dlexander l)ogtlanov RED 1( R REDSTdR Soviet History, Politics, Society, and Thought James Michael Holquist and Alexander Rabinowitch, general editors ADVISORY BOARD Katerina Clark Gail W. Lapidus Stephen F. Cohen Moshe Lewin Murray Feshbach Sidney Monas Loren Graham S. Frederick Starr REDSTdR Toe first l)olsoevil) Utopia alexander l)ogdanov Red Star Engineer Menni A Martian Stranded on Earth EDITED BY Loren R. Graham and Richard Stites TRANSLATED BY Charles Rougle INDIANA UNIVERSITY PRESS BLOOMINGTON AND INDIANAPOLIS This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, Indiana 47404-3797 USA http://iupress.indiana.edu Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders bye-mail [email protected] © 1984 by Indiana University Press All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any fonn or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any infonnation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses' Resolution on Pennissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Infonnation Sciences--Pennanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Cataloging infonnation is available from the Library of Congress. IJbrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bogdanov, A. (Aleksandr), 1873-1928. Red star. (Soviet history, politics, society, and thought) Contents: Red star-Engineer Menni-Martian stranded on Earth. 1. Bogdanov, A. (Aleksandr), 1873-1928-Translations, English. I. Graham, Loren R. II. Stites, Richard. III. Rougle, Charles, 1946- IV. Title. V. Series. PG3467.M29A27 1984 897.1'33 83-48637 ISBN 978-0-253-17350-8 ISBN 978-0-253-20317-5 (pbk.) 5 6 789 12 11 10 09 08 07 CONTENTS Preface ix Fantasy and Revolution: Alexander Bogdanov and the Origins of Bolshevik Science Fiction I Richard Stites 1 RED STAR: A Utopia 17 ENGINEER MENNI: A Novel of Fantasy 141 A MARTIAN STRANDED ON EARTH: A Poem 235 Bogdanov's Inner Message I Loren R. Graham 241 Selected Bibliography 255 Preface The 6rst edition of Red Star appeared in st. Petersburg in 19oB. It was reissued in Petrograd and in Moscow in 1918, and again in Moscow in 1~~. ~tage version was produced by Proletcult theater in 1920. In 1~, after Bogdanovs death, it was pubUshed as a supplement to Around the World. It was not again reissued in the Soviet Union for almost fifty years, until 1979, when it was anthologized in a slightly expurgated ver­ sion in the collection The Eternal Sun: RwBlon Social Utopia and Science Fiction. It appeared in a German translation in 1~3, and this was re­ printed in 197~. An E'l)eranto edition came out in Leipzig in 1~, celebrating, no doubt, the Esperantists' admiration of uniUngual utopias. The 6~nglish translation recently appeared in Pre-Revolutionary Rus­ lion Science Fiction: An Anthology (1g8~), edited by Leland Fetzer. There were at least six editions of Engineer Menn; between 1913 and 19~3, and it was reissued also by Around the World in 1~. The present translations are of the original 19oB and 1913 editions. Chronologically, Engineer Mennl comes 6rst as a historical novel about the social revolu­ tion on Mars long before Leonid's voyage of 1905-06. We have placed Red Star first, however, because it was written first and because this order makes for better reading. As a writer, Bogdanov was no master of style, and so we have given preference to clarity over literalness of trans­ lation, without omitting or violating anything essential. For the Martian place names, we have used the standard classical tenninology still em­ ployed by astronomers (and used by Bogdanov in Russian translation). The illustrations for Red Star are taken from the 1~3 Moscow edition. The editors and translator wish to thank the follOwing people for reading and commenting on our work: in Philadelphia, Mark Adams; in New York, Abraham Ascher and Kenneth Jensen; in Leeds, Moira Donald; in Washington, D.C., Murray Feshbach; in Helsinki, Ben HeU­ man, Eugene Holman, Pekka Pesonen, and I1mari Susiluoto; in Thrku, Kurt Johansson; in Berkeley, Louise McReynolds; in Freiburg, Thomas Markowsky; in Montreal, Darko SUvin. Charles RougJe and Richard Stites thank each other for what Bogdanov would have called our "com- x RED STAR radely exchange of labor" in Helsinki in the summer of 1982. Loren Graham and Richard Stites thank each other for joining together our once independent projects. We all thank Janet Rabinowitch of Indiana Univer­ sity Press for her stubborn faith in our work. REDSTdR FANTASY AND REVOLUTION Alexander Bogdanov and the Origins of Bolshevik Science Fiction Richard Stites "Blood is being shed [down there] for the sake of a better future," says the Martian to the hero of Red Star as they lire ascending to Mars. "But in order to wage the struggle we must know that future. " The blood he speaks of was the blood of workers shot down in the streets of St. Petersburg, of revolutionaries put against the wall of prison courtyards, of insurgent sailors and soldiers, of Jewish victims of pogroms in the Russian Revolution of 1905. And by "that better future" he means not the im­ mediate outcome of the revolution but the radiant future of socialism that will dawn on earth after revolution has triumphed everywhere. In order to inspect the coming socialist order, the hero-a Bolshevik activist named Leonid-has accepted the invitation of a Martian visitor to Oy with him and his crew to Mars. In this manner Alexander Bogdanov, a major prophet of the Bol­ shevik movement and one of its most versatile writers and thinkers, begins his utopian science 6ction novel Red Star; 6rst published in 1908. The red star is Mars; but it is also the dream set to paper of the kind of society that could emerge on Earth after the dual victory of the scienti6c­ technical revolution and the social revolution. Bogdanov, a profeSSional revolutionary, was one of those people, peculiar to revolutionary societies of Our century, who moved easily back and forth between the barricade and the study table, the prison cell and the laboratory. He was a physician and a man of science; and he was the 6rst in Russian 6ction to combine a technical utopia, grounded in the latest scienti6c theories of the time, with the ideas of revolutionary Marxism. This was the central theme of both Red Star and his other novel, Engineer Menni. Bogdanov's revolutionary Martian fantasy grew out of his personal 1 RED STAR experiences as a Marxist during the Revolution of 1905, the popularity of science 8ction in Russia around the tum of the century, and his still developing theory of tectology, the science of systems thinking and or­ ganization. Bogdanov was born in Tula in 1873 to an educated family, studied science and psychology in Moscow and Kharkov, and received a medical degree in IBgg. By that time he had also become a Populist and then a Marxist. On the surface, Bogdanov's path from medicine to revolu­ tion appears typical of radical Russians of that age in that so many of them-Mark Natanson, Fedor Dan, Vera Figner, among others-had be­ gun their love affair with "the people" by learning how to cure their physical illnesses. Unlike most of them, Bogdanov did not abandon sci­ ence for revolution: rather, he deepened and extended his study of physi­ ology, technology, and natural science and combined them with his own version of Marxian sociology. An early member of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Party-the matrix of Bolshevism and Menshevism­ Bogdanov worked as an underground agent, fomenting agitation and dis­ seminating propaganda among workers, students, and educated SOCiety in Moscow as well as in provincial towns far distant from the two capitals. In terms of on-the-spot experience, he was one of the best informed of the Social Democrat leaders about actualUfe and labor conditions in Russian cities. As a physician he was also keenly aware of the social misery of poor people in the burgeoning factory centers of industrializing Russia. His repugnance for the contemporary city reveals itself in his loving descrip­ tion of the utopian factory settlements of Red Star and the dreadful work­ ing conditions in Engineer MennL Numerous arrests and terms in exile punctuated his revolutionary career, and these experiences-often called the university education of radicals-threw him into contact with like­ minded young thinkers and rebels such as Anatol Lunacharsky, future Bolshevik Commissar of Education and Culture, Fedor Bazarov, a well­ known economist, and I. I. Skvortsov-Stepanov, publicist, economist, and writer on atheism. When the newly formed Russian Marxist party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in 1903, Bogdanov-like the hero of Red Star-chose the more impetuous and revolutionary current of Bolshevism headed by Lenin. Bogdanov was among the original Bolsheviks (not yet a separate party), one of those "twenty-two," with Lenin as the Central 8gure, who fashioned in Switzerland early in 1904 a group dedicated to disciplined revolutionary action. In the stormy years of war and revolution from 1904 to 1907, Lenin and Bogdanov were close associates, with Lenin mostly in emigration and Bogdanov inside Russia organizing and directing the underground network of party cells and organizations. In 1905 the social unrest that had been brewing since the ISgoS exploded in a revolution that swept over the vast expanse of the Russian land. In an unprece­ dented display of revolutionary energy, workers, peasants, soldiers, FANTASY AND REVOLUTION 3 sailors, intellectuals, teachers, students, schoolchildren, priests, ac­ tresses, musicians, and people of every rank of society revolted; they demonstrated, shouted down their former masters, fought, struck, boy­ cotted, burned out manor houses, and in every imaginable way disrupted society.