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An African Perspective O Gohori Towards a tourism and community development framework: An African perspective O Gohori orcid.org/0000-0003-1323-2399 Thesis accepted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Tourism Management at the North- West University Promoter: Dr D Truong Co-Promoter: Prof P van der Merwe Graduation: May 2020 Student number: 27785343 DECLARATION I, OWEN GOHORI, Student Number 27785343, do hereby declare that this thesis entitled, Towards a tourism and community development framework: An African perspective is my own original work and all sources used and quoted have been accurately reported and acknowledged by means of complete references, and that this thesis has not been in part or its entirety by me or any other person submitted for degree purposes at this, or any other institution. O. Gohori……… Signature Date: 27 November 2019 DEDICATION Dedicated to all the poor rural people of the world who support tourism development in their communities and the people of Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe who were severely affected by the devastating effects of cyclone Idai soon after my fieldwork. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, many thanks to the Almighty God who made everything possible. I equally would like to thank the following individuals for their enourmous contribution towards the completion of this thesis: Dr. V.D. Truong for his firm but professional guidance as my promoter throughout my PhD journey. His expertise and merticulous attention to detail made me a better scholar. I will forever be grateful for being one of your mentees. To Prof. P. van der Merwe, my co- promoter, thank you very much for the insightful feedback. My sincere gratitude goes to the North-West University for providing the funds towards my tuition and upkeep in Potchefstroom throughout the entire period of my studies. Special thanks to Prof. E. Slabbert for availing the funds for language editing. Many thanks to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Gohori, for the love, guidance, and support since I was born to this day. I love you and may God richly bless you. Special thanks to the love of my life Nathaley Nomusa Mhlanga and my daughter Victory Gohori for the encouragement, support, and patience for all the time I have been away during my studies. I love you, and this victory is for you. I would like to thank Mr. Clive Stockil the owner of Chilo Gorge Safari Lodge, for the complementary accommodation and meals during my fieldwork in Mahenye. I would also want to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. George Gavaza, the owner of Unique Travel Company, for providing the vehicle which I used during the entire period of my fieldwork. Finally, I extend many thanks to Mr and Mrs Munhupedzi for the financial and moral support and everyone who contributed in one way or another towards the successful completion of this thesis. Those who agreed to be interviewed, provided accommodation, meals, moral support, and welcomed me in their communities during my fieldwork. Although your names do not appear here, I will forever be grateful. Thank you all. ii ABSTRACT This research examines the potential of tourism to alleviate poverty and bring about community development in Manicaland province, Zimbabwe. It argues that tourism development in poor African rural communities can be a tool of poverty alleviation. Although tourism development has been known to reduce poverty through pro-poor tourism (PPT) and community-based tourism (CBT), poor people’s perspectives and experiences have not been given much attention. Limited research has also shown the importance of incorporating African people’s indigenous knowledge systems and culture in tourism development as a strategy of poverty reduction. Although tourism development may contribute to poverty alleviation, disempowerment and limitations to community participation in tourism are still prevalent in rural African communities visited by tourists. This research seeks answers to four main questions: What are the barriers to community participation in tourism as identified by CBT projects in Zimbabwe? What are the roles of tourism as a means of community development and poverty alleviation as perceived by local people in Manicaland? What are the obstacles to community development and poverty alleviation as perceived by local people in Manicaland? What are the roles of tourism as a means of community development and poverty alleviation as perceived by key informants? This research was designed in two stages. The first stage involved a content analysis of CBT projects in Zimbabwe, where a systematic search for documents was done. Eighty-four projects were identified, and twenty-two of them were found to have barriers to community participation in tourism. The second stage collected data through in-depth interviews in the case study area, where 43 poor people were interviewed. In-depth interviews were also conducted with 22 key informants in Harare and Manicaland. This research identified that local people perceive poverty as the lack of enough food to feed the family and attribute it to both internal and/or external causes. Tourism can be a viable strategy for poverty alleviation in Manicaland. However, the potential is negatively affected by the low tourist arrivals, the prevalent barriers to community participation in tourism, leakages, and thus reducing the benefits which could be realised by local people. It is also worsened by the policy framework, which denies rural people land ownership and the lack of devolution of powers and authority to grassroots levels. Most local people consider tourism a contributor to poverty alleviation. The most common limitations to community participation in tourism projects include limited tourism knowledge, limited time to take part in tourism due to other livelihood activities, inadequate benefits being realised from tourism, elite iii domination, and the marginalisation of women. Lack of employment and peripherality are the most important obstacles to poverty alleviation overall. This research suggests that the long-term viability of CBT projects in Africa needs external partners/donors to provide funding and capacitate the local people. However, in order to avoid over-reliance on external partners, the promotion of domestic tourism is suggested to boost revenue generation. From an African perspective, this research helps tourism scholars, planners, and policy-makers as it adds to the body of knowledge on the role of tourism as a means of poverty alleviation and community development. This research also contributes practically through the developed tourism and community development framework. This research argues that valuing the views and lived experiences of poor people may result in successful approaches and strategies to poverty alleviation in Africa. Key words: poverty alleviation, community development, community-based tourism, pro-poor tourism, Manicaland province, Zimbabwe iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ III CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT .............................................. 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ...................................................................... 2 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENTS ................................................................................. 7 1.4 GOAL OF STUDY .............................................................................................. 9 1.5 RESEARCH METHODS AND DESIGN .............................................................. 9 1.5.1 Quantitative Research Method ......................................................................... 10 1.5.2 Qualitative Research Method ............................................................................ 10 1.5.3 Mixed-methods Research ................................................................................. 12 1.5.4 Empirical survey ............................................................................................... 14 1.5.5 Research design and methods of collecting data .............................................. 14 1.5.6 The target population ........................................................................................ 15 1.5.7 Sampling .......................................................................................................... 15 1.5.8 Survey questionnaire ........................................................................................ 16 1.5.9 Data analysis .................................................................................................... 16 1.6 DEFINING THE CONCEPTS ............................................................................ 17 1.6.1 Community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) .......................... 17 1.6.2 Community-based tourism (CBT)...................................................................... 17 v 1.6.3 Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) .................................................................................................... 17 1.6.4 Poverty alleviation ...........................................................................................
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