DOCSLIB.ORG

The Political Economy of Seigneurialism: an Interpretation of the Historical Development of Rural Spanish America

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Political Economy of Seigneurialism: an Interpretation of the Historical Development of Rural Spanish America Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1976 The olitP ical Economy of Seigneurialism: an Interpretation of the Historical Development of Rural Spanish America. Harvey Jordan Kaye Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Kaye, Harvey Jordan, "The oP litical Economy of Seigneurialism: an Interpretation of the Historical Development of Rural Spanish America." (1976). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2926. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2926 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again - beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 46106 KAYE, Harvey Jordan, 1949- THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SEIGNEURIALISM: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SPANISH AMERICA. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Ph.D:, 1976 Sociology, general Xerox University MicrofilmsAnn , Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1976 HARVEY JORDAN KAYE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SEIGNEURIALISM: AN INTERPRETATION OF THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL SPANISH AMERICA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Latin American Studies Institute by Harvey Jordan Kaye B.A., Rutgers University, 1971 M.A., University of London, 1973 May, 1976 ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to the Faculty of the Latin American Studies Institute of Louisiana State University for the support they provided in the form of a Fellowship during my three years of study. In particular, I wish to thank Professor Quentin Jenkins, the Chairman of my dissertation committee, whose personal and intellectual support were critical in the creation of this work. I also wish to thank Professor Jane DeGrummond and Boyd Professor Alvin Bertrand, whose scholarly and human insights have been invaluable to the success I have had at LSU, and to the writing of this dissertation. In addition, I want to thank Professor Herman Daly for his efforts and contributions while serving on my dissertation committee. To those familiar with his writings, the ideas and work of Professor Eugene Genovese will, hopefully, be apparent in this dissertation. I have titled this work The Political Economy of Seigneurlalism in honor of his first book, The Political Economy of Slavery, in order to record my intellectual debt to him, and in appreciation of his personal encouragement. I must also thank my friend, Kevin B. Smith, for putting up with my alternating enthusiasm and despair while working on his thesis for the Master’s Degree in Sociology. Additional thanks go to my friends, Gary Stokley, Joel Lindsey and Dr. William Falk. My parents, grandparents, sister and her husband, and my wife's family have made a most important contribution to this work through their loving, familial support. To my wife, Lorna, I dedicate this work. During my studies and the writing of this dissertation she has been lover, companion, wife and typist. Hopefully, this work has liberated her from the last. Finally, that doubts persist cannot be denied, but 1 wish to record the following note of intellectual encouragement written to me by Dr. Cristobal Kay: "Some of the confusion you might have will become clarified once you advance in research, and some confusion will always remain: those you can present as future research areas." TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................... 11 Table of Contents ......................................... lv Abstract .................................................... v Introduction ............................................... 1 Chapter I A Debate and A Thesis ... 9 Chapter II Spanish Seigneurialism ........................ 33 Chapter III Colonial Development in Comparative Perspective ......................... 53 Chapter IV Spanish American Seigneurialism ............. 100 Chapter V National Development in Comparative Perspective ......................... 132 Conclusion .................................................... 210 Bibliography ............................................... 221 iv ABSTRACT The purpose of the dissertation was to analyze the development of the Spanish American societies and rural Spanish America in historical and comparative perspective. Locating the dissertation in the context of the debate over whether the Latin American societies should be defined as "pre-capitalist or capitalist?," the author reviews the dualist and development of underdevelopment theses as presented by Jacques Lan&ert and Andre Gunder Frank, respectively. And noting the critiques offered by Eugene Genovese, Ernesto Laclau and F. Stirton Weaver, the author proposes that the historical development of the Spanish American societies and rural Spanish America be analyzed in terms of the social relations of production and the class structures to which they give rise. Several chapters are then devoted to analyzing the development of rural Spanish America: historically, in the context of the respective national societies of Spanish America and the developing world economy, and comparatively, as suggested by Cristobal Kay, with Eastern Europe. The thesis of the dissertation is: That the Spanish American societies have - until recently - been characterized by the domination of pre-capitalist ruling classes and that rural Spanish America has been characterized by the persistence of pre-capitalist, predominantly seigneurial social relations of production and domination. And, that the underdevelopment characteristic of the Spanish American societies, and, in particular, rural Spanish America, has been the historical v product of that persistent seigneurial domination. Furthermore, it is argued, the participation of the Spanish American societies in the changing and expanding world economy of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had the combined effect of strengthening that seigneurialism at the same time that it furthered the development of capitalism in those societies. Thus, the Spanish American societies experienced the contradiction of combined, or heterogeneous, development (i.e. the coexistent expansion of seigneurialism and capitalism) which, during the twentieth century - under the impact of the world crises - generated the populist (multi-class) alliances which have seriously challenged the pre-capitalist domination of the Spanish American societies and the persistence of seigneurialism in rural Spanish America. INTRODUCTION Life must be lived forward, but can only be understood backward. - Kierkegaard In 1957, the International Labor Organization published a study on the agrarian structure of Latin America.*- This study indicated that there were three main types of land tenure patterns in contemporary rural Latin America. The first type was the coranunal landholding, apparently a survival from pre-conquest society. The second type was the latifundia, a product of the conquest and colonization of America by Spain and Portugal. And the third type was the family-farm land- holding, characteristic of Europe: the result of the migrations to Latin America from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Spatialities of Prefigurative Initiatives in Madrid
    Spatialities of Prefigurative Initiatives in Madrid María Luisa Escobar Hernández Erasmus Mundus Master Course in Urban Studies [4Cities] Master’s Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Manuel Valenzuela. Professor Emeritus of Human Geography, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Second Reader: Dr. Nick Schuermans. Postdoctoral Researcher, Brussels Centre for Urban Studies. 1st September 2018 Acknowledgments First and foremost I would like to thank all the activists who solidarily shared their stories, experiences, spaces, assemblies and potlucks with me. To Viviana, Alma, Lotta, Araceli, Marta, Chefa, Esther, Cecilia, Daniel Revilla, Miguel Ángel, Manuel, José Luis, Mar, Iñaki, Alberto, Luis Calderón, Álvaro and Emilio Santiago, all my gratitude and appreciation. In a world full of injustice, inequality, violence, oppression and so on, their efforts shed light on the possibilities of building new realities. I would also like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Manuel Valenzuela for the constant follow-up of this research process, his support in many different ways, his permanent encouragement and his guidance. Likewise, to Dr. Casilda Cabrerizo for her orientation on Madrid’s social movements scene, her expert advice on the initiatives that are being developed in Puente de Vallecas and for providing me with the contacts of some activists. After this intense and enriching two-year Master’s program, I would also like to thank my 4Cities professors. I am particularly grateful to Nick Schuermans who introduced me to geographical thought. To Joshua Grigsby for engaging us to alternative city planning. To Martin Zerlang for his great lectures and his advice at the beginning of this thesis. To Rosa de la Fuente, Marta Domínguez and Margarita Baraño for their effort on showing us the alternative face of Madrid.
    [Show full text]
  • How Important Are Dual Economy Effects for Aggregate Productivity?
    How Important are Dual Economy Effects for Aggregate Productivity? Dietrich Vollratha University of Houston Abstract: This paper brings together development accounting techniques and the dual economy model to address the role that factor markets have in creating variation in aggregate total factor productivity (TFP).Developmentaccountingresearchhasshownthatmuchofthevariationinincomeacrosscountries can be attributed to differences in TFP. The dual economy model suggests that aggregate productivity is depressed by having too many factors to low productivity work in agriculture. Data show large differences in marginal products of similar factors within many developing countries, offering prima facie evidence of this misallocation. Using a simple two-sector decomposition of the economy, this article estimates the role of these misallocations in accounting for the cross-country income distribution. A key contribution is the ability to bring sector specific data on human and physical capital stocks to the analysis. Variation across countries in the degree of misallocation is shown to account for 30 — 40% of the variation in income per capita, and up to 80% of the variation in aggregate TFP. JEL Codes: O1, O4, Q1 Keywords: Resource allocation; Labor allocation; Dual economy; Income distribution; Factor markets; TFP a) I’d like to thank Francesco Caselli, Areendam Chanda, Carl-Johan Dalgaard, Jim Feyrer, Oded Galor, Doug Gollin, Vernon Henderson, Peter Howitt, Mike Jerzmanowksi, Omer Moav, Malhar Nabar, Jonathan Temple, David Weil, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and advice. In addition, the participants at the Brown Macroeconomics Seminar, Northeast Universities Development Conference and Brown Macro Lunches were very helpful. All errors are, of course, my own. Department of Economics, 201C McElhinney Hall, Houston, TX 77204 [email protected] 1 1Introduction One of the most persistent relationships in economic development is the inverse one between income and agriculture, seen here in figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Growth in Dual Economies: Challenges of Development in the 21St Century
    CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Growth in Dual Economies: Challenges of Development in the 21st Century Literature regarding the basics of classical development emphasizes on the relationship between economic growth and changes in production struc- ture. It also allocates special properties to industry, and more specifically to the ability of industrialization to create and combine a series of comple- mentarities, scale properties, and external economies to generate a sustain- able cycle of resource mobilization, increasing productivity, rising demand, income, and economic growth. Changes in the global economy have contributed to the renewed discussions on the role of structural transformation in achieving sustained economic growth and development. The catch-up failure of many devel- oping regions, which are often associated with “traps” and downturns (i.e., low-development traps, middle-income traps, and premature deindustrial- ization); the end of windfall export gains led by the commodity price boom in 2000s; and the continued vulnerability of many developing regions to external shocks have also added to this discussion (UNCTAD, 2016). The dual relationship between climate change and development serves as yet another important factor. On one hand, the effects of climate change create serious challenges to development; however, on the other hand, pri- oritization of economic growth and development has had major conse- quences on climate change and vulnerability. In its basic form, emission control and effective mitigation require not only the transformation of production systems but also the transformation of energy systems, includ- ing moving away from traditional high-carbon energy sources (a phase-out of coal-fueled power plants), increasing fuel efficiency, deploying advanced renewable technologies, and implementing measures to increase energy efficiency IEA,( 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Fiestas and Fervor: Religious Life and Catholic Enlightenment in the Diocese of Barcelona, 1766-1775
    FIESTAS AND FERVOR: RELIGIOUS LIFE AND CATHOLIC ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE DIOCESE OF BARCELONA, 1766-1775 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Andrea J. Smidt, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Dale K. Van Kley, Adviser Professor N. Geoffrey Parker Professor Kenneth J. Andrien ____________________ Adviser History Graduate Program ABSTRACT The Enlightenment, or the "Age of Reason," had a profound impact on eighteenth-century Europe, especially on its religion, producing both outright atheism and powerful movements of religious reform within the Church. The former—culminating in the French Revolution—has attracted many scholars; the latter has been relatively neglected. By looking at "enlightened" attempts to reform popular religious practices in Spain, my project examines the religious fervor of people whose story usually escapes historical attention. "Fiestas and Fervor" reveals the capacity of the Enlightenment to reform the Catholicism of ordinary Spaniards, examining how enlightened or Reform Catholicism affected popular piety in the diocese of Barcelona. This study focuses on the efforts of an exceptional figure of Reform Catholicism and Enlightenment Spain—Josep Climent i Avinent, Bishop of Barcelona from 1766- 1775. The program of “Enlightenment” as sponsored by the Spanish monarchy was one that did not question the Catholic faith and that championed economic progress and the advancement of the sciences, primarily benefiting the elite of Spanish society. In this context, Climent is noteworthy not only because his idea of “Catholic Enlightenment” opposed that sponsored by the Spanish monarchy but also because his was one that implicitly condemned the present hierarchy of the Catholic Church and explicitly ii advocated popular enlightenment and the creation of a more independent “public sphere” in Spain by means of increased literacy and education of the masses.
    [Show full text]
  • Cubanonomics: Mixed Economy in Cuba During the Special Period BRENDAN C. DOLAN
    Cubanonomics: Mixed Economy in Cuba during the Special Period BRENDAN C. DOLAN Fidel Castro is a man of many words. No other political figure in modern history has spoken more on the public record, varying the scope of his oration from short interviews to twelve hour lectures on the state of Cuban society. Starting in 1959, his ideas flooded Cuban society and provided a code of social expectations for all to obey. Cubans listened patiently, and over time enjoyed the fruits of an egalitarian socialist system: food, shelter, education and medicine for all. By the early 1980s, Castro had constructed a centrally planned economy and an economically favorable partnership with the Soviet Union. In 1989, however, the dissolution of the Soviet Union crippled the Cuban economy and forced millions of Cubans into poverty, resulting in widespread hunger and unemployment. Faced with the threat of an economic meltdown that could end his regime, Castro looked inward for ways to revive the Cuban economy. Though previously condemning and imprisoning Cubans illegally possessing black market dollars, Castro suddenly regarded these dollar holders as the key to his regime’s survival. This hard currency was crucial to restoring the national economy, and though its legalization would undermine his socialist, anti-American ideology, Castro saw no other option. In 1993, he decriminalized the possession of U.S. dollars and established state-run dollar stores to channel dollars to the government. Castro legalized self-employment, decentralized the agricultural sector and boosted Cuba’s tourist industry. Though they aided in reviving the national economy, these policy changes transformed the socioeconomic structure of Cuban society, creating a mixed economy that required Cubans to embrace certain market principles outside of socialist doctrine.
    [Show full text]
  • New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain • Carsten Jacob Humlebæk and Antonia María Ruiz Jiménez New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain
    New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain in Nationalism on Perspectives New • Carsten Humlebæk Jacob and Antonia María Jiménez Ruiz New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain Edited by Carsten Jacob Humlebæk and Antonia María Ruiz Jiménez Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Genealogy www.mdpi.com/journal/genealogy New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain New Perspectives on Nationalism in Spain Editors Carsten Humlebæk Antonia Mar´ıaRuiz Jim´enez MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin Editors Carsten Humlebæk Antonia Mar´ıa Ruiz Jimenez´ Copenhagen Business School Universidad Pablo de Olavide Denmark Spain Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Genealogy (ISSN 2313-5778) (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/genealogy/special issues/perspective). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03943-082-6 (Hbk) ISBN 978-3-03943-083-3 (PDF) c 2020 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND.
    [Show full text]
  • Labor Productivity and Energy Use in a Three Sector Model: an Application to Egypt
    DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER SERIES Labor productivity and energy use in a three sector model: An application to Egypt Rudiger von Arnim and Codrina Rada Working Paper No: 2011-06 University of Utah Department of Economics 260 S. Central Campus Dr., Rm. 343 Tel: (801) 581-7481 Fax: (801) 585-5649 http://www.econ.utah.edu Labor productivity and energy use in a three sector model: An application to Egypt ∗ Rudiger von Arnim Codrina Rada Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Economics, University of Utah Department of Economics, University of Utah [email protected] [email protected] Abstract This paper presents a model of a developing economy with three sectors---a modern sector producing manufactures and services, a traditional sector producing agricultural goods, and a third sector providing energy. Modern and energy sector are assumed to be demand--constrained; the agricultural sector is supply--constrained. Simulation exercises confirm insights of existing theory on structural heterogeneity: A price--clearing agricultural sector can impose an inflationary barrier on growth. Further, emphasis is placed on the sources of productivity growth. Specifically, higher energy intensity rather than increases in energy productivity enable labor productivity growth, with the attendant complications for 'green growth.' Keywords: Structural heterogeneity, Multi-sector model, Energy use JEL Classification: O41, Q43, C63 ∗ Corresponding author. Labor productivity and energy use in a three sector model: An application to Egypt Rudiger von Arnim∗ Codrina Rada† February 14, 2011 Abstract This paper presents a model of a developing economy with three sectors—a modern sector producing manufactures and services, a traditional sector producing agricultural goods, and a third sector providing energy.
    [Show full text]
  • (C) 1995 Boston University International Law Journal Boston University International Law Journal
    Copyright (c) 1995 Boston University International Law Journal Boston University International Law Journal Fall, 1995 13 B.U. Int'l L.J. 295 ARTICLE: Symposium: A Recipe for Effecting Institutional Changes to Achieve Privatization: FOREWORD Tamar Frankel * * Professor of Law, Boston University School of Law. I am indebted to Professor Ingo Vogelsang, Boston University, for his guidance and ideas concerning this Foreward and to my research assistant Elizabeth L. Heick for her thorough research and dedicated help. SUMMARY: ... Both of us have been involved in attempts of developing countries to move from a government, centrally-planned economy to a private-sector, market economy. Of course, neither the division between government and private sector, nor the division between centrally-planned economy and market economy is clear cut, but rather is a matter of degree. ... In contrast, the performance of actors in the private sector, can be measured by profitability to the equity owners (the shareholders). ... Second, as compared to the private sector, the government operates under political and bureaucratic pressures. ... When traumatic experiences occur that shakeup large organizations, both "rejuvenated" government and the private sector can work well. ... In a few limited situations a government may be in a better position to operate a firm than the private sector. ... The private sector includes large, especially multinational, corporations, that are centrally managed. ... Most of us realize that the private sector cannot do it all. ... When people become disillusioned with private sector and market solutions they will turn to the government. ... In those public-sector dominated economies, taxation is far less important than in economies in which the private sector owns the enterprises.
    [Show full text]
  • Ending the Spanish Exception: Explaining the Rise of Vox
    Colby College Digital Commons @ Colby Honors Theses Student Research 2020 Ending the Spanish Exception: Explaining the Rise of Vox Ethan J. vanderWilden Colby College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/honorstheses Part of the Comparative Politics Commons Colby College theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed or downloaded from this site for the purposes of research and scholarship. Reproduction or distribution for commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the author. Recommended Citation vanderWilden, Ethan J., "Ending the Spanish Exception: Explaining the Rise of Vox" (2020). Honors Theses. Paper 972. https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/honorstheses/972 This Honors Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Colby. Ending the Spanish Exception Explaining the Rise of Vox Ethan vanderWilden, Colby College Honors Thesis in Government First Reader: Professor Jennifer Yoder Second Reader: Professor Carrie LeVan 2019-2020 Abstract The “Spanish Exception” refers to Spain’s lack, until recently, of a populist right-wing party. Vox became the first party to the right of the conservative PP to win seats in a regional election in 2018 and in general elections in April and November of 2019. Vox is currently the third largest political party in the Spanish parliament, bringing an end to Spanish exceptionalism. This thesis addresses the rise of Vox through a conceptual framework of political opportunity structure. The framework allows for multiple explanations to account for Vox’s sudden breakthrough.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Economic Dualism in South Eastern Europe
    Blue Bird Project Agenda for Civil Society in South East Europe SOCIO-ECONOMIC DUALISM IN SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE. EXPLORATORY NOTES ON DUALISM AND ITS REPERCUSSIONS FOR THE STATES OF THE REGION Paul Dragos Aligica Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest and Hudson Institute United Nations Development Program Split, 2001 1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DUALISM IN SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE EXPLORATORY NOTES ON DUALISM AND ITS REPERCUSSIONS FOR THE STATES OF THE REGION 1. Introduction 2. Conceptual and theoretical background 3. Dualism, development and the state 4. Dualism and South East European countries 5. Dualism in the South East European countries: questions on meaning and implications 6. Exploratory overview of some implications of dualism INTRODUCTION The basic conjecture of this paper is the idea that the political societies, the civil societies and their impact on the structure and functioning of the states in South Eastern Europe are strongly determined by a long lasting specific feature of the economies of the region: their dualism. This feature has its origins in the modernization process, it is contemporary with it and has shaped in a distinctive way both the structure of the societies and of the states in these countries. The dualism of their economies is thus a key explanatory factor in any attempt to understand the nature, structure and functioning of the states of the region. Thus my contribution to this workshop is not laying the emphasis on ethnicity, nationalism or religion as the mainstream approaches to the states and problems of the region usually do, but on the regional political economies and on what I consider to be their key structural problem.
    [Show full text]
  • India's Economic Rise in the 21St Century and the Dual Economy
    Article Another great power in the room? India’s economic rise in the 21st century and the dual economy challenge DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329202100105 Revista Brasileira de Rev. Bras. Polít. Int., 64(1): e005, 2021 Política Internacional ISSN 1983-3121 Abstract http://www.scielo.br/rbpi This article’s main objective is to examine the political economy of the economic reforms implemented in the 1990s and examine the main factors 1 Rafael Henrique Dias Manzi which explain India’s economic rise in the 21st century. We argue that the 1Centro Universitário Alves Faria, Regional Development, Goiânia, GO, Brazil productive investments and the country’s opening to the global economy have ([email protected]) contributed to economic growth, but that this rise leads to the formation of ORCID ID: a “dual economy.” Continuing reforms thereby become necessary for India orcid.org/0000-0001-8518-8329 in order to achieve inclusive growth and structural transformation, overcome Jean Santos Lima2 the dual economy challenge and gain strength in the international system. 2Universidade Católica de Brasília, International Relations, Taguatinga, DF, Brazil Keywords: International Economy; India; Economic Internationalization; ([email protected]) Emerging Countries; Economic Development. ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-4758-2389 Received: August 15th, 2020 Accepted: May 12th, 2021 Introduction hen it gained independence in 1947, India was still a Wpredominantly rural country. The working-age population employed in its manufacturing sector
    [Show full text]
  • INFORMATION to USERS the Most Advanced Technology Has Been Used to Photo­ Graph and Reproduce This Manuscript from the Microfilm Master
    INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 0011181 The historical drama in Spain during the postwar and the transition to democracy Habegger, Kimberly Anne, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]