym Prystaiko Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia TAIPEI Economic & Cultural office Chargé d’Affaires VIETNAM 150 Metcalfe Street, Suite 2200 Dr . Chih-Kung Liu Embassy of Ukraine His Ex . Sy Vuong Ha Le Ottawa, Ontario K2P 1P1 45 O’Connor Street, Suite 1960 310 Somerset Street, West, Embassy of the Socialist Republic of TEl . 565-5781 FAX 565-5783 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1A4 Ottawa, Ontario, K2P 0J9 Vietnam emb .ottawa@mzv .sk TEl . 231-5080 FAX 231-7112 Tel . 230-2961 Fax 230-2400 55 MacKay Street www .mzv .sk/ottawa publicaffairs@on .aibn .com emb_ca@ukremb ca. Ottawa, K1M 2B3 www .ukremb .ca TEl . 236-0772 FAX 236-2704 SOUTH AFRICA TANZANIA vietnamembassy@rogers .com His Ex . Membathisi Shepherd Mdladlana His Ex . Alex Crescent Massinda UNITED ARAB EMIRATES www .vietem-ca .com High Commission for the Republic High Commission for the United Mohammed Saif Helal Mohammed of South Africa Republic of Tanzania Alshehhi 15 Sussex Drive 50 Range Road 125 Boteler Street YEMEN Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1M8 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J4 Ottawa, Ontario K1N 0A4 His Ex . Khaled Mahfoodh Bahah TEl . 744-0330 FAX 741-1639 TEl . 232-1509 FAX 232-5184 TEl . 565-7272 FAX 565-8007 Embassy of the Republic of Yemen rsafrica@southafrica-canada .ca tzottawa@synapse .ca Consulate FAX: 565-1444 54 Chamberlain Avenue www .southafrica-canada .ca www .tanzaniahighcommission .ca reception@uae-embassy .com Ottawa, Ontario K1S 1V9 www .uae-embassy .ae/ca TEl . 729-6627 FAX 729-8915 SPAIN THAILAND yeminfo@yemenembassy .ca His Ex . Carlos Gómez-Múgica Sanz His Ex . Udomphol Ninnad UNITED KINGDOM www .yemenembassy .ca Embassy of the Kingdom of Spain The Royal Thai Embassy His Ex . Howard Ronald Drake 74 Stanley Avenue 180 Island Park Drive British High Commission ZAMBIA Ottawa, Ontario K1M 1P4 Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 0A2 80 Elgin Street His Ex . Bobby Mbunji Samakai TEl . 747-2252 FAX 744-1224 TEl . 722-4444 FAX 722-6624 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5K7 High Commission for the Republic embespca@mail .mae .es contact@thaiembassy .ca TEl . 237-1530 FAX 232-0738 of Zambia www .embaspain .ca www .thaiembassy .ca www .ukincanada .fco .gov .uk 151 Slater St ., Suite 205 Ottawa, Ontario SRI LANKA TOGO UN Refugee agency K1B 5H3 Her Ex . Chitranganee Wagiswara Embassy of the Togolese Republic Furio de Angelis TEl . 232-4400 FAX 232-4410 High Commission for the 12 Range Road UNHCR Representative in Canada zhc ottawa@bellnet. ca. Democratic Socialist Republic Ottawa, Ontario K1N 8J3 280 Albert Street, Suite 401 of Sri Lanka TEl . 238-5916 FAX 235-6425 Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5G8 ZIMBABWE 333 Laurier Avenue West, Suite 1204 ambatogoca@hotmail .com Tel: 613-232-0909 Her Ex . Florence Zano Chideya Ottawa, Ontario K1P 1C1 Fax: 613-230-1855 Embassy of the Republic of TEl . 233-8449 FAX 238-8448 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO www .unhcr .ca Zimbabwe slhcit@rogers .com His Ex . Philip Buxo 332 Somerset Street West www .srilankahcottawa .org High Commission for the Republic Ottawa, Ontario K2P 0J9 of Trinidad and Tobago TEl . 421-2824 FAX 422-7403 SUDAN 200 First Avenue, Third Level info@zimottawa .com Embassy of the Republic of the Sudan Ottawa, Ontario K1S 2G6 visa@zimottawa com. 354 Stewart Street TEl . 232-2418 FAX 232-4349 www .zimottawa .com Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6K8 ottawa@ttmissions .com

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Kazakhstan: The jewel of Central Asia k hstan of Kaza of F oreign A ffairs M inistry

Baiterek Tower in Kazakhstan’s capital, Astana.

azakhstan is the ninth biggest European and Asian landscapes: steppes, country in the world — larger mountains, lakes and the Caspian Sea in Kthan Western Europe, but located the west, which is famous for its oil and in Central Asia, deep in the Eurasian gas deposits, to say nothing of its caviar . continent . It shares borders with Rus- Kazakhstan’s land is rich with history . sia (the longest continental border in the It remembers Genghis Khan’s hordes and world at 6,846 kilometres), China (1,533 the journeys of tradesmen and travellers kilometres), Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and along the northern route of the Great Silk Turkmenistan . Road . Today, there are unique national As a result of its geographic location parks and reserves and more than 9,000 ar- By Konstantin Zhigalov and size (2 .7 million square kilometres), cheological and historic sites . At one such Ambassador of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan has a natural beauty that site, a famous “Golden Man” was dis- features the most striking examples of covered dating from the 4th Century BC,

96 Fall 2013 | OCT-NOV-DEC destinations|delights

capita GDP grown from $700 to $12,500 and it had attracted more than $170 billion of foreign direct investment (FDI) during this period . As a result, Kazakhstan has become one of the five fastest growing economies in the world . The government recognizes that di- versification, modernization and investment in people’s well-being, health care, education, sports and other areas are vital to creating sustainable development . To that end, our athletes showed impressive results at the recent Summer Olympic Games in London, finishing 12th in the overall medal standings with a total of 13 medals (seven gold, one silver and five bronze) . For most tourists, a visit to Kazakhstan starts with Almaty . It is the biggest city in Kazakhstan, with a population of almost k hstan of Kaza of F oreign A ffairs M inistry 1 .5 million and is a major connecting hub The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, built in the 14th Century. for international flights arriving from Eu- rope or departing to Asia . But it’s more than that . Despite of losing its status as Kazakhstan’s capital in 1997, Almaty is still considered the financial and cultural centre of the country and is often referred to as the “southern capital .” It is located at the foot of the Zaili Alatau Mountains and has a mild climate, which makes it inviting for guests to spend time in its parks, gardens and squares . This climate is also good for the variety of flowers, vegetables and fruits that grow in the area . Apples have a long history in this city . The legendary Aport apple, which made the city famous long before the Soviet period, is grown in Almaty . In fact, Alma- Ata, the former name of the city, translates as the “Father of Apples .” In addition, the Tien Shan Mountains are some of the most impressive attractions surrounding Almaty, with Khan Tengri being Kazakh- stan’s highest summit at more than 7,000

k hstan of Kaza of F oreign A ffairs M inistry metres . The city’s most popular recreation Women in traditional Kazakh dress. site is Kok Tobe, which means “Green Hill,” which can be reached by an aerial his armour clad with almost 3,000 golden country’s GDP will grow from $2 .4 billion tramway line from downtown Almaty . plates . Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yas- to $7 billion by 2020 . The 350-metre-high city television tower, awi is an important Islamic pilgrimage site The country itself saw impressive eco- Alma-Ata Tower, is located on the hill, constructed from 1389 to 1405, which has nomic growth after it gained independence where visitors can enjoy a magnificent been added to the UNESCO World Heri- from the Soviet Union in 1991 and extrac- panorama of the city and breathtaking tage List . More than 6,000 species of plants tion of oil, natural gas, coal, uranium and sunsets . Within a half-hour drive from Al- grow in Kazakhstan, 500 species of birds other minerals and metals was intensified maty, you can reach Medeu and its legend- nest here and 107 species of fish inhabit through foreign investment . Today, Ka- ary ice stadium, built in the 1970s, where local rivers and lakes . zakhstan is the world’s largest uranium more than 120 world skating records have These factors promote a diverse tour- producer . Within the next decade, the been set . ism industry in Kazakhstan . According to country is expected to become one of the From there, you can visit Shymbulak, Kazakhstan Tourism Industry Develop- world’s largest oil producers and exporters . a popular ski resort . Both Shymbulak ment, the industry’s contribution to the Since independence, Kazakhstan’s per- and Medeu provided venues for the 2011

diplomat and international canada 97 DELIGHTS|destinations stry C ommittee of Kaza k hstan T o u rism I n du stry stry C ommittee of Kaza k hstan T o u rism I n du stry Walking through the Sharyn Canyon. Mountain climbing in the Sayram-Ugam National Park.

Asian Winter Games hosted by Kazakh- the backs of the horses are hardly visible .” national organization . Another historic stan . Almaty is unique, because it offers Kazakhstan’s new capital, Astana, was event awaits Astana in 2017: hosting the its guests an opportunity to ski in its established in the heart of the Sary Arka international EXPO-2017, which coincides mountains and play golf on its fields on in 1997 . Within a short period, the left with the capital’s 20th anniversary . the same day . Since 2005, Almaty has been bank of the Ishim River in Astana saw the Because of its capital status, Astana at- hosting the Kazakhstan Open, a men’s creation of a brand new city . The decision tracts plenty of tourists, especially with professional golf tournament on the Euro- of Kazakhstan President Nursultan Naz- its fascinating and grandiose architecture . pean Challenge Tour . arbayev to move the capital from Almaty The city’s official plan was drafted by Travelling to the east of Almaty, closer to Astana was not an easy one, as it led to Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa . Vari- to the border with China, you will dis- heated debates and many people had to be ous building styles give an impression of cover the 154-kilometre-long and 350-me- convinced of the need to make Astana the a harmonious meeting of Western and tre-deep Sharyn Canyon . Its formation new capital of Kazakhstan . Eastern cultures . The new Presidential began around 12 million years ago . Many Today, Astana is rightfully recognized Palace, Baiterek Tower and Astana Opera rare plants and trees grow in the canyon as the brainchild of President Nazarbayev . House are just a few of the must-see sites area, some of which are found in only one It has become one of the biggest cities in in Astana . Another popular tourist site is other canyon — the famous Grand Can- Kazakhstan and, in fewer than 15 years, the Palace of Peace and Accord, designed yon of Arizona . its population has tripled to more than by British architect Sir Norman Foster in The prevalent image of Kazakhstan is 700,000 people . Its impressive growth the form of a glass pyramid, and serving that of endless steppe . This is especially reflects the dynamic development of our primarily as a venue for events held by true for Sary Arka (which means “yellow modern country . the Congress of World and Traditional back”) . This area is considered the heart- Astana is also the political centre of Ka- Religions . Kazakhstan's, like Canada, is land of the people of Kazakhstan, home to zakhstan . In 2010, the city hosted the first a multi-ethnic country with representa- the legendary Kypchak nation, a tribe of Summit of the Organization of Security tives from more than 130 ethnic groups master horse-riders . Famous 19th-Century and Co-operation in Europe held since of various religious beliefs . Kazakhstan’s Kazakh poet, reformer and philosopher 1999 . The Council of Foreign Ministers of multi-ethnic and inter-religious unity, a Abai Kunanbayev wrote about the great the Organization of Islamic Co-operation driving force behind much of its political steppe of Sary Arka: “It is summer . The was organized in Astana the following and economic progress, is often reflected trees cast their shadows, and in the mead- year, thus placing Kazakhstan in a unique in the architecture of its capital city . ows the flowers bloom impetuously . Bus- position: The country had successfully Many hotels have been recently con- ily, the summer camps are being put up chaired the largest Euro-Atlantic Summit, structed in Astana to accommodate its and the grass is so high in the steppe that and then hosted the largest Muslim inter- guests, who may be pleasantly surprised

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by the quality and service they experience in its five-star hotels . However, one should keep in mind that Astana is the second- coldest capital in the world (by some rankings, Ottawa takes the third place and Ulan Bator, Mongolia, takes first) . Thus, the best time for a visit may be during spring, summer and fall . Burabay National Nature Park is located about 200 kilometres northeast of Astana . Because of its beautiful spring-fed lakes, mountains and forests, it is known

as the “Kazakh Switzerland .” Clean air of Kaza k hstan of F oreign A ffairs M inistry and relaxing scenery also make Burabay Akorda Presidential Palace in Astana. a great health resort that can provide its guests with sanatoriums and spas . Fisher- men and hunters will also find many attractive activities in Kazakhstan, especially with the revival of falconry, which was a traditional, ancient way of hunting for the nomads in Central Asia . Located in a very remote area of Ka- zakhstan, the Baikonur Cosmodrome is the world’s first and largest operational space-launch facility . It is known for launching the first human, Yuri Gagarin, into outer space and also Kazakhstan’s cosmonaut, Talgat Musabayev, who was

listed in Guinness Book of World Records of Kaza k hstan of F oreign A ffairs M inistry after spending more than 30 hours in one Falconry hunting during winter. month working outside the space station . Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield was also launched to space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome . Even though Baikonur is located in a very remote area of Kazakh- stan, it has been attracting more and more tourists who are interested in seeing its launches . The tourism industry around the Baikonur area is expected to intensify in the future with development of additional infrastructure and new investment . Finally, a trip to Kazakhstan would not be complete without tasting the country’s national cuisine . Traditional Kazakh dishes are mainly prepared with cooked C ommittee of Kaza k hstan T o u rism I n du stry horsemeat and mutton served with baur- Aksu Zhabagly Nature Reserve in Southern Kazakhstan. saki (fried dough), shorpa (meat broth), ku- mis (fermented horse milk drink), irimshik (sour cow’s cheese) or kurt (salted cheese balls) . Hospitality is second-nature for Ka- zakhstan’s people, so every traveller and guest can expect to be heartily welcomed . Given the size and diversity of my country, it is practically impossible in a brief article to share all the exciting ad- ventures and discoveries that await in Kazakhstan . I encourage readers to contact our embassy for more information and travel options in Kazakhstan .

Reach Mr . Zhigalov at kazakhembassy@ of Kaza k hstan of F oreign A ffairs M inistry gmail .com or 613-695-8055 . Herds of horses in the steppe.

diplomat and international canada 99 DELIGHTS|photo finish db ar k erphotography.ca) d Bar k er ( avi Davi

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