DOCSLIB.ORG

Neville Chamberlain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neville Chamberlain Neville Chamberlain Gwleidydd Seisnig a fu'n Brif Weinidog y Deyrnas Unedig o 1937 hyd 1940 oedd Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 Mawrth 1869 – 9 Tachwedd 1940). Roedd yn Neville Chamberlain aelod o'r Blaid Geidwadol. Bu’n aelod o Lywodraeth Glymblaid David Lloyd George adeg y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf ac yn nes ymlaen, ymhlith swyddi eraill yn ei yrfa gwleidyddol, bu’n Weinidog Iechyd ac yn Ganghellor y Trysorlys. Mae'n fwyaf adnabyddus am ei ran yng Nghynhadledd München.[1] Wrth weld Ewrop yn cael ei harwain tuag at ail ryfel byd oherwydd bygythiad Natsïaeth ceisiodd Chamberlain gyfaddawdu a chwrdd â gofynion cynyddol Hitler am ragor o dir a phŵer. Roedd yn gwneud hyn er mwyn ceisio osgoi rhyfel arall. Enw’r polisi yma oedd ‘dyhuddo’. Yn 1938 unodd Hitler Awstria gyda’r Almaen yn yr ‘Anschluss’ a meddiannu Tir y Swdeten (rhan o Tsiecoslofacia) er mwyn creu un Almaen fawr Almaeneg ei hiaith. Ym Medi 1938 llofnododd Chamberlain Gytundeb Munich gyda Hitler er mwyn ceisio osgoi rhyfel ond ofer fu ei ymdrech. Wedi i’r Almaen oresgyn Gwlad Pwyl ar Fedi’r 1af 1939, gorfodwyd Chamberlain i gydnabod ei fod wedi methu rhwystro Hitler. Chamberlain oedd Prif Weinidog Prydain pan gyhoeddodd y wlad ryfel ar yr Almaen ar Medi’r 3ydd, 1939. Prin flwyddyn wedi cychwyn y rhyfel ymddiswyddodd Chamberlain fel Prif Weinidog a throsglwyddwyd awenau pŵer i Winston Churchill fel arweinydd y Ganwyd Arthur Neville Chamberlain Llywodraeth newydd.[2] 18 Mawrth 1869 Birmingham Cynnwys Bu farw 9 Tachwedd 1940 (71 Bywyd cynnar oed) Achos: gastrointestinal Gyrfa wleidyddol system cancer, canser Prif Weinidog colorectaidd 1938 Reading 1939 Dinasyddiaeth Lloegr 1940 Alma mater Mason Science College Cyfeiriadau Prifysgol Birmingham Ysgol Rugby Bywyd cynnar Galwedigaeth gwleidydd, person busnes Ganed ef yn ninas Birmingham, yn fab i Joseph Chamberlain, maer y ddinas, ac Swydd Arglwydd Lywydd y Cyngor, yn frawd Austen Chamberlain. Bu farw ei fam pan oedd yn 6 oed. Dechreuodd ei Canghellor y Trysorlys, Prif yrfa wleidyddol yn 42 oed, pan etholwyd ef i gyngor Birmingham. Saith mlynedd Weinidog y Deyrnas yn ddiweddarach, etholwyd ef yn Aelod Seneddol. Unedig, Arweinydd y Blaid Geidwadol, Ysgrifennydd Roedd ei dad, Joseph Chamberlain, wedi bod yn weinidog yn Llywodraeth Gwladol dros Iechyd, Lord Ryddfrydol y Prif Weinidog William Gladstone, ac hefyd yn nes ymlaen bu’n Mayor of Birmingham, weinidog yn Llywodraeth Geidwadol yr Arglwydd Salisbury, ar ddiwedd y 19eg Aelod o Gyfrin Gyngor y ganrif a dechrau’r 20fed ganrif.[1] Deyrnas Unedig, Aelod o Yn ei ugeiniau cynnar bu Neville Chamberlain yn rheolwr ar ystâd 20,000 erw ei 37ain Senedd y Deyrnas dad yn y Bahamas ac yna dychwelodd i weithio yn y diwydiant metel yn Unedig, Aelod o 36fed Birmingham.[3] Senedd y Deyrnas Unedig, Aelod o 35ed Senedd y Gyrfa wleidyddol Deyrnas Unedig, Aelod o 34ydd Senedd y Deyrnas Bu’n gynghorydd lleol a maer yn Birmingham cyn iddo gael ei ethol yn 1918 yn Unedig, Aelod o 33ydd Aelod Seneddol Ceidwadol yn Ladywood, sef ardal yn Birmingham. Cafodd Senedd y Deyrnas Unedig, amrywiaeth o swyddi - er enghraifft, Gweinidog Iechyd yn 1923 a Changhellor y Aelod o'r 32ain Senedd y Trysorlys yn 1929 yn Llywodraethau Andrew Bonar Law a Stanley Baldwin.[4] Deyrnas Unedig, Aelod o'r Llywodraeth Genedlaethol oedd yn rheoli Prydain rhwng 1931 a 1939 a 31ain Senedd y Deyrnas gwahoddwyd ef gan Ramsay MacDonald, Prif Weinidog y Llywodraeth Unedig, Canghellor y Genedlaethol, i ymgymryd â swydd Canghellor yn y llywodraeth honno yn 1931. Trysorlys Penodwyd Chamberlain yn Brif Weinidog y Llywodraeth yn 1937 ac ef oedd wrth y llyw pan gyhoeddodd Prydain ryfel yn erbyn yr Almaen ym Medi 1939. Plaid Wleidyddol Y Blaid Geidwadol Ymddiswyddodd Chamberlain fel Prif Weinidog a throsglwyddwyd awenau pŵer Tad Joseph Chamberlain i Winston Churchill yn 1940. Mam Florence Kenrick Priod Anne Chamberlain Prif Weinidog Plant Dorothy Ethel Chamberlain, Francis Neville Yn ystod y 1930au roedd pryder cynyddol wedi bod ymhlith gwledydd Ewrop Chamberlain ynghylch ymddygiad yr Almaen. Yn ystod y degawd hwnnw roedd yr Almaen wedi ehangu ei phŵer morwrol ac wedi cynyddu ei grym milwrol o dan Perthnasau George Hamilton Kenrick arweinyddiaeth Adolf Hitler, a oedd wedi dod yn Führer (unben) yr Almaen yn Llofnod 1934. Roedd Hitler yn awyddus i ddial am y cywilydd a ddioddefodd yr Almaen oherwydd Cytundeb Versailles yn 1919. Yn wyneb hynny, roedd Chamberlain, fel Prif Weinidog, yn awyddus i ddilyn ‘polisi dyhuddo’, sef ceisio rhoi consesiynau i Hitler yn y gobaith y byddai’n medru sicrhau heddwch yn Ewrop. Gobeithiai Adnoddau Dysgu Chamberlain y byddai datrysiad heddychlon i ymddygiad ymosodol yr Almaen, a bod angen gwneud pob ymdrech i osgoi rhyfel, yn enwedig yn sgil atgfoion erchyll y Rhyfel Rhestr o adnoddau dysgu ar gyfer y Byd Cyntaf. pwnc yma CBAC 1938 Dirwasgiad a Rhyfel (http://resource. download.wjec.co.uk.s3.amazonaws. Er gwaethaf ymdrechion gorau Chamberlain, roedd Hitler yn parhau i yrru ei bolisi com/vtc/2016-17/16-17_2-42/cym/dirw tramor ymosodol yn ei flaen. Yn 1938, defnyddiodd Hitler rym i fynd i mewn i Awstria asgiad-a-rhyfel-cym.pdf) gan honni bod ei gydwladwyr a oedd yn siarad Almaeneg yn y wlad am uno gyda’r Almaen. Protestiodd Chamberlain, ond ni weithredodd. Aeth Hitler ymlaen ac uno Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru gydag Awstria, uniad a oedd yn cael ei adnabod fel yr ‘Anschluss’, gweithred a oedd yn Maes y Gad i Les y Wlad (https://ww torri un o delerau Cytundeb Versailles. Roedd hyn yn sbardun i Hitler fentro ymhellach w.llyfrgell.cymru/fileadmin/addysg/p a dechreuodd fynnu bod gan Almaenwyr a oedd yn byw yn ardal Swdeten, df/myglyw3cymraeg.pdf) Tsiecoslofacia, hawl i hunanbenderfyniad. Rhoddodd Hitler orchymyn i Heinlein, arweinydd Almaenwyr Tsiecoslofacia, drefnu gorymdeithiau a gwrthdystiadau yn Adolygwyd testun yr erthygl hon gan mynnu eu bod yn cael uno â’r Almaen. Bwriad Hitler oedd adfeddiannu tir y Swdeten, rhan o Tsiecoslofacia, wedi i’r Almaen gael ei gorfodi i roi’r tir yn ôl i Tsiecoslofacia ar arbenigwyr pwnc ac mae'n addas i'w ôl y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf. ddefnyddio mewn addysg Gwnaeth Chamberlain un ymdrech olaf a pherswadiodd Hitler i fynychu cynhadledd heddwch y pedwar pŵer (yr Eidal, yr Almaen, Ffrainc a Phrydain) ym München. Llwyddodd Chamberlain a Daladier, Prif Weinidog Ffrainc, i berswadio Hitler i arwyddo cytundeb a oedd yn dweud mai dim ond ardal y Swdeten y gallai ei chymryd. Cytunodd y pedwar pŵer i warantu annibyniaeth gweddill tiriogaeth Tsiecoslofacia. Arwyddodd Hitler a Chamberlain ddatganiad hefyd yn dweud nad oedden nhw’n bwriadu mynd i ryfel yn erbyn ei gilydd. Dyma oedd Cytundeb München a lofnodwyd ym mis Medi 1938, a welwyd fel elfen bwysig o’r polisi dyhuddo, ac felly rhoddwyd tir y Swdeten i’r Almaen. Dychwelodd Chamberlain i Brydain yn fuddugoliaethus gan ddatgan, ‘Rwy’n credu y cawn heddwch yn ein dyddiau ni.’ Roedd ymdeimlad cyffredinol o ryddhad drwy Brydain ac roedd Chamberlain yn cael ei weld fel arwr cenedlaethol. Ar y llaw arall, roedd pobl Tsiecoslofacia yn teimlo eu bod wedi cael eu bradychu.[5] 1939 Erbyn 1939 cynyddodd y pwysau ar Chamberlain i gyhoeddi rhyfel oherwydd perthynas Prydain gyda gwledydd eraill yn Ewrop a oedd yn wynebu ymddygiad ymosodol yr Almaen. Roedd Prydain a Ffrainc wedi addo i Wlad Pwyl y byddent yn ei chefnogi pe bai Hitler yn mynnu bod y Coridor Pwylaidd yn cael ei ddychwelyd. Rhoddwyd addewid gan y ddwy wlad y byddent yn cyhoeddi rhyfel pe bai milwyr yr Almaen yn goresgyn y wlad. Pwyswyd ar y Llywodraeth Geidwadol i lunio cytundeb gyda Rwsia Sofietaidd ond gwrthododd y Ceidwadwyr wneud hynny. Roedd Stalin, arweinydd y Rwsia Sofietaidd, yn ofni’r Almaen ac oherwydd na allai ymddiried ym Mhrydain na Ffrainc, daeth i gytundeb gyda Hitler ym mis Awst 1939, sef y Cytundeb Natsi-Sofietaidd Di-drais. Roedd goresgyn Gwlad Pwyl yn anochel gan fod Hitler bellach yn sicr na fyddai'r Sofietiaid yn dod i’w helpu. Tan y funud olaf roedd Hitler yn mentro y byddai’n well gan Chamberlain a llywodraeth Ffrainc siarad yn hytrach nag ymladd ac na fydden nhw’n cyhoeddi rhyfel, hyd yn oed pe bai’r Almaen yn goresgyn Gwlad Pwyl. Gorymdeithiodd milwyr yr Almaen i mewn i Wlad Pwyl ar Fedi’r 1af gan ddisgwyl na fyddai ymateb oddi wrth y gwledydd eraill. Tybiodd Hitler yn anghywir y tro hwn. O dan yr amgylchiadau gorfodwyd Prydain a Ffrainc i gyhoeddi rhyfel ar yr Almaen ar Fedi’r 3ydd, 1939. Yn ei ddarllediad radio i’r Deyrnas Unedig ar Fedi’r 4ydd, 1939, esboniodd Neville Chamberlain pam ei fod wedi cael ei orfodi i gyhoeddi rhyfel. Rhestrodd yr addewidion roedd Hitler wedi eu torri, yn eu plith, nifer o delerau Cytundeb Versailles, fel yr ‘Anschluss’ gyda’r Almaen a goresgyniad tir y Swdeten, a meddiannu’r Coridor Pwylaidd. Anwybyddodd Hitler delerau Cytundeb Munich a lluniodd gynghrair gyda Stalin, arweinydd gwlad Gomiwnyddol a oedd wedi cael ei ystyried ganddo fel un o elynion pennaf yr Almaen Natsïaidd. Drwy gyfeirio at y rhestr hon o dor-addewidion yn ei araith, sylweddolodd Chamberlain eu bod yn y pen draw wedi arwain at fethiant y polisi dyhuddo ac at achosi'r Ail Ryfel Byd. 1940 Gydag ymosodiad Hitler ar Ddenmarc a Norwy ym 1940 a methiant Prydain i’w helpu nhw i wrthsefyll y goresgyniad, rhoddwyd pwysau cynyddol ar Neville Chamberlain, ac arweiniodd hyn at ddiffyg hyder yn ei arweinyddiaeth. Gan hynny, gorfodwyd ef i ymddiswyddo o dan yr amgylchiadau ym Mai 1940.[3] Gydag ymddiswyddiad dramatig y Prif Weinidog yn 1940 daeth clymblaid dan arweiniad Winston Churchill i rym (roedd Churchill wedi gwasanaethu yng nghabinet rhyfel Chamberlain).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • HEBEELE, Gerald Clarence, 1932- the PREDICAMENT of the BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY, 1906-1914
    This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 68-3000 HEBEELE, Gerald Clarence, 1932- THE PREDICAMENT OF THE BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY, 1906-1914. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1967 History, modem University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan © Copyright by Gerald Clarence Heberle 1968 THE PREDICAMENT OF THE BRITISH UNIONIST PARTY, 1906-1914 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gerald c / Heberle, B.A., M.A, ******* The Ohio State University 1967 Approved by B k f y f ’ P c M k ^ . f Adviser Department of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Philip P. Poirier of the Department of History, The Ohio State University, Dr. Poirier*s invaluable advice, his unfailing patience, and his timely encouragement were of immense assistance to me in the production of this dissertation, I must acknowledge the splendid service of the staff of the British Museum Manuscripts Room, The Librarian and staff of the University of Birmingham Library made the Chamberlain Papers available to me and were most friendly and helpful. His Lordship, Viscount Chilston, and Dr, Felix Hull, Kent County Archivist, very kindly permitted me to see the Chilston Papers, I received permission to see the Asquith Papers from Mr, Mark Bonham Carter, and the Papers were made available to me by the staff of the Bodleian Library, Oxford University, To all of these people I am indebted, I am especially grateful to Mr, Geoffrey D,M, Block and to Miss Anne Allason of the Conservative Research Department Library, Their cooperation made possible my work in the Conservative Party's publications, and their extreme kindness made it most enjoyable.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Year April 2000 – March 2001 508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *2
    508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *1 THE ROTHSCHILD ARCHIVE Review of the year April 2000 – March 2001 508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *2 Cover Picture: Mr S. V. J. Scott, a Clerk at N M Rothschild & Sons, photographed at his desk in the General Office, 1937 508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *3 The Rothschild Archive Trust Trustees Emma Rothschild (Chair) Baron Eric de Rothschild Lionel de Rothschild Professor David Landes Anthony Chapman Staff Victor Gray (Director) Melanie Aspey (Archivist) Elaine Penn (Assistant Archivist) Richard Schofield (Assistant Archivist) Mandy Bell (Archives Assistant to October 2000) Gill Crust (Secretary) The Rothschild Archive, New Court, St. Swithin’s Lane, London EC4P 4DU Tel. +44 (0)20 7280 5874, Fax +44 (0)20 7280 5657, E-mail [email protected] Website: www.rothschildarchive.org Company No. 3702208 Registered Charity No. 1075340 508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *4 508964AR.CHI 8/23/02 12:18 PM Page *5 CONTENTS Introduction ..................................................................... 1 Emma Rothschild, Chairman of the Rothschild Archive Trust Review of the Year’s Work .................................................. 2 Victor Gray The Cash Nexus: Bankers and Politics in History ......................... 9 Professor Niall Ferguson ‘Up to our noses in smoke’ .................................................. 16 Richard Schofield Rothschild in the News....................................................... 22 Melanie Aspey Charles Stuart and the Secret Service ...................................
    [Show full text]
  • David Lloyd George and Temperance Reform Philip A
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Honors Theses Student Research 1980 The ac use of sobriety : David Lloyd George and temperance reform Philip A. Krinsky Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/honors-theses Recommended Citation Krinsky, Philip A., "The cause of sobriety : David Lloyd George and temperance reform" (1980). Honors Theses. Paper 594. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND LIBRARIES llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll/11111 3 3082 01 028 9899 - The Cause of Sobriety: David Lloyd George and Temperance Reform Philip A. Krinsky Contents I. Introduction: 1890 l II. Attack on Misery: 1890-1905 6 III. Effective Legislation: 1906-1918 16 IV. The Aftermath: 1918 to Present 34 Notes 40 Bibliographical Essay 47 Temperance was a major British issue until after World War I. Excessive drunkenness, not alcoholism per se, was the primary concern of the two parliamentary parties. When Lloyd George entered Parliament the two major parties were the Liberals and the Conservatives. Temperance was neither a problem that Parliament sought to~;;lv~~ nor the single issue of Lloyd George's public career. Rather, temperance remained within a flux of political squabbling between the two parties and even among the respective blocs within each Party. Inevitably, compromises had to be made between the dissenting factions. The major temperance controversy in Parliament was the issue of compensation. Both Parties agreed that the problem of excessive drunkenness was rooted in the excessive number of public houses throughout Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Gladstone and the Bank of England: a Study in Mid-Victorian Finance, 1833-1866
    GLADSTONE AND THE BANK OF ENGLAND: A STUDY IN MID-VICTORIAN FINANCE, 1833-1866 Patricia Caernarv en-Smith, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 2007 APPROVED: Denis Paz, Major Professor Adrian Lewis, Committee Member and Chair of the Department of History Laura Stern, Committee Member Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Caernarven-Smith, Patricia. Gladstone and the Bank of England: A Study in Mid- Victorian Finance, 1833-1866. Master of Arts (History), May 2007, 378 pp., 11 tables, bibliography, 275 titles. The topic of this thesis is the confrontations between William Gladstone and the Bank of England. These confrontations have remained a mystery to authors who noted them, but have generally been ignored by others. This thesis demonstrates that Gladstone’s measures taken against the Bank were reasonable, intelligent, and important for the development of nineteenth-century British government finance. To accomplish this task, this thesis refutes the opinions of three twentieth-century authors who have claimed that many of Gladstone’s measures, as well as his reading, were irrational, ridiculous, and impolitic. My primary sources include the Gladstone Diaries, with special attention to a little-used source, Volume 14, the indexes to the Diaries. The day-to-day Diaries and the indexes show how much Gladstone read about financial matters, and suggest that his actions were based to a large extent upon his reading. In addition, I have used Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates and nineteenth-century periodicals and books on banking and finance to understand the political and economic debates of the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Gladstone and the Great Irish Famine
    GLADSTONE AND thE GREAT IriSH FAMINE William Ewart Gladstone’s Irish policy as Prime Minister has received a great deal of historical attention, but aspects of his earlier engagement with Ireland remain less well known. In particular, Gladstone’s response to the defining social and economic crisis of modern Irish history – the Great Famine of 1845–52 – has attracted only cursory attention. In this article, Douglas Kanter explores Gladstone’s reaction to the Great Famine, some two decades before his first premiership. 8 Journal of Liberal History 81 Winter 2013–14 GLADSTONE AND thE GREAT IriSH FAMINE f, as George Boyce remarked months during his involuntary metropolis helped to ensure that, not long ago, the words ‘Glad- absence from the House of Com- by his own account, he remained stone and Ireland’ resonate mons, Gladstone made no signifi- unaware of the magnitude of the I 1 2 to this day, the same cannot be cant impact on relief policy in these approaching catastrophe. Perhaps said for the phrase ‘Gladstone and critical years, when deaths from as a result, Gladstone was at first the Great Irish Famine’. William starvation and disease mounted more preoccupied by the political Gladstone’s response to the defin- and the basic structures of govern- implications of the crisis than by ing social and economic crisis of ment assistance were established. its potential human cost. Initially modern Irish history, in fact, has His contribution to policy for- anticipating no more than a ‘tem- attracted only cursory attention. mulation remained slight
    [Show full text]
  • Mundella Papers Scope
    University of Sheffield Library. Special Collections and Archives Ref: MS 6 - 9, MS 22 Title: Mundella Papers Scope: The correspondence and other papers of Anthony John Mundella, Liberal M.P. for Sheffield, including other related correspondence, 1861 to 1932. Dates: 1861-1932 (also Leader Family correspondence 1848-1890) Level: Fonds Extent: 23 boxes Name of creator: Anthony John Mundella Administrative / biographical history: The content of the papers is mainly political, and consists largely of the correspondence of Mundella, a prominent Liberal M.P. of the later 19th century who attained Cabinet rank. Also included in the collection are letters, not involving Mundella, of the family of Robert Leader, acquired by Mundella’s daughter Maria Theresa who intended to write a biography of her father, and transcriptions by Maria Theresa of correspondence between Mundella and Robert Leader, John Daniel Leader and another Sheffield Liberal M.P., Henry Joseph Wilson. The collection does not include any of the business archives of Hine and Mundella. Anthony John Mundella (1825-1897) was born in Leicester of an Italian father and an English mother. After education at a National School he entered the hosiery trade, ultimately becoming a partner in the firm of Hine and Mundella of Nottingham. He became active in the political life of Nottingham, and after giving a series of public lectures in Sheffield was invited to contest the seat in the General Election of 1868. Mundella was Liberal M.P. for Sheffield from 1868 to 1885, and for the Brightside division of the Borough from November 1885 to his death in 1897.
    [Show full text]
  • Teacher's Guide
    Winston Churchill Jeopardy Teacher Guide The following is a hard copy of the Jeopardy game you can download off our website. After most of the questions, you will find additional information. Please use this information as a starting point for discussion amongst your students. This is a great post- visit activity in order to see what your students learned while at the Museum. Most importantly, have fun with it! Museum Exhibits (Church, Wall, and Exhibit) $100 Q: From 1965 to 1967, this church was deconstructed into 7000 stones, shipped to Fulton, and rebuilt as a memorial to Winston Churchill’s visit. A: What is the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Aldermanbury - Please see additional information on the Church of St. Mary by going to our website and clicking on School Programs. $200 Q: In ‘The Gathering Storm’ exhibit, Churchill referred to this political leader as “…a maniac of ferocious genius of the most virulent hatred that has ever corroded the human breast…” A: Who is Adolf Hitler? $300 Q: In ‘The Sinews of Peace’ exhibit, what world leader influenced Churchill’s visit to Westminster College? A: Who is Harry S. Truman? $400 Q: These two items made regular appearances on Churchill’s desk. A: What are the cigar and whiskey? $500 Q: Churchill’s granddaughter, Edwina Sandys, created this sculpture as a representation and symbol of the end of the Cold War. It stands next to the Churchill Museum. A: What is “Breakthrough”? - This sculpture is made of eight sections of the Berlin Wall. Please see additional information on the Berlin Wall by going to our website and clicking on School Programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Joseph Chamberlain and Foreign Policy, 1895-1903
    Joseph Chamberlain and Foreign Policy, 1895-1903. Dominic Michel Bray This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Phd) at The University of East Anglia. School of History. September 2015 ©”This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution.” Abstract This thesis investigates Joseph Chamberlain’s conceptualisations of foreign policy while colonial secretary, 1895 to 1903. While Chamberlain’s influential position has been noted in the historiography it has not been central to any study. Therefore Chamberlain’s motivation and aims are not clearly understood. Most often his ideas are contrasted with Salisbury’s, who currently enjoys a very high reputation as a realpolitck Foreign Secretary, with a clear sense of perspective and direction. This study will therefore reconsider how Chamberlain’s opinions interacted with Salisbury’s. The current debate also under-represents Balfour’s own dissention from Salisbury and his own bid to control or influence British foreign policy. Therefore, this study sits firmly within the debate on British Isolation while acknowledging the Decline debate. Chamberlain was motivated to solve the problem of defending British interests, formal and informal, while Britain suffered from over-extension. His interest in a German alliance was heightened by events in China but was not limited to them; hence he was not content with the security afforded by the Anglo-Japanese alliance.
    [Show full text]
  • Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zoab Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 46106 7619623
    INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) dr section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages, This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sir Horace Wilson and Appeasement*
    The Historical Journal, 53, 4 (2010), pp. 983–1014 f Cambridge University Press 2010 doi:10.1017/S0018246X10000270 SIR HORACE WILSON AND APPEASEMENT* G. C. P E D E N University of Stirling ABSTRACT. Sir Horace Wilson was Neville Chamberlain’s confidential adviser while the latter was prime minister. The article addresses three questions. First, what was Wilson’s role in Whitehall in connection with rearmament and foreign policy? Second, did he diminish the influence of the Foreign Office? Third, what contribution does his defence of appeasement make to understanding of a subject that continues to divide historians? The article concludes that Wilson played an important role in enabling Chamberlain to pursue his foreign policy goals. However, when there was outright disagreement between Wilson and the Foreign Office, it was the Foreign Office view that prevailed. Finally, the evidence of Wilson’s words and actions, both in 1937–9 and later, broadly supports R. A. C. Parker’s post-revisionist interpretation of appeasement, particularly as regards Munich, but Wilson was a good deal firmer in 1939 about Britain’s will to fight, if necessary, than his critics then or later allowed. No history of British appeasement is complete without some reference to Sir Horace Wilson’s role as Neville Chamberlain’s confidential adviser, and in particular to Wilson’s meetings with Hitler as the prime minister’s emissary im- mediately prior to the Munich conference in September 1938. Yet there has been no serious study of Wilson himself in relation to appeasement since Martin Gilbert published a short article in History Today in 1982.1 To date, archival work on Wilson’s career has been confined to his years at the Ministry of Labour and the Board of Trade.2 This neglect would have surprised Wilson’s contemporaries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life of Winston Churchill
    © Yousuf Karsh, 1941 Ottawa The Life of Winston Churchill: Soldier Correspondent Statesman Orator Author Inspirational Leader © The Churchill Centre 2007 Produced for educational use only. Not intended for commercial purposes. The Churchill Centre is the international focus for study of Winston Churchill, his life and times. Our members, aged from ten to over ninety, work together to preserve Winston Churchill's memory and legacy. Our aim is that future generations never forget his contribu- tions to the political philosophy, culture and literature of the Great Democracies and his contributions to statesmanship. To join or contact The Churchill Centre visit www.winstonchurchill.org Birth 1874 Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill’s ancestors were both Brit- ish and American. Winston’s father was the British Lord Randolph Churchill, the youngest son of John, the 7th Duke of Marlborough. Lord Randolph’s ancestor John Churchill made history by winning many successful military campaigns in Europe for Queen Anne almost 200 years earlier. His mother was the American Jennie Jerome. The Jeromes fought for the inde- pendence of the American colonies in George Washington’s ar- mies. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born on Novem- ber 30, 1874, at the Duke of Marlborough’s large palace, Blen- Winston. as a baby. heim. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill’s family tree John Churchill 1650-1722 1st Duke of Marlborough !" Charles 1706-1758 3rd Duke of Marlborough !" George 1739-1817 David Wilcox 4th Duke of Marlborough !" John Churchill George 1766-1840
    [Show full text]
  • Localism in Joseph Chamberlain's Social Politics, 1869-1895. Everett Ap Rker Hall University of Massachusetts Amherst
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 1-1-1977 Localism in Joseph Chamberlain's Social Politics, 1869-1895. Everett aP rker Hall University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1 Recommended Citation Hall, Everett aP rker, "Localism in Joseph Chamberlain's Social Politics, 1869-1895." (1977). Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014. 1352. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations_1/1352 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations 1896 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LOCALISM IN JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN'S SOCIAL POLITICS, 1869-189? A Dissertation Presented by EVERETT PARKER PIALL, JR. Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY February 1977 History (c) EVERETT PARKER HALL, JR. 1977 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED LOCALISM IN JOSEPH CHAMBERLAIN'S SOCIAL POLITICS, 1869-1895 A Dissertation Presented By EVERETT PARKER HALL, JR. Approved as to style and content by Marvin Swai^tz, Cha3.rperson of Committee n /// /, / C 1-!/ ^ /it ^ 'ranklin B. ';/ickv/ire Member Michael Wolff, Member GeraldJerald McFarland, Chairman History Department ABSTRACT OF TIIE DISSERTATION Localism in Joseph Chamberlain's Social Politics, 1869-1895 Everett Parker Hall, Jr. Ph.D., University of Massachusetts, 1977 Directed by: Marvin Swartz This dissertation analyzes the Radical career of Joseph Chamberlain in terras of the social and political context in which he operated.
    [Show full text]