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Lupus Vulgaris with Unusual Involvement LUPUS VULGARIS WITH UNUSUAL INVOLVEMENT Cihangir Aliağaoğlu1, Mustafa Atasoy2, Ümran Yıldırım3, R. İsmail Engin2, Handan Timur2 Düzce University, Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Dermatology and Pathology3, Düzce, Atatürk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology2, Erzurum, Turkey Lupus vulgaris is the most encountered form of cutaneous tuberculosis, and the most common site of involvement is the head and neck. In our lupus vulgaris cases, the lesions were located in throcal area in one case and gluteal area in the other. Ziehl-Neelsen and periodic acid-Schiff stains did not demonstrate any acid-fast bacilli. Culture did not grow mycobacterium tuberculosis except in case 1. PPD was strongly positive in all of the cases. Lesions of lupus vulgaris improved after anti-tuberculotic threrapy. Key words: Lupus vulgaris, unusual involvement Eur J Gen Med 2007; 4(3):135-137 INTRODUCTION gave an apple-jelly appearance. The systemic Lupus vulgaris (LV) is usually the result examination was normal. Lymph nodes were of dissemination from an endogenous focus not palpable. No BCG scar was visible. The during a period of lowered resistance and entire dermis was composed of non-caseous mycobacterium tuberculous bacillemia in a granulomatous inflammation which contains previously sensitized host with a strongly epitheloid histiocytes, lymphocytes, and positive delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin large numbers of Langhans type giant cells (1). LV is often located on the face. Other sites (Figure 1B). A Mantoux test was positive of predilection are the nose, ears, chin, neck, with erythema and induration of 18 mm after and, rarely, extremities, buttock and trunk. 48 hours. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was It is more common in females than in males, cultured from the biopsy specimen. with all age groups equally affected (2). In our LV cases, the lesions were located in CASE 2 throcal area in one case and gluteal area in the A 40-year-old woman was admitted to our other. There were no active organ tuberculosis clinic with the complaint of long-standing, and other skin tuberculosis in our cases. slowly enlarging, painless, and atrophic plaque on the right and left buttocks. The CASE 1 first lesion had appeared approximately 15 A 60-year-old woman was admitted to our years earlier on the right buttock. The lesion clinic with the complaint of long-standing was gradually spreading the left buttock. erythmatous lesion over the left of the No diagnosis had been established and no thoracal area of 20-year duration. Preceding treatment had been given throughout this trauma or associated constitutional features, long period. Her personal and family histories abdominal pain, anorexia or weight loss were were not contributory. not present. Her personal and family histories Dermatologic examination of the skin were not contributory. No diagnosis had been surface revealed bilaterally-located, diffuse, established and no treatment had been given well demarcated, peripherally-hypertrophic, throughout 20 years long. Dermatological centrally-atrophic, large plaques on a examination revealed an erythematous, violaceous base on the gluteal regions nontender, well-defined plaque, 20x30 cm (Figure 2A). Diascopic examination gave an in size, present over the left of the thoracal apple-jelly appearance. No BCG scar was area (Figure 1A). Diascopic examination visible. Systemic physical examination was Correspondence: Mustafa Atasoy, MD Atatürk Üniversitesi Postanesi, PB: 2, 25171 Erzurum, Türkiye Phone: 904422360738, Fax: 904422361301 E-mail:[email protected] Lupus vulgaris 136 Figure 1. (A) An erythematous, well-defined Figure 2. (A) Bilaterally-located, well plaque over the left throcal area and (B) demarcated, peripherally-hypertrophic, A dermal granulomatous inflammation centrally-atrophic, large plaques on the consisting of lymphocytes, epithelioid and gluteal regions and (B) Non-caseating Langhans’ giant cells (H&Ex4) granulomatous reaction in the dermis (H&Ex4) normal. Lymph nodes were not palpable. An kg), isoniazid (5mg/kg), rifampin (10mg/ incisional biopsy specimen of the plaques kg) and ethambutol (15mg/kg) daily for showed a dermal granulomatous inflammation two months, followed by dual therapy with consisting of lymphocytes and epithelioid isoniasid and rifampin for six months. Their cells. However, no caseation necrosis was cutaneous lesions significantly regressed by present (Figure 2B). A Mantoux test was leaving hypertrophic and atrophic scars after positive with erythema and induration of 20 treatment respectively. mm after 48 hours. In all cases, sputum, stool and urine DISCUSSION cultures were negative. Laboratory tests LV is characterized by macule or showed a normal blood count. VDRL and papule, with a brownish-red colour and soft HIV tests were negative. Fungal and standard consistency that form larger plaques by bacterial cultures from the skin biopsy were peripheral enlargement and coalescence. If negative. Ziehl-Neelsen and periodic acid- untreated, LV course may continue many years Schiff stains did not demonstrate any acid- and lead to significant impairment of function fast bacilli. Chest radiography and abdominal and disfiguration. Common areas of LV are ultrasound did not show any pathologic the face, ears and neck and may heal with finding. Underlying bone and joint disease scarring (3). In Europe over 80% of lesions was excluded by scintigraphy. In addition are on the head and neck, particularly on the to these findings, the chest radiography nose and cheek (4). In Turkey, for example, showed right apical calcifications which were localization of LV lesions on the face is 62% considered to be residues of past pulmonary (5). Cutaneous tuberculosis was scarcely seen tuberculosis in case 2. on extremities, buttock, and trunk (6,7). The The patients were treated with four drugs spread is mostly hematogenous or lymphatic. therapy consisting of pyrazinamide (25mg/ The contagious spread is also seen particularly 137 Ağaoğlu et al. in cervical adenitis or pulmonary tuberculosis, which had been present for 25 years was or sometimes in exogenous infection at the reported (6). The duration of lesions was long site of primary inoculation or after BCG lasting in our patients. vaccination (1). Sehgal et al (8) suggested that In conclusion, tuberculosis is still an LV is probably occurred by direct inoculation important health problem in underdeveloped of the tubercle bacilli into the abraded skin in and developing countries due to the poor a sensitized host, and suggested a diagnosis of hygiene conditions, low socio-economic level secondary inoculation cutaneous tuberculosis and late application of patients for health care for this entity. In our LV cases, the lesions which also increases morbidity. were located in thoracal area in one case and gluteal area in the other. The case of throcal REFERENCES LV do not has any tuberculosis focus. We 1. Atasoy M, Aliağaoğlu C, Erdem T, think that the lesion had developed with et al. Scrofuloderma following BCG direct inoculation. There were calcification vaccination. Pediatr Dermatol 2005;22: areas which were thought as old tuberculosis 179-80 on chest X-ray of the case 2. We think that 2. Wozniacka A, Schwartz RA, Sysa- the lesion had developed from this focus via Jedrzejowska A et al. Lupus vulgaris: bacillemia. report of two cases. Int J Dermatol The differential diagnosis of LV includes 2005;44:299-301 sarcoidosis, deep fungal infections, 3. Thomas S, Suhas S, Pai KM, Raghu AR. lympcytoma cutis, tertiary syphilis, Lupus vulgaris-report of a case with leprosy, lupoid leishmaniasis, discoid lupus facial involvement. Br Dent J 2005;198: erythematosus, and lichen simplex chronicus 135-37 (2,3,6,7,9). In the upper dermis of skin lesions, 4. Miteva L. Alopecia: a rare manifestation tuberculoid structures, composed of epitheloid of lupus vulgaris. Int J Dermatol 2001;40: cells, Langhans giant cells and mononuclear 659-61 cells are present histologically. Cutaneous 5. Paksoy N, Hekim E. Comparative analysis necrosis is slight; tubercle bacilli are sparse of the clinicopathological features in and rarely found. The culture can be negative a cutaneous leishmaniasis and lupus in a significant number of cases of LV. The vulgaris in Turkey. Trop Med Parasitol Mantoux test is positive in most cases of LV. 1993;44:37-9 When the Mantoux test is negative, however, 6. Senol M, Ozcan A, Mizrak B et al. A case it should be regarded as a sign of possible of lupus vulgaris with unusual location. J visceral involvement (4). The diagnosis of Dermatol 2003;30:566-69 cutaneous tuberculosis in our current cases 7. Bilen N, Apaydın R, Harova G, et al. suggested by clinical, histological findings, Lupus vulgaris on the buttock: report of good response to treatment were obtained two cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol although microbiological investigations, 2000;14:66-7. including acid-fast bacilli staining and culture 8. Sehgal VN, Srivastava G, Bajaj P, et al. of case 2 was negative. Re-infection (secondary) inoculation An 82-year old man with a 71-year history cutaneous tuberculosis. Int J Dermatol of a large plaque of LV on his chin and 2001;40:83-7 upper neck was described in a report. An 9. Woo PN, Batta K, Tan CY, Colloby P. untreated hypertrophic LV on the upper arm Lupus vulgaris diagnosed after 87 years of 67 years’ duration has been described. In presenting as an ulcerated ‘birthmark’. an other report, a 65-year old Mexican man Br J Dermatol 2002;146(3):525-26 with disseminated tuberculosis, who was discovered to have a slowly enlarging annular LV on his buttocks and thighs which escaped diagnosis for 28 years was described. An unusual fungating, ulcerated form of LV on the forehead of a 42-year-old South African man which had been present for 12 years was also reported. An ulcerated form of LV on the buttock of a 87-year-old Caucasian women which had been present for 87 years was an other case (9). In Turkey, a 60-year old man with an atrophic form of LV on the buttock .
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