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The Current Situation in the Muslim Ummah of the Orenburg Region

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The Current Situation in the Muslim Ummah of the Orenburg Region D.N.DENISOV THE CURRENT SITUATION IN THE MUSLIM UMMAH OF THE ORENBURG REGION Denis Nikolaevich Denisov, Orenburg State University, 13 Prospect Pobedy, Orenburg, 460018, Russian Federation, [email protected]. The article analyses the current situation in the Muslim Ummah of the Orenburg region, the main directions of its educational, informational, publishing, cultural and charitable activities. The author concludes that on the whole Muslim Ummah of the Orenburg region shows positive dynamics, a growing variety of directions and forms of religious and social service, although they are not always backed by a proper institutional framework, systematic and planned work, as well as the project ap- proach. At the same time, the spread of ideology and practices of religious extremism represents a threat to its creative activities, internal unity and external image, which is facilitated by the border po- sition of the region and the fact that the main transit routes for migration from Central Asia to Russia go through its territory. Key words: Islam, Muslims, Ummah, Orenburg region. The Orenburg region has traditionally been in the western and central parts of the Orenburg home to Muslim peoples since the 13th–14th centu- region: in Asekeevsky (47.2 %), Abdulinsky (30.8 ries. According to the 2010 All-Russian Population %), Matveyevsky (29.9 %), Sakmarsky (20.2 %), Census, they comprise more than 340 thousand Sharlyksky (18.5 %), Severny (18.1 %), Ponomar- people (16,8 % of the population) including yovsky (17.9 %), Saraktashsky (16.9 %), Perevo- 151,492 Tatars (7,5 %), 120,262 Kazakhs (5,9 %), lotsky (16.5 %) and Alexandrovsky (16.4 %) dis- 46,696 Bashkirs (2,3 %), 7,421 Azerbaijanis (0,4 tricts. %), 4,964 Uzbeks (0,2 %), 4,093 Tajiks (0,2 %), As in other regions of Russia, due to liberaliza- 1,159 Turks and Meskhetian Turks (0,06 %), 1,059 tion of social and political life and state religious Chechens (0,05 %), 688 Kyrgyz (0,03 %), 569 policy, the local ummah has undergone a challeng- Dargins (0,03 %), 558 Lezgins (0,03 %), 319 ing period of institutional development of Muslim Turkmen (0,02 %), 254 Avars (0,01 %), 204 Ru- structures since the 1980s. It has witnessed a rapid tuls (0,01 %), 119 Kumyks (0,006 %), 98 Ingush increase in the number of local Islamic communi- (0,005 %), etc. [Vserossiiskaia perepis' naseleniia ties, mass restoration and construction of religious 2010 g.]. The Tatars being the largest of the above- buildings, revival of religious education system mentioned Muslim communities are concentrated 142 TATARICA: CULTURE, PERSONALITY AND EDUCATION and mass media, as well as search for new forms Mosque Association refused to reunite, and in and methods to work with believers. 2010 they joined a new centralized organization – Islamic United Center of Muslim Organizations of Table 1. Russia (Moscow), further renamed as the United Dynamics of the number of Muslim religious Islamic Congress of Russia (United muftiat) in organizations in the Orenburg region 2012. But due to the start of its leader’s criminal in the post-Soviet period. prosecution and defunding of its subordinate com- Years Organizations Years Organizations munities located in the Orenburg region, the major- 1991 32 2005 133 ity also re-registered and came under the control of 1992 41 2006 133 the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the 1993 56 2007 128 Orenburg region, subordinate to the CMSB of Rus- 1994 58 2008 108 sia [Amelin, Denisov, Morgunov, pp. 98–102]. 1995 67 2009 105 Currently, 107 local registered Islamic organi- 1996 74 2010 95 zations meet the religious needs of the Muslims 1997 78 2011 97 living in the Orenburg region. One of these organi- 1998 80 2012 111 zations located in Orenburg technically belongs to 1999 86 2013 109 the Religious Board of Muslims of the European 2000 95 2014 102 Part of Russia, which was reorganized on 25 No- vember, 2014 into the Spiritual Administration of 2001 114 2015 103 Muslims of the Russian Federation (with the cen- 2002 130 2016 105 tral office in Moscow). Three communities in the 2003 132 2017 107 villages Ryazanovka (the Asekeyevsky district), 2004 132 2018 107 Rabochiy (the Buguruslansky district) and Novo- zhedrino (the Matveyevsky district) still formally In the Orenburg region, as well as in many oth- belong to the United Islamic Congress of Russia er constituent territories of the Russian Federation, which was already liquidated on 6 July, 2016. Yet, this process was accompanied by attempts to split the overwhelming majority of the region’s Muslim the existing Muslim organizations and form alter- organizations (103) is united under the auspices of native centralized ones for multiple reasons, in- the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the cluding the remoteness of the western areas from Orenburg region as part of the Central Muslim the administrative centre of the region, their persuit Spiritual Board of Russia (with the central office in of greater organizational and financial autonomy, Ufa). many believers’ discontent based on lack of atten- Thus, the Orenburg region is one of the few re- tion to their needs, the new religious leaders’ ambi- gions in the Volga Federal District where the abso- tion and struggle for the congregation. In Decem- lute majority of Muslim religious communities are ber 1994 some communities of the western areas consolidated under the control of one spiritual withdrew from the Spiritual Administration of board. Moreover, the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Orenburg region (Orenburg mufti- Muslims of the Orenburg region (hereinafter re- at), founded in May, 1994 and subordinate to the ferred to as the SAMOR) keeps watchful guard Central Muslim Spiritual Board of Russia (herein- over the unity of the local Ummah by acting pre- after referred to as the CMSB) located in Ufa. As ventively, resolving conflicts quickly and com- early as in February 1995, they established their promising with the disgruntled to discourage split- own Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the ting and creation of competing organizations. For Orenburg region (Buguruslansky muftiat). In 2001, instance, a religious group of Berdyanka village it joined Russia Mufties Council, a centralized or- (the Orenburgsky district) wanted to join the Spir- ganization competing with the CMSB. The re- itual Administration of Muslims of the Russian mainder of the split communities came under the Federation (hereinafter referred to as SAM RF), administration of Russian Mosque Association. As but after negotiations they decided to stay part of a result of a continuous negotiation process with the SAMOR. In March, 2018 there was a more assistance from regional authorities, Buguruslan- challenging attempt to legally create a separate sky muftiat made a decision to dissolve in 2010, Shiite Muslim organization not subordinate to the and its congregation moved on to the Spiritual Regional Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Administration of Muslims of the Orenburg region the Orenburg region (hereinafter referred to as the (Orenburg muftiat), part of the CMSB. However, RSAMOR). Members of the Azerbaijan diaspora the communities under the auspices of Russian 143 D.N.DENISOV in Sorochinsk who were dissatisfied with the state SAMOR started taking trips across the region to of affairs in the RSAMOR wanted to withdraw learn about the current state of affairs and the from it and applied to register a separate Shiite re- needs of local communities, holding meetings and ligious organization. The split in the local commu- panel discussions in the districts (muhtasibats), as nity could create a precedent for further delimita- well as monthly working sessions for the imams of tion of Muslims of the region according to the the regional center. branches of Islam. It could foster creation of paral- The new leadership of the SAMOR began to lel Sunni and Shiite organizations in other settle- actively push Muslim religious groups to form and ments of the Orenburg region. However, the vigor- register communities with the legal support of spe- ous preventive measures taken by the authorities in cialists from the central apparatus. It expands the collaboration with the Spiritual Administration of construction of new mosques, providing financial Muslims and local believers helped to prevent fur- support for purchasing materials and carrying out ther escalation of the situation. In April the head of the work. Largely because of this, three new com- the RSAMOR visited Sorochinsk and held meet- munities were registered in 2015, then three more ings and talks on this issue with the mayor, the lo- in 2016, and two in 2017. Two newly constructed cal imam and the believers. As a result, the issue of mosques were open in 2015, three others started creating an alternative Shiite organization in the functioning in 2016, and in 2017 two mosques and city was removed from the agenda. In August one prayer room opened their doors for believers. 2018, an action group attempted to register a Mus- Along with providing opportunities for practic- lim organization not controlled by the Central ing religion freely and arranging places for collec- Muslim Spiritual Board (CMSB) of Russia in the tive prayer and rites, the SAMOR’s priority is to Sakmarsky district, but the authorities rejected the expand their congregation, involve young people application due to the groups’ failure to comply in conscious religious life, educate them spiritually with the requirements established by law. and morally and teach the basics of Islam. Under the guidance and coordination of the Primary Muslim education is provided by Sun- RSAMOR, local Muslim organizations conduct re- day schools in major mosques, as well as tempo- ligious services, cultural, educational and spiritual rary courses traditionally organized by congrega- activities, keep the congregation informed, etc. tions during the winter and summer holidays in the Their activity has significantly increased on all form of children’s day camps.
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