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European War 1914-1919, the War Reserve Collection (WRA-WRE) from Cambridge University Library Adam Matthew Publications is an imprint of Adam Matthew Digital Ltd, Pelham House, London Road, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 2AG, ENGLAND Telephone: +44 (1672) 511921 Fax: +44 (1672) 511663 Email: [email protected] The First World War: A Documentary Record Series One: European War 1914-1919, the War Reserve Collection (WRA-WRE) from Cambridge University Library Part 3: Allied Propaganda Part 4: German Propaganda Publisher's Note The First World War: A Documentary Record is a major microfilm series which is making available for the first time the riches of the Cambridge War Reserve Collection. This collection is acknowledged to be one of the finest sources of documentation concerning the First World War in the world, with much unique, rare and ephemeral material. Dr J M Winter, of Pembroke College, Cambridge, is the Consultant Editor for the microfilm edition. The emphasis is on the inclusion of materials unlikely to be held in most libraries. Part 1 made available the complete card catalogue and manuscript listings of the War Reserve Collection which highlight the great range of the material held at Cambridge, and provide an invaluable bibliographical source for all aspects of the war. Part 2 commenced coverage of the Collection itself and focused on Trench Journals, Personal Narratives and Reminiscences. Parts 3 and 4 focus on one of the great strengths of the War Reserve Collection - its holdings of Allied and German propaganda. Part 3 offers Allied Propaganda; Part 4 offers German Propaganda. The Propaganda War was a war within a war and - more than any other aspect of the conflict - it reveals the international dimensions of the war. Whilst the war on the ground took place mainly in Europe and the Middle East, the war of wars was truly intercontinental - affecting North and South America, the Far East, North Africa, the Middle East, Australasia and Scandinavia. Iin addition to attempts to raise the morale of friendly troops, and to depress the morale of the enemy, propaganda campaigns were also fought to encourage neutrals to enter the war, or to persuade them to stay neutral: to encourage international condemnation fro the acts of one’s opponent, and to generate approval for one’s own acts; and to destabilise sources of support for the enemy, whilst solidifying one’s own. The range of places of publication for the items included makes this internationalism abundantly clear. In Part 3 (Allied Propaganda), the chief places of publication are : London, Paris, Rome, New York, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Washington DC, Copenhagen and Chicago. But there are also imprints for Petrograd, Cairo, Valencia, Napoli, Bombay, Torina, Ohio, Milan, Peru, Oxford, Zurich, Berne, Rio de Janeiro, Bordeaux, Sydney, York, Birmingham, Geneva, Edinburgh, Uppsala, Limoges, Tokyo, Pennsylvania, Lausanne, Manchester, Algiers, S. Paulo, Rabat, Mexico, Wisconsin, Melbourne, Londonderry, Stockholm, Buenos Aires, Constantinople, Cambridge, Caracas, Providence and Quito. In Part 4 (German Propaganda) the chief places of publication are Berlin, New York, Barcelona, Munich, Stockholm, Leipzig, Rio de Janeiro, Chicago and San Francisco. But there are also imprints for Frankfurt a.m., Utrecht, Bremen, Hamburg Vienna, Buenos Aires, Bielefeld, Lisbon, Nancy, Calcutta, Lausanne, Zurich, Brooklyn, Madrid, Bruch, Bogota, Köln, Berne, S. Paulo, Helsingborg, Geneva, Stuttgart, Bonn, Portland, Oldenburg, Los Angeles, Dortmund, Basel, Singapor, Graz, Istanbul, Bayreuth, Bismark, - North Dakota, Zaragoza, Pittsburgh, Amsterdam, Bordeaux, Augsburg, Kristanta, Glasgow and Boston. The Propaganda produced comes in a variety of forms all of which are well represented in this collection. Part 3 commences with the series of Leaflets, dropped by Allied aeroplanes and balloons. War Maps - intended to mislead and discourage - are one of the central features of these leaflets, which also feature grotesque caricatures, encouraging words about good treatment in P.O.W camps for defectors, and digs at authority. Posters are among the most striking propaganda efforts, and were designed to have n immediate, visceral effect on the reader. WRB 19.46 (Part 3, Reel 1) contains a selection of the most effective posters of the First World War (Allied and Axis). Cartoons were also intended to have an immediate visual impact and the work of the Dutch-born cartoonist, Louis Raemakers, became familiar to soldiers and politicians alike. We include a comprehensive edition of his cartoons with supporting descriptions by Hilaire Belloc, John Buchan et al (WRB 19.30, Part 3, Reel 1) as well as a popular cigarette card set (Cards 1-140) from Black Cat cigarettes (WRE 19. 303, Part 3, Reel 20). Cartoons were also a prominent feature of Humorous Journals - of which two examples are included in this microfilm edition. The Cartoon (WRB 106: Part 3, Reel 4) is an allied Humour Journal including large fold-out cartoons as well as humorous articles. Much of the propaganda in journals of this type is subliminal - the reader if carried along with the general whimsy, which is embedded with the development of stereotypical attitudes to “the Hun” or “ the Britisher”. Bull (WRB 303. 1-2. Part 4, Reel 2) is the German counter-point, mimicking the style of Punch. Newspapers aimed at sympathetic (often expatriate) residents abroad are also represented. The Bulletin des Français Résident à L’Etranger (WRB 420, Part 3, Reel 4, Nouvelles de France (WRB 421, Part 3, Reel 4 ), Reality: The World’s Searchlight on Germany ( WRB 429, Part 3, Reel 5 ), and Heraldo Americano (WRB 429, Part 3 , Reel 5) are Allied examples of the genre. Deutsch-Amerika (WRA 507, Part 4, Reel 1) and The Fatherland (WRB 305.1-8, Part 4, Reels 3-5) are German examples - aimed particularly at Germans and German sympathizers in America. These titles play on the innate sympathies of the reader - selecting and shaping the news to confirm existing prejudices. However, by far the most common form of propaganda adopted throughout the war was the pamphlet offering a concise argument intended to persuade, cajole, mislead, or otherwise transform hundreds of such intellectual issues of the war to be thoroughly examined, as well as the specific propaganda campaigns, such as that to try to encourage or discourage America to enter the war. The ad authoritem use of leading politicians and writers as authors of the pamphlets was a common practice. Amongst the authors of Allies Propaganda in Part 3 are to be found the names of: Guy Aldred, William Archer, H H Asquith, A J Balfour, John Buchan, G K Chesterton, Winston Churchill, Will Crooks, Arthur Conan Doyle, Emile Durkheim, H A L Fisher, David Lloyd George, Sir Edward Grey, Otto Kahn, Rudyard Kipling, Gilbert Murray, Han Smuts, Booth Tarkington, A J Toynbee, G M Trevelyan, Mrs Humphrey Ward, H G Wells and Woodrow Wilson. Amongst the authors of German Propaganda in Part 4 are: J Dunshee de Abranches, O G Baumgarter, W J Bryanm, K Helfferich, Frank Koester, J E Ribera, Paul Rohrbach, G S Viereck and K H von Wiegand. The issues covered by these pamphlets are many and varied and it may be instructive to look at a number of these. Who started the war and war continues are common themes and both sides attempt to gain the moral high ground to underwrite the justness of their cause. Some allied examples are: Pre Justitia. 1914-1916 (WRB 35a. 314, Part 3, Reel 1); J H Beck and C W Eliot’s America’s View of Germany’s Case (WRC 35a 326, Part 3, Reel 5); What caused the War (WRC 35a. 319, Part 3, Reel 6); R Lansing and L F Post’s A War of Self-Defence (WRC 35a. 326, Part 3, Reel 6); Sir E. Cook’s How Britain Strove for Peace (WRC 35a 370, Part 3, Reel 7); H H Asquith’s Why we are at War (WRC 35a. 396, Part 3, Reel 7); The Great War and How it arose (WRC 35a. 426, Part 3, Reel 8); A Lupton’s What are fighting for ? (WRC 35a 427, Part 3, Reel 9); David Lloyd George’s Für die Demokratie und den Weltfriden. (WRC 35a, 505, Part 3, Reel 10); J W Garner’s Why we are at war with Germany (WRD 35a. 587, Part 3, Reel 12); Aims and Efforts of the War. Britain’s case after four years (WRD 35a. 360, Part 3, Reel 17); F Laudet’s The Responsibility of War (WRD 35a. 386, Part 3, Reel 18); And P Sabatier’s The Ideals of France (WRD 35a. 423, Part 3, Reel 19). The German case is put in titles such as : Franck Koester’s The lies of the allies (WRA 35b. 301, Part 4, Reel 1); Who broke the peace of Europe? (WRB 35b, 303, Part 4, Reel 1); A Geiser’s Das perfide Albion.. (WRB 35b 311, Part 4, Reel 1); J Dunshee de Abranches’ A Conflagraçãs européa e suas causas (WRC 35b 330, Part 4, Reel 8); England’s complicity on the Great War (WRC 35B. 353, Part 4, Reel 9); K Helffereich’s Germany’s case in the Supreme Court of Civilization WRC 35b. 377, Part 4, Reel 10); (WRC 35b. 377, Part 4, Reel 10); J W Burgess’ The causes of the European conflict (WRC 35b. 393, Part 4, Reel 11); And H S Chamberlain’s Who is to blame for the War? (WRD 35b. 301, Part 4, Reel 16); The violation of Belgian neutrality is another particular theme within this overall category and is dealt with in pamphlets such as: La violation de la neutralité belge (WRC 35a. 404, Part 3, Reel 7); J M Beck’s El caso de Belgica (WRC 35a. 440, Part 3, Reel 8); W J Pincombe’s Britain and gallant Belgium (WRC 35a. 527, Part 3, Reel 10); Lettre de l’épiscopat belge au cardinaux ..d’Allemange.
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