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Personality and Other Lifelong Influences on Older-Age Health and Wellbeing LJMU Research Online Harris, MA, Brett, CE, Starr, JM, Deary, IJ and Johnson, W Personality and Other Lifelong Influences on Older-Age Health and Wellbeing: Preliminary Findings in Two Scottish Samples http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/4659/ Article Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from this work) Harris, MA, Brett, CE, Starr, JM, Deary, IJ and Johnson, W (2016) Personality and Other Lifelong Influences on Older-Age Health and Wellbeing: Preliminary Findings in Two Scottish Samples. European Journal of Personality, 30 (5). pp. 438-455. ISSN 0890-2070 LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information please contact [email protected] http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ LIFELONG PREDICTORS OF OLDER-AGE HEALTH AND WELLBEING 1 Personality and Other Lifelong Influences on Older-Age Health and Wellbeing: Preliminary Findings in Two Scottish Samples Mathew A. Harris, Caroline E. Brett, John M. Starr, Ian J. Deary and Wendy Johnson Author Note Mathew A. Harris, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh; Caroline E. Brett, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh; John M. Starr, Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre / Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh; Ian J. Deary, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh; Wendy Johnson, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mathew Harris or Wendy Johnson, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] LIFELONG PREDICTORS OF OLDER-AGE HEALTH AND WELLBEING 2 Acknowledgements The 6-Day Sample follow-up study (MRC G1001401/1) and the Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (MR/K026992/1) are supported by the cross-council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative. Funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) is gratefully acknowledged. LIFELONG PREDICTORS OF OLDER-AGE HEALTH AND WELLBEING 3 Abstract Recent observations that personality traits are related to later-life health and wellbeing outcomes have inspired considerable interest in exploring the physiological mechanisms involved. Other factors, such as cognitive ability and education, also show longitudinal influences on health and wellbeing, but it is not yet clear how all these predictors and other early-life circumstances together contribute to later-life health and wellbeing. In this preliminary study, we assessed hypothesised relations among these variables across the life course using structural equation modelling in a sample assessed on dependability (a personality trait related to conscientiousness) in childhood, cognitive ability and social class in both childhood and older age, education, and health and subjective wellbeing in older age. Our models indicated that both health and subjective wellbeing in older age were influenced by childhood IQ and social class, via education, rather than via older-age cognitive ability and social class. Some older-age personality traits mediated the effects of early-life variables on subjective wellbeing in particular, but childhood dependability did not have a significant effect on older-age health or wellbeing. We replicated our models in a much larger sample assessed on many of the same variables in older age. Models constrained to the parameters estimated in the exploratory sample also fit data from this larger second sample. Our results did not provide support for a role of childhood dependability in promoting older-age health and wellbeing, but did highlight the importance of other early-life factors and, in particular, personal characteristics that contribute to educational attainment. Further, personality in later life may mediate the effects of such early-life factors on health and subjective wellbeing. Key words: personality; cognitive ability; education; health; subjective wellbeing; longitudinal study LIFELONG PREDICTORS OF OLDER-AGE HEALTH AND WELLBEING 4 Personality and Other Lifelong Influences on Older-Age Health and Wellbeing: Preliminary Findings in Two Scottish Samples One of the principal long-term aims of ageing research is to improve the physical health and psychological wellbeing of older individuals. Despite this, one thing that has become clear is that many personal characteristics, behaviours, and circumstances generally considered positive, when present quite early in life, are associated with older-age health and wellbeing. But going beyond these basic associations to understand the mechanisms and natures of the individual differences in circumstances, behaviours, and characteristics that drive these associations and the degrees to which we might be able to manipulate them is less straightforward, and factors that are identified never explain all the observed variance in health and wellbeing in older age. Without greater understanding of the processes underlying these associations, the potential to identify and manipulate the sources of this remaining variance that offers some of the best opportunities to accomplish our long-term goals is considerably limited. Personality as a predictor of health and wellbeing Personality traits are examples of characteristics that have been shown to predict health outcomes. For instance, Hampson, Goldberg, Vogt and Dubanoski (2007) studied relations between childhood measures of the Big Five personality traits and overall health 40 years later. They observed significant indirect positive associations between childhood extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness and intellect/imagination, and mid-life health status, via educational attainment and/or health behaviours, as well as a direct association for conscientiousness. Conscientiousness in particular is consistently identified as a predictor of longevity (Friedman et al., 1993; Jokela et al., 2013) and health (Friedman, 2000; Bogg & Roberts, 2013; Hampson, Edmonds, Goldberg, Dubanoski, & Hillier, 2015). Weston, Hill and Jackson (2015) focused on individual disease, studying the associations between the Big Five LIFELONG PREDICTORS OF OLDER-AGE HEALTH AND WELLBEING 5 personality traits and subsequent risk of onset in 6,904 older participants. Higher extraversion was associated with lower risk of developing high blood pressure, higher agreeableness with lower risk of developing arthritis, conscientiousness with lower risk of high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke and arthritis, and openness with lower risk of high blood pressure, heart conditions, stroke and arthritis, while higher neuroticism was associated with greater risk of developing high blood pressure, lung disease, heart conditions or arthritis. This range of disease-specific associations shows how personality throughout earlier life may contribute to overall health in older age. Wellbeing is intricately associated with health, but focuses on subjective experience of overall personal state, rather than on objective measures of illness, disease and incapacity. Subjective wellbeing in particular refers to an individual’s own overall assessment of his or her life circumstances, often reflecting life and relationship circumstances, and mental as well as physical health (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2009; Realo, Johannson, & Schmidt, 2016). Subjective wellbeing includes cognitive facets, such as life satisfaction, as well as affective facets, i.e. positive and negative affect (Schimmack, 2008). It may be even more closely related to earlier-measured personality than is health, showing significant correlations with all the Big Five traits (Schmutte & Ryff, 1997; Steel, Schmidt, & Shultz, 2008), but particularly extraversion and neuroticism, or emotional stability (DeNeve & Cooper, 1998; Schimmack, Radhakrishnan, Oishi, Dzokoto, & Ahadi 2002; Brett et al., 2012; Gale, Booth, Mõttus, Kuh and Deary, 2013). For instance, Schimmack et al. observed correlations of .47 and -.48 between extraversion and neuroticism, respectively, and life satisfaction (a key cognitive aspect of subjective wellbeing) in their American sample of 168 university students. Vittersø (2001) argued that emotional stability in particular captured the majority of the association between personality and subjective wellbeing, with emotional stability accounting for around 34% of the variance in subjective wellbeing, compared to only 1% for extraversion. Brett et al. (2012) LIFELONG PREDICTORS OF OLDER-AGE HEALTH AND WELLBEING 6 also found that emotional stability in particular was relatively strongly associated
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