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The Political Status of Spitsbergen Author(S): Martin Conway Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol

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The Political Status of Spitsbergen Author(S): Martin Conway Source: the Geographical Journal, Vol The Political Status of Spitsbergen Author(s): Martin Conway Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Feb., 1919), pp. 83-91 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1779537 Accessed: 14-06-2016 19:08 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 155.69.24.171 on Tue, 14 Jun 2016 19:08:11 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE POLITICAL STATUS OF SPITSBERGEN 83 while in the country. I remember they murdered one of our permanent European officials whilst we were actually on our way out of the country. But the sign and symbol of their Christianity, which they were always .ready to produce and which they always expected any of us to produce if we wanted to claim any assistance from them, was something blue, either blue ribbon or blue paper; or indeed anything else that was blue. I was very desirous of finding out an explanation for this, and I was told by the Chief Rabbi of one of the synagogues in London that I should find that explanation if I looked in the Bible through the book of Leviticus. All I could find was the vague statement that the border of certain garments of the priests was to be blue, and I was informed that this was introduced originally into Abyssinia by the Jews. I should like to know whether it was universal, whether it was an ancient custom, or whether, after fifty years, they still recognize that blue symbol as indicating the brotherhood of Christianity. Mr. HODSON : With regard to the first question as to the mountain nyala ; it is a species of kudu first discovered by Buxton and often called the Buxton kudu. As far as I am aware, it is only found in Abyssinia, and its habitat there is very restricted. As to fever in Abyssinia I do not know why it should be of a more virulent type there than in other parts of Africa, but it certainly seems to me that it is so. The only explanation I can give is that, as a rule, fever is contracted in the lowlands and perhaps soon after one ascends mountains over 8000 feet high. Probably the sudden change of altitude has something to do with it. Certainly it is difficult to throw off malaria fever in Abyssinia once it has been contracted. With regard to the question asked by the President as to the similarity between the country north of Addis Abbaba to that of the south, I have never been north of Addis Abbaba, so that I cannot offer any opinion. As to the blue symbol I have never had any Abyssinian ask me for anything blue, nor have I noticed them wearing it, so I think it must have been a local peculiarity in northern Abyssinia and not in the south. THE POLITICAL STATUS OF SPITSBERGEN Sir Martin Conway Read at the Meeting of the Society, 9 December 1918. ON dricks 17 June was 1596,captain a andDutch William ship, Barentswhereof chief Jacob pilot, Heemskerke came in sightHen- of Spitsbergen for the first time on record. The expedition had been sent forth to discover the North-East Passage. It had consisted of two ships, but they had separated. The ship with Barents on board had sailed northward till it met the edge of the ice-pack at a point about due north of the north-west corner of Spitsbergen. They sailed eastward along it some 44 miles and then, the fog I suppose lifting, they beheld the north coast of the island wide spread before them, stretching from Hakluyt's The authorities for the statements in this paper are all cited either in my ' Hisfory of Spitsbergen' (Cambridge, 1906) or in Arnold Raestad ; *Le Spitsberg dans Phistoire diplomatique.' Traduit du Norvegien par Charles Rabot. Extrait de La Geographie, t. 2$, 5 and"6; t. 26, 2 (Paris, 1912). This content downloaded from 155.69.24.171 on Tue, 14 Jun 2016 19:08:11 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 84 THE POLITICAL STATUS OF SPITSBERGEN Headland to about the mouth of Liefde Bay, they being then in lat. 8o? 10'. Next day they sailed back westward along the coast, their effort being not to land on it but to get away from it. The ice, however, drove them back, and late on June 21 they came to anchor at the mouth of the fine harbour afterward named Fairhaven, between the small islands Cloven Cliff and Vogelsang. They landed on certain points and took note of the birds. On the 24th they sailed south ward down the west coast, and noting the many pointed hills in sight they named the land Spitsbergen. Here let me once more emphasize the fact that the way to spell this name is with an s, not a z, for its fifth letter. It is a Dutch name. The Germans never had any interest in the Spitsbergen trade in early years, and there is no reason why we should go out of our way to adopt the German mis-spelling of the name given by the first discoverers. On June 25 they landed in Magdalena Bay, and according to affldavits made at a later date they appear to have taken formal possession of the land for Holland, and to have deposited among some rocks a record of their visit enclosed in a box. After a visit to the north end of Foreland Sound they sailed away. The tragic end of their voyage does not here concern us. No attempt was made by the Dutch to utilize this discovery in any way, but the fact of it was well known. In 1607, Henry Hudson in the Hopewell, after spending some time on the coast of Greenland, sailed for Spitsbergen and made a landfall somewhere near the mouth of Ice Sound. The account of their movements is very obscure till July 14, when they entered King's Bay and observed the great number of whales, so they called it Whales Bay. They then sailed on to Hakluyt's Head? land, but failing to get round to the north they sailed away. Their log contains this observation, " I think this land may be profitable to those that will adventure it. In this bay before spoken of and about this coast we saw more abundance of seals than we had seen at any time before swimming in the water." Such was Hudson's report to his employers, the Muscovy Company. At this time that Company used to send forth yearly an expedition to Bear Island to kill walruses, seals, and bears. The expedition of 1610, under Jonas Poole, was ordered to go on to Spitsbergen and see what could be done there. Following his English predecessors he made for King's Bay, entered Close Cove (Cross Bay), and found an excellent anchorage at a place named by him Cross Road, now wrongly misnamed Ebeltof haven on our maps. Here he killed walruses,- reindeer, polar bears, and birds. He observed quantities of whales, but had no means of dealing with them. He also discovered " sea-coales which burnt very well," doubtless the outcrop near the south shore of King's Bay which has become famous in recent times. He returned to England and gave so favourable a report to his employers that they decided to despatch a larger expedition to Spitsbergen next year. This content downloaded from 155.69.24.171 on Tue, 14 Jun 2016 19:08:11 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms HEAD OF KING'S BAY, SPITSBERGEN Phot. by Sir Martin Conway. ^^^aL^j^^^'J^S^SJ^: W>/v ^r^^^^^^^^i^Sti^Sfgff^^ GYPSUM AND COAL MEASURES, SPITSBERGEN Phot. by Dr. W. S. Bruce. This content downloaded from 155.69.24.171 on Tue, 14 Jun 2016 19:08:11 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms z m o ? n s 55 8- 5 S ?j 5 H < W o Q ^ 2 w o 04 u o o 5 5 < w o ? '^ffil^^' This content downloaded from 155.69.24.171 on Tue, 14 Jun 2016 19:08:11 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE POLITICAL STATUS OF SPITSBERGEN 85 In 1611 Poole and Edge were sent forth by the Muscovy Company with six Biscay whalers and the necessary equipment for the whale-fishery. They made Cross Road their headquarters, as in the year before, and set out for their hunting, but the expedition was a failure and ended in ship- wreck. But in 1612, sailing under charter from the Privy Council, they had better luck, for they killed seventeen whales and returned safely home. They did not however have the country to themselves, for the Dutch sent up a rival ship, and one came from Biscay and returned home with a full cargo. In 1613 there was great rivalry in the Spitsbergen whale fishery.
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