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Flipped Lesson 3A: 1763-1775: the Road to Revolution

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Flipped Lesson 3A: 1763-1775: the Road to Revolution Flipped Lesson 3A: 1763-1775: The Road to Revolution Duncan, Mike (Producer). (2014, Feb. 16-March 2). Revolutions [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.revolutionspodcast.com/page/3/ Remember … 1. British victory in the French and Indian War enlarged her colonial empire 2. But victory was CO$TLY! In response to these costs Britain wanted the colonists to pay their fair share. 3. British Parliament made decisions to try to control and pay for ( taxes) its empire. This ended British salutary neglect. 4. These actions led to differences between the colonists and Great Britain that would lead to war (and a new nation). After the French and Indian War Proclamation Line the Colonists clashed with Indian Tribes over land in the Ohio of 1763 Country and Great Lakes region in Pontiac’s Uprising. American assemblies organize their militias and pass taxes to fight Indian wars. King George III tried to balance the wants of colonists and tribes with the Proclamation Line of 1763. It ran roughly along the Appalachian Mountains: colonists were to stay east of the line and not settle on Native American lands. Land-hungry colonists ignored the proclamation, and the British could not enforce it. In order to protect the colonial The Quartering Act borders, troops were needed. Those troops needed somewhere to stay! The Quartering Act (1765) required colonists provide quarters (housing) for British soldiers. Colonists resented the troops, especially because they felt the major threat (the French) were gone. The Sugar Act Britain was roughly £122 million in debt from the war. British Prime Minister George Grenville thought the colonists should be taxed as well as British citizens. In order to raise revenue (money), he sought to enforce the taxes on molasses and sugar (The Sugar Act, 1764) The act actually lowered the tax on these items, but the British navy cracked down on enforcing the tax and the search of colonial ships. Colonists were not happy about paying a tax they had been avoiding by smuggling and salutary neglect. The Stamp Act The Stamp Act (1765) was another attempt by Grenville at raising money in the colonies. It was a tax on paper to raise money to pay for British troops stationed in the colonies. Paper that was used for a variety— from legal documents to playing cards—was required to carry a seal or stamp from Britain to prove it had been taxed. Colonial Pushback Some merchants in New York City organized The colonists’ boycott hurts British a boycott (refuse to import) of British goods merchants. England makes more money as long as the Stamp Act was in effect. from trade than taxes. Many businessmen in England ask Parliament to Representatives from some of the colonies end the Stamp Act met in NYC to officially protest the Stamp Act (The Stamp Act Congress). Colonial Opposition The colonists were willing to—and did—pay taxes! Colonial assemblies, which included representatives elected by colonists collected taxes. The question was: “If the colonists are not actually represented in Parliament, can Parliament control taxation?” The answer to a growing number of colonists was: NO! Colonial Pushback In Virginia … In Massachusetts … some colonists formed committees of correspondence. These groups Patrick Henry, a exchanged ideas and responses member of the House about British actions. of Burgesses (Virginia’s assembly), spoke out Groups like the Sons of Liberty passionately against organized themselves to protest the Stamp Act. Henry British policies. and some of his colleagues said the right to tax the colonists of Virginia belonged to the colonial assembly only. Members of the Sons of Liberty “hanging” This was too radical (extreme) for some Andrew Oliver (stamp master). They later members of the House of Burgesses. destroyed his house. Colonial Pushback (cont’d) WHAT WAS THE BRITISH RESPONSE? Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, but they didn’t want the colonists to think they won. So they said: THE DECLATORY ACT 1766 BRITAIN HAS THE RIGHT TO GOVERN THE COLONIES in all cases whatsoever More Taxes?!—The Townshend Acts After the Stamp Act failed, Britain still needed revenue($). Parliament passed the Townshend Acts (1767) which included taxes on imports of lead, glass, paper, ink and tea. British officials were hired to enforce the Townshend Acts. Writs of Assistance gave these officials the right to search businesses for illegal goods. Colonists in Boston boycotted British goods, they were soon followed by other colonies. Boston was especially tense—colonists threatened to form a mob. British redcoats were sent to Boston to keep the peace. Tensions rose between the troops The Boston Massacre and Boston colonists from 1769-70. Five colonists were killed after an altercation between soldiers and a mob. After the Boston Massacre, there was disagreement over whether the soldiers were defending themselves or ruthless murderers. Lawyer John Adams The soldiers were acquitted (except 2). Those two were not defended the soldiers convicted of murder and were branded as punishment Exports & Imports: 1768-1783 How did the American boycott of British goods and the Revolutionary War affect trade? The Tea Act (1773) Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts but (again) they didn’t want the colonists to think they won: Parliament left the duty (import tax) on tea. Two years of peace and quiet between the colonists and Great Britain resulted! However, it didn’t last. In May 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act. This allowed The British East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonists at a reduced cost. This was not a tax. But some colonists (mistakenly) believed The East India Company was avoiding the tea tax from the Townshend Acts. The inexpensive tea also hurt the business of colonial merchants. The Boston Tea When three ships arrive in Boston Party, 1773 colonists intend to have the tea sent back to England. Colonial merchants made plans to refuse importation of East India Company tea. Members of the Sons of Liberty—some Merchants were pressured to go along with dressed as Mohawk Indians—dumped the plan. Those who refused, as were often 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor. punished physically—including tarring and feathering. The Coercive / Intolerable Acts The King and Parliament are furious. One member of Parliament asks: “…Whether we have—or not—any authority over that country” The British response is known as the Coercive Acts While the Americans call them the Intolerable Acts 1. Closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid back what they destroyed (90,000 pounds of tea). 2. Took power away from the Massachusetts legislature and put it into the hands of the royal governor. 3. More troops from England to maintain law and order. Another Quartering Act ensuring British troops could secure a place to stay. Additionally, in a meeting with British officials, Ben Franklin is given a good “talking to.” The First Continental Congress 1774 Actions 1. Stated that King George III had John Adams violated their natural rights (life, liberty, property, etc.) Samuel Adams 2. Boycott British goods (no exports or imports). George Washington • Members from 12 colonies—Georgia was 3. Urge Mass. absent—sent delegates to Philadelphia. These Colonists to: train 56 men tried debated and discussed concerns local soldiers, stop with the Intolerable Acts. paying taxes, ignore Intolerable Acts. • It became clear that some radical (extreme) members of the Continental Patrick Henry Congress were even prepared for war…. Militia / Minutemen: -Nickname for colonial militia or citizen soldiers. -They supplied their own weapons and had little military training. -Ready to defend their families and homes. 18 This political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin from the French and Indian War now seems to apply to the colonies and England. If the colonists do not unite, Coercive Acts for each colony and British military power will crush them one by one. 19 The rattlesnake became a symbol for the colonies, like the bald eagle, and showed Americans would fight for their British / Natural Rights. The Gadsden Flag, 1775 20 Lexington and Concord (1775): -Patriots had stored arms and ammunition in Concord. -British redcoats wanted to capture arms and ammunition. Also, wanted to capture 2 patriot leaders: Sam Adams and John Hancock.[ -British march out of Boston on April 18, 1775. -Patriots (Paul Revere) ride to warn the countryside of the marching British redcoats. - April 19th Lexington: Minutemen confront British. A shot is fired and 18 Militia/Minutemen are killed or wounded. -British march to Concord: Destroyed supplies. Exchange fire. -British march back to Boston: Militia/Minutemen fire on British all the way back. -300 British killed, wounded, or missing. -American militia surround Boston. 21 22 “The Shot Heard Round the World” April 19, 1775 The start of the American Revolution as American Minutemen/Militia and British soldiers fire on each other. Who fired the opening shot is unknown. 23 Second Continental Congress (1775): Representatives from the colonies met in Philadelphia to discuss plans. A. Olive Branch Petition (1775): Sent petition to King George III asking to restore peace. King refuses petition. B. Continental Army (1775): Created an army to prepare for war under the command of George Washington. 24 Battle of Bunker Hill (1775): -American army surrounded Boston after Lexington and Concord. -British army attacks rebels to drive them back. Beaten back twice. Rebels run out of ammunition. Forced to retreat when British attack a 3rd time. -2200 British start battle. 1000 killed or wounded. -British forced to abandon Boston. They sail out of Boston. 25 26 27.
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