Tuberculin Testing: Its Basis, Methods, and Comparative Results
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The Msinga Experience Lessons Learnt from South Africa 2005–2009 Contents
TUBERCULOSIS MDR/XDR The Msinga Experience Lessons learnt from South Africa 2005–2009 Contents Summary 2 Introduction 4 The MDR/XDR TB epidemic 7 Addressing MDR/XDR TB 10 Turning the tide 15 MDR/XDR TB cases decrease 17 The way forward 20 Endnotes 21 Published in partnership with Umzinyathi District Management January 2009 TUBERCULOSIS MDR/XDR The Msinga Experience Lessons learnt from South Africa 2005–2009 © Pg-images/Dreamstime.com 1 Factors behind the decline in drug resistant TB in Msinga: Summary • The commitment of the Umzinyathi health district management team ensured that TB control was placed at the top of Drug resistant tuberculosis has emerged as a serious public the district’s agenda and that adequate resources health issue around the world. Recent global estimates put were allocated to tackle the number of reported cases for 2006 at close to half a the disease. million. This represents 4.8 percent of all notified TB cases • The management of TB worldwide. An estimated 1.5 million people died from TB in patients was aggressively 2006. addressed by providing In 2006, an outbreak of a deadly and almost incurable refresher training for form of TB was reported in Msinga, Umzinyathi district, a nurses and introducing remote and rural part of KwaZulu-Natal province in South appointment diaries to Africa. The extensively drug-resistant TB or ‘XDR TB’ as it track patients. became known largely occurred among HIV-infected • An increase in the nurse- people, in particular those with terminal AIDS. to-patient ratio also played Patients who were co-infected with XDR TB and HIV an important role in improv- stood little chance of survival. -
Pattern of Cutaneous Tuberculosis Among Children and Adolescent
Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2012; 38: 94-97 Pattern of cutaneous tuberculosis among children and adolescent Sultana A1, Bhuiyan MSI1, Haque A2, Bashar A3, Islam MT4, Rahman MM5 1Dept. of Dermatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, 2Dept. of Public health and informatics, BSMMU, Dhaka, 3SK Hospital, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, 4Dept. of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, BSMMU, Dhaka, 5Dept. of Dermatology, National Medical College, Dhaka. Email: [email protected] Abstract Cutaneous tuberculosis is one of the most subtle and difficult diagnoses for dermatologists practicing in developing countries. It has widely varied manifestations and it is important to know the spectrum of manifestations in children and adolescent. Sixty cases (age<19 years) of cutaneous tuberculosis were included in this one period study. The diagnosis was based on clinical examination, tuberculin reaction, histopathology, and response to antitubercular therapy. Histopahology revealed 38.3% had skin tuberculosis and 61.7% had diseases other than tuberculosis. Among 23 histopathologically proved cutaneous tuberculosis, 47.8% had scrofuloderma, 34.8% had lupus vulgaris and 17.4% had tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TVC). Most common site for scrofuloderma lesions was neck and that for lupus vulgaris and TVC was lower limb. Cutaneous tuberculosis in children continues to be an important cause of morbidity, there is a high likelihood of internal involvement, especially in patients with scrofuloderma. A search is required for more sensitive, economic diagnostic tools. Introduction of Child Health (BICH) and Institute of Diseases of Tuberculosis (TB), an ancient disease has affected Chest and Hospital (IDCH) from January to humankind for more than 4,000 years1 and its December 2010. -
Tuberculosis: an Overview
Tuberculosis: An Overview By: Raymond Lengel, FNP, MSN, RN Purpose: To provide an overview of tuberculosis including its transmission, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options. Objectives · List five risk factors for tuberculosis · Discuss the use of the Mantoux test, QuantiFERON and chest x-ray in the diagnosis of tuberculosis · List five signs and symptoms of tuberculosis · Differentiate between latent and active tuberculosis · Discuss treatment options for tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease can affect any part of the body – such as the spine, brain and kidney - but it most commonly affects the lungs. Public health efforts have significantly reduced the spread of the disease. TB is an airborne disease and is spread from person to person when respiratory droplets are breathed into the respiratory tract. Latent vs. Active Tuberculosis Latent TB is disease where one is infected with the bacteria but is not ill. Active TB is when disease is present, bacteria are growing and the patient has signs and symptoms of TB. Latent TB occurs when the bacterium enters the body, but the immune response prevents the bacteria from proliferating. These individuals have a positive tuberculin skin test or a positive QuantiFERON blood test. Those with latent TB can progress to active TB. When the disease is in latency the individual cannot pass the disease on to others. Active TB involves the proliferation of bacteria and symptoms suggestive of TB. Those with active TB can pass the disease to others. Those who have latent TB are at risk to develop active disease. -
Protocol for the Care of Patients with Tuberculosis
Infection Control Policy 2011; Appendix D, Clinical Care Protocol 26 Protocol for the care of patients with tuberculosis Policy Profile Policy Reference: Clin.2.0 Appendix D Clinical care protocol 26 Version: 3.0 Author: Juliana Kotey, Senior Infection Control Nurse Executive sponsor: Director of Infection Prevention and Control Target audience: All Trust Staff Date issued: 16 October 2012 Review date: September 2015 Consultation Key individuals and Infection Control Committee Dates committees consulted Infectious Diseases Dates May 2012 during drafting Doctor/Matron Health Protection Unit May 2012 Community Services Dates June 2012 Wandsworth DDN/Staff Ratification Ratification Committee: Policy Ratification Group Date: 17 th May 2012 Document History Vers ion Date Review date Reason for change 1 2002 2004 2 2007 2010 3 2012 2015 Reviewed and updated in line with guidance. Page 1 of 11 Infection Control Policy 2011; Appendix D, Clinical Care Protocol 26 Contents Paragraph Page Executive Summary 3 Scope 3 1 Introduction 4 2 Mode of Transmission 4 3 Risk of Transmission 4 3 Non - Respiratory Tract Tuberculosis (Closed TB) 5 4 Respiratory Tract Tuberculosis (Open TB) - Sensitive Strains 5 Respiratory Tract Tuberculosis (Open TB) – Multi Drug 5 Resistant Strains (MDR TB) and Extensively Drug Resistant 6 (XDR TB) 6 Induced Sputum Specimens – sensitive and MDR TB 7 7 Contact Tracing 8 8 Incident Management 8 9 Associated Documents 9 10 References 10 Appendix A Algorithm 1 TB Care Pathway 11 Page 2 of 11 Infection Control Policy 2011; Appendix D, Clinical Care Protocol 26 Executive Summary This document is an evidence-based protocol for the implementation of sound tuberculosis (TB) infection control by all healthcare workers. -
Tuberculosis in Infants Less Than 3 Months Ofage
Archives of Disease in Childhood 1993; 69: 371-374 371 Tuberculosis in infants less than 3 months of age Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.69.3.371 on 1 September 1993. Downloaded from H S Schaaf, R P Gie, N Beyers, N Smuts, P R Donald Abstract identified from a register of cases proved by The clinical and radiological features in 38 culture. infants less than 3 months of age with A history of contact with adult pulmonary tuberculosis proved by culture are tuberculosis, the presenting symptoms and described and may aid early diagnosis of their duration, and clinical features such as this often fatal condition. Respiratory lymphadenopathy, respiratory signs, and the symptoms, cough in 33 (87%) and tachyp- presence of hepatosplenomegaly were noted. noea in 31 (82%), were the commonest Tuberculin testing was either by Mantoux test presenting symptoms. Twenty five infants 5 units purified protein derivative or Tine test (66%) had hepatomegaly and 20 (53%) (Lederle) with an induration of > 15 mm or a splenomegaly. Mantoux testing gave an confluent reaction respectively being regarded induration of >15 mm in three of 17 (18%) as significant. infants. In a further five a Tine test gave The chest radiographs of 27 (71%) of the 38 confluent response. Chest radiography in infants were assessed systematically by a panel 27 infants showed miliary tuberculosis in consisting of all the authors. Particular seven (26%) and hilar or paratracheal attention was paid to the presence of miliary adenopathy in 14 (52%) and 10 (37%) tuberculosis, the presence of hilar or para- respectively. -
Using of T-Spot.Tb and Mantoux Tests in Diagnosis of M
PROCEEDINGS OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Section B, Vol. 63 (2009), No. 6 (665), pp. 257–263. DOI: 10.2478/v10046-010-0001-1 USING OF T-SPOT.TB AND MANTOUX TESTS IN DIAGNOSIS OF M. tuberculosis INFECTION IN BCG VACCINATED CHILDREN AGED FIVE AND YOUNGER Iveta Ozere, Ìirts Skenders, Iveta Lîduma, Olga Bobrikova, Zita Lauska, Anita Skangale, Anita Jagmane, Vita Kalniòa, and Vaira Leimane State Agency of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases of Latvia, p.o. Cekule, Rîgas raj., LV- 2118, LATVIA; e-mail: [email protected] Communicated by Ludmila Vîksna Infection with M. tuberculosis (MT) is difficult to diagnose in young BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccinated children using Mantoux test alone, as a positive test result may be due to infection with MT and previous BCG vaccination. We aimed to test the T-SPOT.TB test for BCG-vaccinated children aged five and younger in two groups — with or without contact with an active tuberculosis (ATB) patient. Prospectively a study group of 121 children (having contact with ATB patient) and a control group of 64 children (without known contact with ATB patient) were ex- amined using Mantoux and T-SPOT.TB tests. The T-SPOT.TB test was positive in 66 (54.5%) study group children and in 2 (3.1%) control group children (P < 0.01). Induration in the Mantoux test ³ 10 mm was observed in 62 (91.0%) of 68 T-SPOT.TB positive children, and 34 (29.1%) of 117 T-SPOT.TB negative children (P < 0.01). In the group with a negative T-SPOT.TB result boosting of the Mantoux test was observed in 21 (66%) of 32 children who had received repeated Mantoux testing before being included in the study. -
BTS Guidelines Control and Prevention of Tuberculosis
Thorax 2000;55:887–901 887 BTS Guidelines Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thorax.55.11.887 on 1 November 2000. Downloaded from Control and prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: Code of Practice 2000 *Subcommittee comprising Peter Joint Tuberculosis Committee of the British Thoracic Society* Ormerod, Royal Infirmary Blackburn (Chairman, Joint Tuberculosis Committee); Craig Keywords: tuberculosis; BTS guidelines; code of Skinner, Heartlands Abstract practice Hospital, Birmingham; Background—The guidelines on control John Moore-Gillon, St and prevention of tuberculosis in the Bartholomew’s and The United Kingdom have been reviewed and Introduction/evidence criteria Royal London Hospitals, updated. London; Peter Davies, Since publication of the previous control and Aintree University Methods—A subcommittee was appointed prevention guidelines in 19941 new data have Hospital, Liverpool; by the Joint Tuberculosis Committee become available in a number of areas, Mary Connolly, Chest (JTC) of the British Thoracic Society to particularly in infection control, bovine tuber- Clinic, Birmingham revise the guidelines published in 1994 by culosis, and the risks of transmission of tuber- (representing Royal the JTC, including representatives of the culosis during air travel which have brought College of Nursing Royal College of Nursing, Public Health Tuberculosis Special requests for advice. The epidemiology of Interest Group); Virginia Medicine Environmental Group, and tuberculosis in Britain has continued to change Gleissberg, Chest Clinic, Medical Society for Study of Venereal in recent years. Newham, London Diseases. In preparing the revised guide- The numbers of notified cases in England (representing Royal lines the authors took account of new pub- and Wales, which had declined to 5085 in College of Nursing lished evidence and graded the strength of Tuberculosis Special 1987, rose to 5798 in 1992 and 6087 in 1998. -
Diagnosis of Tb
DIAGNOSIS OF TB DR. KONG PO MARN KONG CLINIC FOR CHEST & INTERNAL MEDICINE PATHOGENESIS OF TB INFECTION AND DISEASE (I) PATHOGENESIS OF TB INFECTION AND DISEASE (II) MODES OF DIAGNOSIS • Microbiologic • Smear • Culture • Others ( MODS etc) • Molecular • Nucleic Amplification Assays (NAA) • IFN-γRelease Assays (IGRA) • Line-probe PCR for drug sensitivity testing • Urinary Assays CURRENT PROBLEMS • Active disease • Smears are insensitive • NTM make up 5% of positive smears locally • Cultures take too long ( 12 to 14 days to be positive) • Latent TB Infection (LTBI) • Mantoux test since 1981 • BCG, NTM and boosting can confound issue • Low sensitivity and specificity • Repeat visits NEW MODALITIES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACTIVE TB • NAA • Brochoalveolar lavage with Elispot • Urinary assays ? NUCLEIC AMPLIFICATION TESTS/PCR • Rationale • Isolation issues • Issues with current TB testing • MDR-TB • Standardized and come in kit forms NAA • Amplicor: DNA PCR • Amplified / Enhanced MTD / MTA: rRNA detection • Both FDA approved • In 1999, E-MTD approved for use in both smear positive and negative specimens NAA • Sensitivity is markedly improved cf. smears • MTD: Sensitivity usually range from 83 to 98% in smear + cases. 70 to 81% in smear negative cases. Amplicor slighly less • Specificity is 98 to 99% • Negative predictive value is more important NAA • E-MTD / MTA • Improved sensitivity in smear negative cases • 1999 study. 489 inmates in Texas prison • Overall sensitivity of 95.2% and specificty of 99.1%. • 100% in smear positive cases • 90.2% and 99.1% in smear negative cases • Ontario study (1999) using clinical diagnosis as reference gave nearly 100% specificity and sensitivity for both smear + and sm- cases (Case selection !!) Figure 2. -
The Putrefied Body Niques Require Care but Little Skill to Perform
1300 BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 19 MAy 1979 hospital staffing. All too often, however, reasonable proposals in the tine test), the repeatability of the results, and their for reform are not put into practice, and the same may happen comparability with those of the Mantoux test. here. Consultants will feel threatened: some will lose junior Ideally we should have a single screening test of tuberculin Br Med J: first published as 10.1136/bmj.1.6174.1300 on 19 May 1979. Downloaded from staffand long term the quality ofconsultant work will change- sensitivity that is simple, reliable, easily read, repeatable, safe, and inevitably there will be a sharpening of the contrasts and cheap. None has proved supreme in practice. The many between teaching and non-teaching hospitals and between comparisons of the Mantoux with the multiple-puncture popular and shortage specialties. Junior staff will not like the techniques have given confficting results. In 1959 a report of restriction on their freedom of choice; and overseas doctors the Research Committee of the British Tuberculosis Associa- will complain that they are being singled out for special tion2 concluded that, for epidemiological use, the Heaf treatment. multiple-puncture test would be preferable to the Mantoux 5 All these groups must surely recognise that changes are TU test because of its greater sensitivity; the Heaf test gave overdue, and if they reject the proposals they have an obliga- results intermediate between 5 TU and 100 TU Mantoux tion to suggest alternatives. If there is too much opposition, tests. In 1964 Emerson3 compared the Heaf and tine tests and however, committees that should be taking unpopular deci- found that more than 15% of tuberculin-positive reactors were sions may not do so. -
Lupus Vulgaris with Unusual Involvement
LUPUS VULGARIS WITH UNUSUAL INVOLVEMENT Cihangir Aliağaoğlu1, Mustafa Atasoy2, Ümran Yıldırım3, R. İsmail Engin2, Handan Timur2 Düzce University, Faculty of Medicine, Departments of Dermatology and Pathology3, Düzce, Atatürk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology2, Erzurum, Turkey Lupus vulgaris is the most encountered form of cutaneous tuberculosis, and the most common site of involvement is the head and neck. In our lupus vulgaris cases, the lesions were located in throcal area in one case and gluteal area in the other. Ziehl-Neelsen and periodic acid-Schiff stains did not demonstrate any acid-fast bacilli. Culture did not grow mycobacterium tuberculosis except in case 1. PPD was strongly positive in all of the cases. Lesions of lupus vulgaris improved after anti-tuberculotic threrapy. Key words: Lupus vulgaris, unusual involvement Eur J Gen Med 2007; 4(3):135-137 INTRODUCTION gave an apple-jelly appearance. The systemic Lupus vulgaris (LV) is usually the result examination was normal. Lymph nodes were of dissemination from an endogenous focus not palpable. No BCG scar was visible. The during a period of lowered resistance and entire dermis was composed of non-caseous mycobacterium tuberculous bacillemia in a granulomatous inflammation which contains previously sensitized host with a strongly epitheloid histiocytes, lymphocytes, and positive delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin large numbers of Langhans type giant cells (1). LV is often located on the face. Other sites (Figure 1B). A Mantoux test was positive of predilection are the nose, ears, chin, neck, with erythema and induration of 18 mm after and, rarely, extremities, buttock and trunk. 48 hours. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was It is more common in females than in males, cultured from the biopsy specimen. -
TB Policies in 24 Countries a Survey of Diagnostic and Treatment Practices About Médecins Sans Frontières
Out of Step 2015 TB Policies in 24 Countries A survey of diagnostic and treatment practices About Médecins Sans Frontières Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is an independent international medical humanitarian organisation that delivers medical care to people affected by armed conflicts, epidemics, natural disasters and exclusion from healthcare. Founded in 1971, MSF has operations in over 60 countries today. MSF has been involved in TB care for 30 years, often working alongside national health authorities to treat patients in a wide variety of settings, including chronic conflict zones, urban slums, prisons, refugee camps and rural areas. MSF’s first programmes to treat multidrug-resistant TB opened in 1999, and the organisation is now one of the largest NGO treatment providers for drug-resistant TB. In 2014, the organisation started 21,500 patients on first-line TB treatment across projects in more than 20 countries, with 1,800 patients on treatment for drug-resistant TB. About the MSF Access Campaign In 1999, on the heels of MSF being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize – and largely in response to the inequalities surrounding access to HIV/AIDS treatment between rich and poor countries – MSF launched the Access Campaign. Its sole purpose has been to push for access to, and the development of, life- saving and life-prolonging medicines, diagnostics and vaccines for patients in MSF programmes and beyond. About Stop TB Partnership The Stop TB Partnership is leading the way to a world without TB, a disease that is curable but still kills three people every minute. Founded in 2001, the Partnership’s mission is to serve every person who is vulnerable to TB and to ensure that high-quality treatment is available to all who need it. -
PRODUCT MONOGRAPH TUBERSOL Tuberculin Purified
sanofi pasteur Section 1.3.1 Product Monograph 299 – TUBERSOL® PRODUCT MONOGRAPH TUBERSOL® Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (Mantoux) Solution for injection Diagnostic Antigen to aid in the detection of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis ATC Code: V04CF01 Manufactured by: Sanofi Pasteur Limited Toronto, Ontario, Canada Control # 157184 Date of Approval: 02 October 2012 Product Monograph Template – Schedule D Page 1 of 18 sanofi pasteur Section 1.3.1 Product Monograph 299 – TUBERSOL® Table of Contents PART I: HEALTH PROFESSIONAL INFORMATION ........................................................... 4 SUMMARY PRODUCT INFORMATION .................................................................................. 4 Route of Administration .................................................................................................................... 4 Dosage Form / Strength ..................................................................................................................... 4 Active Ingredients ............................................................................................................................. 4 Clinically relevant Non-medicinal Ingredients ................................................................................. 4 DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................... 4 INDICATIONS AND CLINICAL USE ........................................................................................ 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS